LABORATORY RECORD BOOK

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LAB

II B.TECH II SEMESTER
(ECE)

Name of the Student

Roll Number
Branch & Section

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade of UGC, Approved by AICTE,New Delhi
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu
(Recognized by UGC under 2(f) &12(B) & ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Nandikotkur Road,Kurnool-518452
Vision of the Department:

To produce engineers with sound knowledge in electronics and communication related domains with
entrepreneurial skills to serve societal needs.

Mission of the Department:

The department imparts quality technical education with professional competence, leadership abilities and
ethical values through effective teaching learning process.

Course Outcomes:

1. Distinguish the single stage & multistage amplifiers, Evaluate Ai, Av, Ri, Ro for CE,CB,CC
amplifier circuits. Analyze the concept of coupling mechanisms.
2. Analyze the frequency response of single and multi stage amplifiers using BJTs at high & low
frequencies.
3. Understand and analyze basic analog building blocks for feedback Amplifiers.
4. Design basic analog building blocks for LC and RC Oscillator circuits & analyzing the concept
of power amplifiers.
5. Evaluate the efficiency of large signal or power amplifiers and analyze the concept of power
amplifiers.
6. Explain the concept of tuned amplifiers and evaluating the resonant frequency for tuned
amplifiers.
 G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Nandikotkur Road, Kurnool – 518002.
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
INDEX
Mr./Ms. ____________________________ Roll Number: _____________

S.No Date Title of the Experiment Text Page Marks Signature

Book No. of the
Staff
PART- A: INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction to Amplifiers 1
2 Introduction to Oscillators 11
Introduction to Power Amplifiers 14
PART- B: EXPERIMENTS
1 Determination of fT of a given transistor 21
2 Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier 29
3 Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier 36
4 RC Phase Shift Amplifier 43
5 Hartley Oscillator 49
6 Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier 55
7 Darlington Pair Amplifier 62
8 Bootstrapped Emitter Follower 69
9 Class A Series fed Power Amplifier 76
10 Transformer –coupled Class A Power 82
Amplifier
11 Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier 88
12 Complementary Symmetry Class B Push- 94
Pull Power Amplifier
13 Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier 100
14 Double Tuned Voltage Amplifier 107
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENT BEYOND THE CURRICULAM
15 Cascode Amplifier 116
PART- C
1 Lab based Mini Project 123

TEXT BOOKS
T1-J.Millman and C.C.Halkias, ‘’Integrated Electronics’’
T2- Donald A.Neaman, ‘’Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design’’, McGraw Hill
 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LABORATORY

PART-A

INTRODUCTION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade of UGC, Approved by AICTE,New Delhi
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu
(Recognized by UGC under 2(f) &12(B) & ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Nandikotkur Road,Kurnool-518452
 Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory

Part – A Module – 1

1. Communication Systems: Introduction to Amplifiers

Amplifier

An amplifier is one of the most commonly used electronic devices in the world. It’s a basic
building block of a vast number of circuits, and comes in various forms. Amplifiers can be
defined simply as an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. In other words, it
increases the amplitude of a signal, and makes it stronger than the given input. Although this
SYSTEMS
sounds simple in theory, amplifiers have a lot of parameters and conditions in the real world.
Amplification is never perfectly efficient; there are always losses, distortion and noise to deal
with.
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
Thus, there are a whole load of amplifiers created, that work best in different situations. Not all
amplifiers provide optimal output in all situations, and there’s always cost factors to consider.
So here are all the types of amplifiers and all you need to know about them!

Important Characteristics of an Amplifier:

The quality of an amplifier is measured by a series of specifications called figures of merit. They
are as follows:

 Bandwidth: The frequency range at which the amplifier can operate.

 Noise: The amount of unwanted extra information included in the output.
 Skew Rate: The maximum rate of change of output.
 Gain: Perhaps the most important, the ratio between the magnitudes of input and
output signals.
 Stability: The ability to provide constant and reliable output.
 Linearity: The degree of proportionality between input and output signals.
 Efficiency: Another very important characteristic, it is the ratio between the output
power and power consumed.
 Output Dynamic Range: Ratio between the largest and smallest useful output levels.

Types of Amplifiers:

Although amplifiers are sometimes classified according to input and output parameters (we’ll
get to that), there are 4 basic types, which are:

 Current Amplifier: As the name suggests, an amplifier that makes the given input
current higher. It is characterized by a low input impedance and high output impedance.
 Voltage Amplifier: An amplifier that amplifies given voltage for a larger voltage output.
It is characterized by a high input impedance and low output impedance.

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 Transconductance Amplifier: An amplifier that changes output current according to

changing input voltage.
 Transresistance Amplifier: An amplifier that changes output voltage according to
changing input current. It is also known as a current-to-voltage converter.

Classification of Amplifiers:

1) Based on number of stages

Depending upon the number of stages of Amplification, there are Single-stage amplifiers and
Multi-stage amplifiers.

 Single-stage Amplifiers − This has only one transistor circuit, which is a single stage
amplification.
 Multi-stage Amplifiers -stage
amplification.

2) Based on its output

Depending upon the parameter that is amplified at the output, there are voltage and power
amplifiers.

 Voltage Amplifiers − The amplifier circuit that increases the voltage level of the input
signal, is called as Voltage amplifier.
 Power Amplifiers − The amplifier circuit that increases the power level of the input
signal, is called as Power amplifier.

3) Based on the input signals

Depending upon the magnitude of the input signal applied, they can be categorized as Small
signal and large signal amplifiers.

 Small signal Amplifiers − When the input signal is so weak so as to produce small
fluctuations in the collector current compared to its quiescent value, the amplifier is
known as Small signal amplifier.
 Large signal amplifiers ector current are large i.e. beyond
the linear portion of the characteristics, the amplifier is known as large signal amplifier.

4) Based on the frequency range

Depending upon the frequency range of the signals being used, there are audio and radio
amplifiers.

 Audio Amplifiers − The amplifier circuit that amplifies the signals that lie in the audio
frequency range i.e. from 20Hz to 20 KHz frequency range, is called as audio amplifier.
 Power Amplifiers − The amplifier circuit that amplifies the signals that lie in a very high
frequency range, is called as Power amplifier.

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5) Based on Biasing Conditions

Depending upon their mode of operation, there are class A, class B and class C amplifiers.

 Class A amplifier r are such that the

collector current flows for the entire AC signal applied.
 Class B amplifier
collector current flows for half-cycle of input AC signal applied.
 Class C amplifier − The biasing conditions in class C power amplifier are such that the
collector current flows for less than half cycle of input AC signal applied.
 Class AB amplifier − The class AB power amplifier is one which is created by combining
both class A and class B in order to have all the advantages of both the classes and to
minimize the problems they have.

6) Based on the Coupling method

Depending upon the method of coupling one stage to the other, there are RC coupled,
Transformer coupled and direct coupled amplifier.

 RC Coupled amplifier -stage amplifier circuit that is coupled to the next stage
using resistor and capacitor (RC) combination can be called as a RC coupled amplifier.
 Transformer Coupled amplifier -stage amplifier circuit that is coupled to the
next stage, with the help of a transformer, can be called as a Transformer coupled
amplifier.
 Direct Coupled amplifier -stage amplifier circuit that is coupled to the next
stage directly, can be called as a direct coupled amplifier.

7) Based on the Transistor Configuration

Depending upon the type of transistor configuration, there are CE CB and CC amplifiers.

 CE amplifier − The amplifier circuit that is formed using a CE configured transistor

combination is called as CE amplifier.
 CB amplifier − The amplifier circuit that is formed using a CB configured transistor
combination is called as CB amplifier.
 CC amplifier − The amplifier circuit that is formed using a CC configured transistor
combination is called as CC amplifier.

Multi-Stage Amplifiers:

In practical applications, the output of a single state amplifier is usually insufficient, though it is
a voltage or power amplifier. Hence they are replaced by Multi-stage transistor amplifiers.

In Multi-stage amplifiers, the output of first stage is coupled to the input of next stage using a
coupling device. These coupling devices can usually be a capacitor or a transformer. This process
of joining two amplifier stages using a coupling device can be called as Cascading.

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The following figure shows a two-stage amplifier connected in cascade.

The overall gain is the product of voltage gain of individual stages.

Where AV = Overall gain, AV1 = Voltage gain of 1st stage, and AV2 = Voltage gain of 2nd stage.

If there are n number of stages, the product of voltage gains of those n stages will be the overall
gain of that multistage amplifier circuit.

Purpose of coupling device:

The basic purposes of a coupling device are

 To transfer the AC from the output of one stage to the input of next stage.
 To block the DC to pass from the output of one stage to the input of next stage, which
means to isolate the DC conditions?

Types of Coupling:

Joining one amplifier stage with the other in cascade, using coupling devices form a Multi-stage
amplifier circuit. There are four basic methods of coupling, using these coupling devices such as
resistors, capacitors, transformers etc. Let us have an idea about them.

1) Resistance-Capacitance Coupling

This is the mostly used method of coupling, formed using simple resistor-capacitor combination.
The capacitor which allows AC and blocks DC is the main coupling element used here.

The coupling capacitor passes the AC from the output of one stage to the input of its next stage.
While blocking the DC components from DC bias voltages to effect the next stage. Let us get into
the details of this method of coupling in the coming chapters.

2) Impedance Coupling

The coupling network that uses inductance and capacitance as coupling elements can be called
as Impedance coupling network.

In this impedance coupling method, the impedance of coupling coil depends on its inductance
and signal frequency which is jwL. This method is not so popular and is seldom employed.

3) Transformer Coupling

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The coupling method that uses a transformer as the coupling device can be called as
Transformer coupling. There is no capacitor used in this method of coupling because the
transformer itself conveys the AC component directly to the base of second stage.

The secondary winding of the transformer provides a base return path and hence there is no
need of base resistance. This coupling is popular for its efficiency and its impedance matching
and hence it is mostly used.

4) Direct Coupling

If the previous amplifier stage is connected to the next amplifier stage directly, it is called
as direct coupling. The individual amplifier stage bias conditions are so designed that the stages
can be directly connected without DC isolation.

The direct coupling method is mostly used when the load is connected in series, with the output
terminal of the active circuit element. For example, head-phones, loud speakers etc.

Role of Capacitors in Amplifiers:

Other than the coupling purpose, there are other purposes for which few capacitors are
especially employed in amplifiers. To understand this, let us know about the role of capacitors in
Amplifiers.

1) The Input Capacitor Cin

The input capacitor Cin present at the initial stage of the amplifier, couples AC signal to the base
of the transistor. This capacitor Cin if not present, the signal source will be in parallel to resistor
R2 and the bias voltage of the transistor base will be changed.

Hence Cin allows, the AC signal from source to flow into input circuit, without affecting the bias
conditions.

2) The Emitter By-pass Capacitor Ce

The emitter by-pass capacitor Ce is connected in parallel to the emitter resistor. It offers a low
reactance path to the amplified AC signal.

In the absence of this capacitor, the voltage developed across R E will feedback to the input side
thereby reducing the output voltage. Thus in the presence of Ce the amplified AC will pass
through this.

3) Coupling Capacitor CC

The capacitor CC is the coupling capacitor that connects two stages and prevents DC interference
between the stages and controls the operating point from shifting. This is also called as blocking
capacitor because it does not allow the DC voltage to pass through it.

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In the absence of this capacitor, RC will come in parallel with the resistance R1of the biasing
network of the next stage and thereby changing the biasing conditions of the next stage.

Amplifier Consideration:

For an amplifier circuit, the overall gain of the amplifier is an important consideration. To
achieve maximum voltage gain, let us find the most suitable transistor configuration for
cascading.

CC Amplifier

 Its voltage gain is less than unity.

 It is not suitable for intermediate stages.

CB Amplifier

 Its voltage gain is less than unity.

 Hence not suitable for cascading.

CE Amplifier

 Its voltage gain is greater than unity.

 Voltage gain is further increased by cascading.

The characteristics of CE amplifier are such that, this configuration is very suitable for cascading
in amplifier circuits. Hence most of the amplifier circuits use CE configuration.

Small Signal High Frequency Transistor Models:

The low frequency small signal model of bipolar junction transistor crudely holds for frequencies
below 1 MHz. For frequencies greater than 1 MHz the response of the transistor will be limited
by internal and parasitic capacitance’s of the bipolar junction transistor. Hence at high
frequencies the low frequency small signal model of transistor has to be modified to include the
effects of internal and parasitic capacitance’s of bipolar junction transistor. These capacitance’s
limit the usage of BJT at higher frequencies.Thus in order to estimate the gain and switching on
and off times of BJT at higher frequencies the high frequency model of BJT has to be used to get
reasonably accurate estimates.The high frequency hybrid pi model is also called as Giacoletto
model named after L.J.Giacoletto who introduced it in 1969.

High frequency effects on BJT

 The gain decreases at high frequencies due to internal feedback capacitance’s.The

highest frequency of operation of BJT will be limited by internal capacitance’s of BJT.
 The on and off switching times of BJT will be high and speed will be limited due to
internal charge storage effects.

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High frequency model of BJT

The high frequency parameters of BJT may vary with operating point but the variation is
negligible for small signal variations around the operating point. Following is the high frequency
model of a transistor.

High frequency Model of BJT

Where

B’ = internal node in base

Rbb’ = Base spreading resistance

Rb’e = Internal base node to emitter resistance

Rce = collector to emitter resistance

Ce = Diffusion capacitance of emitter base junction

Rb’c = Feedback resistance from internal base node to collector node

gm = Transconductance

CC= transition or space charge capacitance of base collector junction.

The High frequency model parameters of a BJT in terms of low frequency hybrid parameters is
given below

Transconductance gm = Ic/Vt

Internal Base node to emitter resistance rb’e = hfe/ gm = (hfe* Vt )/ Ic

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Internal Base node to collector resistance rb’e = (hre* rb’c) / (1- hre) assuming hre << 1 it reduces
to rb’e = (hre* rb’c)

Base spreading resistance rbb’ = hie – rb’e = hie – (hfe* Vt )/ Ic

Collector to emitter resistance rce = 1 / ( hoe – (1+ hfe)/rb’c)

Frequency response of CE amplifier

Feedback Amplifier:

An amplifier circuit simply increases the signal strength. But while amplifying, it just increases
the strength of its input signal whether it contains information or some noise along with
information. This noise or some disturbance is introduced in the amplifiers because of their
strong tendency to introduce hum due to sudden temperature changes or stray electric and
magnetic fields. Therefore, every high gain amplifier tends to give noise along with signal in its
output, which is very undesirable.

The noise level in the amplifier circuits can be considerably reduced by using negative
feedback done by injecting a fraction of output in phase opposition to the input signal.

Principle of Feedback Amplifier:

A feedback amplifier generally consists of two parts. They are the amplifier and the feedback
circuit. The feedback circuit usually consists of resistors. The concept of feedback amplifier can
be understood from the following figure.

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From the above figure, the gain of the amplifier is represented as A. the gain of the amplifier is
the ratio of output voltage Vo to the input voltage Vi. the feedback network extracts a voltage
Vf = β Vo from the output Vo of the amplifier.

Types of Feedbacks:

The process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known
as Feedback. It has been found that feedback is very useful in reducing noise and making the
amplifier operation stable.

Depending upon whether the feedback signal aids or opposes the input signal, there are two
types of feedbacks used.

1) Positive Feedback

The feedback in which the feedback energy i.e., either voltage or current is in phase with the
input signal and thus aids it is called as Positive feedback.

Both the input signal and feedback signal introduces a phase shift of 180o thus making a
360o resultant phase shift around the loop, to be finally in phase with the input signal.

Though the positive feedback increases the gain of the amplifier, it has the disadvantages such
as

 Increasing distortion
 Instability

It is because of these disadvantages the positive feedback is not recommended for the
amplifiers. If the positive feedback is sufficiently large, it leads to oscillations, by which oscillator
circuits are formed. This concept will be discussed in OSCILLATORS tutorial.

2) Negative Feedback:

The feedback in which the feedback energy i.e., either voltage or current is out of phase with
the input and thus opposes it, is called as negative feedback.

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In negative feedback, the amplifier introduces a phase shift of 180o into the circuit while the
feedback network is so designed that it produces no phase shift or zero phase shift. Thus the
resultant feedback voltage Vf is 180o out of phase with the input signal Vin.

Though the gain of negative feedback amplifier is reduced, there are many advantages of
negative feedback such as

 Stability of gain is improved

 Reduction in distortion
 Reduction in noise
 Increase in input impedance
 Decrease in output impedance
 Increase in the range of uniform application

It is because of these advantages negative feedback is frequently employed in amplifiers.

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Part – A Module – 2

Introduction to Oscillators

Oscillator:

An oscillator provides a source of repetitive A.C. signal across its output terminals without
needing any input (except a D.C. supply). The signal generated by the oscillator is usually of
constant amplitude.

The wave shape and amplitude are determined by the design of the oscillator circuit and choice
of component values. SYSTEMS
The frequency of the output wave may be fixed or variable, depending on the oscillator design.
INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB
Types of Oscillator:
Oscillators may be classified by the type of signal they produce.

1) Sine Wave Oscillators produces a sine wave output.

2) Relaxation Oscillators and ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS produces Square waves and

rectangular pulses.

3) Sweep Oscillators produces sawtooth waves.

Sine wave oscillators can also be classified by frequency, or the type of frequency control they
use. RF (radio frequency) oscillators working at frequencies above about 30 to 50kHz use LC
(inductors and capacitors) or Crystals to control their frequency. These may also be classified as
HF, VHF, and UHF oscillators, depending on their frequency.

LF (low frequency) oscillators are generally used for generating frequencies below about 30kHz
and are usually RC oscillators, as they use resistors and capacitors to control their frequency.

Square wave oscillators such as relaxation and astable oscillators may be used at any frequency
from less than 1Hz up to several GHz and are very often implemented in integrated circuit form.

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1) Sine Wave Oscillators

Fig. Frequency Control Networks

These circuits ideally produce a pure sine wave output having a constant amplitude and stable
frequency. The type of circuit used depends on a number of factors, including the frequency
required. Designs based on LC resonant circuits or on crystal resonators are used for ultrasonic
and radio frequency applications, but at audio and very low frequencies the physical size of the
resonating components, L and C would be too big to be practical.

For this reason a combination of R and C is used to a control frequency.

2) LC Oscillators

Inductors and capacitors are combined in a resonating circuit that produces a very good shape
of sine wave and has quite good frequency stability. That is, the frequency does not alter very
much for changes in the D.C. supply voltage or in ambient temperature, but it is relatively
simple, by using variable inductors or capacitors, to make a variable frequency (tuneable)
oscillator. LC oscillators are extensively used in generating and receiving RF signals where a
variable frequency is required.

3) RC (or CR) Oscillators

At low frequencies such as audio the values of L and C needed to produce a resonating circuit
would be too large and bulky to be practical. Therefore resistors and capacitors are used in RC
filter type combinations to generate sine waves at these frequencies, however it is more difficult
to produce a pure sine wave shape using R and C. These low frequency sine wave oscillators are
used in many audio applications and different designs are used having either a fixed or variable
frequency.

4) Crystal Oscillators

At radio frequencies and higher, whenever a fixed frequency with very high degree of frequency
stability is needed, the component that determines the frequency of oscillation is usually a
quartz crystal, which when subjected to an alternating voltage, vibrates at a very precise
frequency. The frequency depends on the physical dimensions of the crystal, therefore once the
crystal has been manufactured to specific dimensions, the frequency of oscillation is extremely
accurate. Crystal oscillator designs can produce either sine wave or square wave signals, and as

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well as being used to generate very accurate frequency carrier waves in radio transmitters, they
also form the basis of the very accurate timing elements in clocks, watches, and computer
systems.

5) Relaxation Oscillators

These oscillators work on a different principle to sine wave oscillators. They produce a square
wave or pulsed output and generally use two amplifiers, and a frequency control network that
simply produces a timing delay between two actions. The two amplifiers operate in switch
mode, switching fully on or fully off alternately, and as the time, during which the transistors are
actually switching, only lasts for a very small fraction of each cycle of the wave, the rest of the
cycle they "relax" while the timing network produces the remainder of the wave. An alternative
name for this type of oscillator is an "astable multivibrator", this name comes from the fact that
they contain more than one oscillating element. There are basically two oscillators, i.e.
''vibrators'', each feeding part of its signal back to the other, and the output changes from a high
to a low state and back again continually, i.e. it has no stable state, hence it is astable.
Relaxation oscillators can be built using several different designs and can work at many different
frequencies. Astables may typically be chosen for such tasks as producing high frequency digital
signals. They are also used to produce the relatively low frequency on-off signals for flashing
lights.

6) Sweep Oscillators

A sweep waveform is another name for a saw-tooth wave. This has a linearly changing (e.g
increasing) voltage for almost the whole of one cycle followed by a fast return to the wave’s
original value. This wave shape is useful for changing (sweeping) the frequency of a voltage-
controlled oscillator, which is an oscillator that can have its frequency varied over a set range by
having a variable ‘sweep’ voltage applied to its control input. Sweep oscillators often consist of a
ramp generator that is basically a capacitor charged by a constant value of current. Keeping the
charging current constant whilst the charging voltage increases, causes the capacitor to charge
in a linear fashion rather than its normal exponential curve. At a given point the capacitor is
rapidly discharged to return the signal voltage to its original value. These two sections of a saw-
tooth wave cycle are called the sweep and the fly-back.

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Part – A Module – 3

Introduction to Power Amplifiers

Power Amplifier:

After the audio signal is converted into electrical signal, it has several voltage amplifications
done, after which the power amplification of the amplified signal is done just before the loud
speaker stage. This is clearly shown in the below figure.

SYSTEMS

INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

While the voltage amplifier raises the voltage level of the signal, the power amplifier raises the
power level of the signal. Besides raising the power level, it can also be said that a power
amplifier is a device which converts DC power to AC power and whose action is controlled by
the input signal.

The DC power is distributed according to the relation,

DC power input = AC power output + losses

Types of Power Amplifiers:

Now, the most well known types of amplifiers aren’t the ones described above, but power
amplifier types. Often confused as the only categories of amplifiers, they are actually types of
power amplifiers and are classified on the basis of the proportion of the input cycle during which
the amplifier is giving an output. The proportion of the active input cycle is also known as
conduction angle. For example, a 360 degrees conduction angle means that the device is always
on, a conduction angle of 180 degrees means that the device is on only for half of each cycle.
Now, the different types of power amplifiers are described below:

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1) Class A Power Amplifier

An amplifier that conducts during the full cycle, or has a conducting angle of 360 degrees is
known as a Class A power amplifier. It is the simplest and most common type of power
amplifier, because of low signal distortion levels. It has its fair share of disadvantages though,
and is generally not used in high power applications. Some of its characteristics are:

 Low signal distortion levels

 Simple design
 The device is always conducting due to amplifying element bias
 No turn on time or charge storage problems
 Quite stable
 Highest linearity
 Low efficiency due to being on all the time, around the vicinity of 25-50%
 High heat output during operation

2) Class B Power Amplifier

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Class B Power Amplifiers, unlike Class A, work for only half of each input cycle, which means
they have a conducting angle of 180 degrees. In simple words, these amplifiers amplify only half
of the input cycle. On paper that probably sounds unusable, but in reality, it’s quite different. A
Class B amplifier consists of a positive and negative transistor, which run alternatively,
amplifying the positive and negative cycle respectively, which in the end is combined to form a
full output cycle. It’s a more efficient design, and has its own set of advantages and
disadvantages compared to the Class A power amplifier. It’s characterized by:

 Uses 2 complementary transistors, one each for the positive and negative cycle
 Much higher efficiency, around 75-78.5%
 Lesser heat output
 Stable and reliable
 Requires at least 0.7 V to start conducting, which means anything under it doesn’t
register, so cannot be used for precise applications
 Combines 2 half cycles to form one full cycle

3) Class AB Power Amplifier

A Class AB Power Amplifier is, as the name suggests, a mix of Class A and Class B power
amplifiers. Like the Class B amplifier, it also uses 2 conducting elements (transistors), but they
both run at the same time. This eliminates the ‘dead zone’ from -0.7 V to + 0.7 V seen in the
Class B power amplifier. But in this case, while each transistor conducts for more than a half
cycle, they conduct less than a full cycle completely. So the conduction angle is somewhere
around 180 degrees and 360 degrees, commonly shown as 270 degrees in some cases. Here are
it’s characteristics:

 Uses 2 transistors that work together

 Each transistor is active for slightly less than a full cycle but more than a half cycle
 Combines Class A and Class B characteristics
 No crossover distortion
 Fairly efficient, at around 50-60%
 Most common audio amplifier design

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4) Class C Power Amplifier

A Class C Power Amplifier is something of an oddity compared to the other 3 types listed above.
It’s the most efficient, but has the lowest operating cycle and linearity. Since it’s heavily biased,
it stays on for less than half of an input cycle, and thus has a conducting angle somewhere
around the vicinity of 90 degrees. This results in the high efficiency mentioned above, but also
causes high distortion in the output signal, so Class C amplifiers are usually not used as audio
amplifiers. They’re used in certain radio frequency applications where efficiency is key. Its most
important characteristics are:

 Least linear among power amplifiers

 Very high efficiency of around 80-90%
 High output distortion
 Two operating modes, tuned and untuned
 Low power dissipation

5) Class D Power Amplifier

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And finally, we have Class D Power Amplifiers, which sometimes aren’t considered among the 4
mentioned above. It’s a non-linear switching amplifier in which the two transistors function as
switches instead of linear gain devices. It converts the analog signal into digital via pulse width
modulation, pulse density modulation or something similar before being amplified. The end
result is a cycled output with high efficiency and gain, without too much distortion. Although
originally used to control motors, they are now used as audio power amplifiers as well. Contrary
to popular belief, the ‘D’ in the name doesn’t stand for digital, because the converted signal is
pulse width modulated analog, and not pulse width modulated digital. It is characterized by:

 High efficiency, can theoretically be 100%

 Low power dissipation
 Low power consumption
 More complex than other types of power amplifiers
 Precise and accurate output

Tuned Amplifier:

Tuned amplifiers are the amplifiers that are employed for the purpose of tuning. Tuning means
selecting. Among a set of frequencies available, if there occurs a need to select a particular
frequency, while rejecting all other frequencies, such a process is called Selection. This selection
is done by using a circuit called as Tuned circuit.

When an amplifier circuit has its load replaced by a tuned circuit, such an amplifier can be called
as a Tuned amplifier circuit. The basic tuned amplifier circuit looks as shown below.

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 Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory

Fig. Tuned Amplifier

The tuner circuit is nothing but a LC circuit which is also called as resonant or tank circuit. It
selects the frequency. A tuned circuit is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow band of
frequencies that are centered at resonant frequency.

When the reactance of the inductor balances the reactance of the capacitor, in the tuned circuit
at some frequency, such a frequency can be called as resonant frequency. It is denoted by fr.

Types of Tuned Circuits:

A tuned circuit can be Series tuned circuit (Series resonant circuit) or Parallel tuned circuit
(parallel resonant circuit) according to the type of its connection to the main circuit.

1) Series Tuned Circuit

The inductor and capacitor connected in series make a series tuned circuit, as shown in the
following circuit diagram.

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 Electronic Circuit Analysis Laboratory

At resonant frequency, a series resonant circuit offers low impedance which allows high current
through it. A series resonant circuit offers increasingly high impedance to the frequencies far
from the resonant frequency.

2) Parallel Tuned Circuit

The inductor and capacitor connected in parallel make a parallel tuned circuit, as shown in the
below figure.

At resonant frequency, a parallel resonant circuit offers high impedance which does not allow
high current through it. A parallel resonant circuit offers increasingly low impedance to the
frequencies far from the resonant frequency.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 20

 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LABORATORY

PART-B

HARDWARE EXPERIMENTS

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade of UGC, Approved by AICTE,New Delhi
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu
(Recognized by UGC under 2(f) &12(B) & ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Nandikotkur Road,Kurnool-518452
 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

1 Determination of fT of a given Transistor

Date:________
Objectives:

A. Determination of fT of a given transistor, finding the bandwidth of an amplifier using

software and hardware.
B. Measuring input and output resistance of the amplifier with hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 1
2 Capacitors 10µf 2

100 µf 1
3 Resistors 1 kΩ 2

10 kΩ 1

100 kΩ 1

4.7 kΩ 1
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Why h-parameters are used to analyze an amplifier circuit?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. In an amplifier circuit, what is the need of coupling capacitors?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1.1: Determination of fT of a CE Amplifier

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 15V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using, AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Procedure for Measurement of Input and Output Resistances:

Figure 1.2: Input Resistance Measurement Figure 1.3: Output Resistance Measurement

1. Input Resistance:

a. Connect the DRB in series as shown in figure and keep it at zero resistance position.
b. Set input ac signal at any constant value in mid band region and measure the input
voltage with CRO ( Vimax)
c. Vary the DRB at the input until Vimax becomes half of maximum input voltage.
d. Note down the resistance of the DRB which is the input resistance of the amplifier.
(Ri).

2. Output Resistance:

a. Connect the DRB across the output terminals, and keep it at maximum resistance
position.
b. Set input ac voltage at any constant value in mid band region and measure the
output voltage with CRO ( Vomax)
c. Vary the DRB at the output until Vomax becomes half of maximum output voltage.
d. Note down the resistance of the DRB, which is the output impedance Ro.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives
the upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is called
Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 15V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC Transfer
characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

Bandwidth, BW=fu-fl

Transition Frequency, fT=Av*BW

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Input Resistance, Ri -

Output Resistance, Ro -

Transition Frequency, ft -

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Transition Frequency,ft -

Post –lab Questions:

1. What is the effect of coupling capacitor on low frequency response?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. What do you mean by 3-dB point?

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Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Demonstrate the operation of BJT with CE configuration.

2. Draw the frequency response of BJT with CE configuration

3. List the applications of BJT under CE configuration

4. Calculate the fT of given transistor

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 26

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 27

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 28

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

2 Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier

Date:___________

Objective:

A. Determining the bandwidth of an amplifier with and without voltage series

feedback using software and hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 10µf 2

100 µf 1
3 Resistors 2.2kΩ 2

15kΩ 2

100 kΩ 2

100Ω 2

1kΩ 1
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:
1. What do you mean by feedback, explain with the help of an diagram?

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Explain effect of voltage series feedback on gain and bandwidth.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:
V1 12
R2 100k

R6 100k
R3 2.2k

R7 2.2k

C2 10u VF1

C1 10u
T1 BC107 T2 BC107
+

VG1
C3 100u
R1 15k

R5 15k

R8 1k
R4 100

R9 1k

Figure 2.1: Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using, AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is called
Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC Transfer
characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Output Voltage Gain Gain in dB

Voltage Vo Av (20 Log Av)
S.No Frequency (Hz)
With Without With Without With Without
Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback

Expected Graph:

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Post –lab Questions:

1. Explain effect of voltage shunt feedback on gain and bandwidth.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. With the help of a diagram depict the voltage series feedback mechanism.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 33

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design amplifiers with and without feedback.

2. Draw the frequency response of the voltage series feedback amplifier.

3. Calculate the bandwidth of amplifiers with and without feedback.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 34

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 35

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

3 Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier

Date:___________
Objective:

A. Determining the bandwidth of an amplifier with and without current shunt feedback
using software and hardware.

Apparatus:

1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 22µf 2

47 µf 1
3 Resistors 2.2kΩ 2

15kΩ 2

100 kΩ 2

1kΩ 3
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:
1. What are advantages of negative feedback?

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. In feedback mechanism which parameters are concerned and how are affected?

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

V1 12
Circuit Diagram:
R2 100k

R6 100k
R3 2.2k

R7 2.2k
C2 22u C4 22u VF1

C1 22u
T1 BC107 T2 BC107
+

VG1
R1 15k

R5 15k
C3 47u
R4 1k

R8 1k

R9 1k

Figure 3.1: Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using, AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is called
Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC
Transfer characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 38

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Output Voltage Gain Gain in dB

Voltage Vo Av (20 Log Av)
S.No Frequency (Hz)
With Without With Without With Without
Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback Feedback

Expected Graph:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 39

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Post –lab Questions:

1. Explain degenerative feedback?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Explain effect of current series feedback on gain and bandwidth

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 40

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:
Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design amplifiers with and without feedback

2. Draw the frequency response of the current shunt feedback amplifier.

3. Calculate the bandwidth of amplifiers with and without feedback.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 41

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 42

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

4 RC Phase Shift Oscillator

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. To Determine and compare the frequency of an RC Phase Shift Oscillator with

theoretical value .

Apparatus:

1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Capacitors 1µF 1

100 µF 1

20nF 3
3 Resistors 4.7kΩ 4

47kΩ 1

560Ω 1
4 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
5 CRO probes 2
6 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
7 Connecting wires
8 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 43

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Define Barkhausen criteria for oscillation.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Explain regenerative feedback?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:

V1 12 R4 4.7k
R1 47k

C51u VF1

T1 BC107
C120n C220n C320n
C4 100u
R6 4.7k

R5 4.7k

R2 4.7k

R3 560

Figure 4.1: RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect one channel of CRO to the Output terminal.
3. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
4. Adjust the capacitances (in feedback loop) until a sinusoidal wave form is observed on
the CRO.
5. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave form (T) and determine the Frequency
(fpractical).
6. Tabulate the readings and compare with theoretical values.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
4. Transient Analysis plot is used to observe the output waveform .This plot can be viewed
by Analysis-> Transient Analysis.
5. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave form (T) and determine the Frequency
(fpractical).
6. Repeat the above steps for different values of R & C.
7. Tabulate the readings and compare with theoretical values.

Observations:
Hardware

Rf Rc C fT fp

Software

Rf Rc C fT fp

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

1
f pratical 
T pratical

1
f theortical 
2RC 6  4k

Rc
k
Rf

Inference:

Hardware

fth -

fpr -

Software

fth -

fpr -

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. Mention the frequency range of RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Give the expression of frequency for Wein Bridge Oscillator and RC Phase Shit Oscillator.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:
Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design RC Phase Shift Oscillator.

2. Calculate and compare the practical and theoretical frequency of the oscillator.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 47

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 48

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

5 Hartley Oscillator

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. Determine and compare the frequency of a Hartley Oscillator with theoretical value.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Capacitors 10µF 2

100µF 1

100nF 1
3 Resistors 1kΩ 1

10kΩ 1

100kΩ 1

22kΩ 1
4 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
5 Decade Inductance Box 1
6 Decade Capacitance Box 1
7 CRO probes 2
8 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
Connecting wires
Bread board 1

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. In Hartley oscillator, the frequency of oscillation is.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. List the different types of oscillators?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:

V1 15
R1 22k
R3 100k

C2 10u VF1

C4 10u
T1 BC107
C1 100u
R4 10k

R2 1k

L1 100u L2 200u

C3 100n

Figure 5.1: Hartley Oscillator.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect one channel of CRO to the Output terminal.
3. Set the power supply voltage to 15V and connect to the circuit.
4. Adjust the capacitances until a sinusoidal wave form is observed on the CRO.
5. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave form (T) and determine the Frequency
(fpractical).
6. Tabulate the readings and compare with theoretical values

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
4. Transient Analysis plot is used to observe the output waveform .This plot can be viewed
by Analysis-> Transient Analysis.
5. Measure the time period of the sinusoidal wave form (T) and determine the Frequency
(fpractical).
6. Repeat the above steps for different values of L & C.
7. Tabulate the readings and compare with theoretical values

Observations:
Hardware

L1 L2 C fT fp

Software

L1 L2 C fT fp

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

1
f pratical 
T pratical

1
f theortical 
2 Lequ * C

Lequ  L1  L2

Inference:

Hardware

fth -

fpr -

Software

fth -

fpr -

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. Mention the difference between the positive and negative amplifiers?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Mention the frequency range of Colpitts oscillator and also its frequency expression?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design Hartley Oscillator.

2. Calculate and compare the practical and theoretical frequency of the oscillator.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 53

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 54

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

6 Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. Determining the bandwidth of a Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier using software and
hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Speci Quantity

fication
1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 10µf 3

47 µf 1
3 Resistors 33kΩ 2

5.6kΩ 2

4.7 kΩ 2

1kΩ 2
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What are the types of coupling used in amplifiers?s

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Explain about RC coupling?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:

R5 33k

V1 12
R7 4.7k
C4 10u VF1
R1 33k

R3 4.7k

C2 10u
T1 BC107

C1 10u
T1 BC107
R8 1k
R6 5.6k
+

VG1
R4 1k

C3 47u
R2 5.6k

Figure 6.1: Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using , AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is
called Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC
Transfer characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 57

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

Expected Graph:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 58

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Post –lab Questions:

1. If two identical stages are coupled with 10 dB gain each, what is the overall gain of the
amplifier?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Define cutoff frequencies in frequency response characteristics curve.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 59

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:
Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design amplifiers with single and multi stages.

2. Draw the frequency response of a two stage RC coupled Amplifier

3. Calculate the bandwidth of a two stage RC coupled Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 60

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 61

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

7 Darligton Pair Amplifier

Date:___________
Objective:

A. Finding the bandwidth of a Darlington Pair Amplifier using software and hardware.
B. Measuring input and output resistance of a Darlington Pair Amplifier with hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 10µf 2

3 Resistors 1.2 kΩ 2

12 kΩ 2

68 kΩ 2

1 kΩ 2
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1.Explain about direct coupling?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. List the types of direct coupled amplifiers?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:

V1 12
R2 68k

R5 1k C1 10u
T1 BC107
R4 1.2k

T2 BC107
VG1
+

C3 10u VF1
R3 12k

R1 1k

F i gu r e 7. 1 : D ar li n gto n Pai r A mp li fi er

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.

3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using, AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Procedure for Measurement of Input and Output Resistances:

Figure 7.2: Input Resistance Measurement Figure 7.3: Output Resistance Measurement

1. Input Resistance:

a. Connect the DRB in series as shown in figure and keep it at zero resistance position.
b. Set input ac signal at any constant value in mid band region and measure the input
voltage with CRO ( Vimax)
c. Vary the DRB at the input until Vimax becomes half of maximum input voltage.
d. Note down the resistance of the DRB which is the input resistance of the amplifier.
(Ri).

2. Output Resistance:

a. Connect the DRB across the output terminals, and keep it at maximum resistance
position.
b. Set input ac voltage at any constant value in mid band region and measure the
output voltage with CRO ( Vomax)
c. Vary the DRB at the output until Vomax becomes half of maximum output voltage.
d. Note down the resistance of the DRB, which is the output impedance Ro.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 64

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.

d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is
called Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC
Transfer characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Input Resistance, Ri -

Output Resistance, Ro -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. List the ways how capacitor are used in amplifier circuit and their purpose.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Draw the Gain versus Frequency plot of RC coupled amplifier, transformer coupled
amplifier and direct coupled amplifier and also mention the parameters for the fall of
the gain at high and low frequencies.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 67

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:
Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Draw the frequency response of Darlington Pair Amplifier.

2. Calculate Maximum Voltage Gain of Darlington Pair Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 68

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 69

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

8 Bootstrapped Emitter Follower Amplifier

Date:___________

Objectives:

A. Finding the bandwidth of a Bootstrapped Emitter Follower Amplifier using software and
hardware.
B. Measuring input and output resistance of a Bootstrapped Emitter Follower Amplifier
with hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specificatio Quantit

n y
1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 10µf 3

3 Resistors 1.2 kΩ 2

12 kΩ 2

68 kΩ 2

1 kΩ 2
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 70

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:
1. Mention types of cascade and cascode amplifiers.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Draw the frequency characteristics curve of an transformer coupled amplifier.

Circuit Diagram:

V1 12
R2 68k

R5 1k C1 10u
T1 BC107
R4 1.2k

T2 BC107
VG1
+

C2 10u C3 10u VF1

R3 12k

R1 1k

F i gu r e 8. 1 : Bo o ts t r ap p ed E mit t er F o ll ow er A mpl if i er

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.

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 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using , AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Procedure for Measurement of Input and Output Resistances:

Figure 8.2: Input Resistance Measurement Figure 8.3: Output Resistance Measurement

1. Input Resistance:

a. Connect the DRB in series as shown in figure and keep it at zero resistance position.
b. Set input ac signal at any constant value in mid band region and measure the input
voltage with CRO ( Vimax)
c. Vary the DRB at the input until Vimax becomes half of maximum input voltage.
d. Note down the resistance of the DRB which is the input resistance of the amplifier.
(Ri).

2. Output Resistance:

a. Connect the DRB across the output terminals, and keep it at maximum resistance
position.
b. Set input ac voltage at any constant value in mid band region and measure the
output voltage with CRO ( Vomax)
c. Vary the DRB at the output until Vomax becomes half of maximum output voltage.
d. Note down the resistance of the DRB, which is the output impedance Ro.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 72

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is
called Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC Transfer
characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 73

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Input Resistance, Ri -

Output Resistance, Ro -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fu -

Bandwidth, BW -

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 74

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. Draw the exact and approximate hybrid model of a transistor in CE configurations.

2. Define the h-parameters.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Draw the frequency response of Bootstrapped Emitter Follower Amplifier.

2. Calculate maximum voltage gain of Bootstrapped Emitter Follower Amplifier.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 75

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Grading:

Date of Submission
Post-Lab
Pre-Lab
Observations Calculations Viva Total
Questions
Marks Awarded Questions
(2M) (2M) (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(Max Marks-10M) (2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 76

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 77

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

9 Class A Series Fed Power Amplifier

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. Determine the efficiency of a Class A Series -Fed Power Amplifier using software and
hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Qua

ntity
1 Transistor SL100/2N3904 1
2 Capacitors 10µF 2
3 Resistors 1kΩ 1

10kΩ 1

100Ω 1
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 78

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Classify amplifiers classes and list out the conduction cycle of all.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Mention efficiency of all power amplifiers

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:
R3 100
R1 10k

V1 6

C2 10u VF1

C1 10u
T1 2N3904
R2 1k

VG1
+

Figure 9.1: Class A Series -Fed Power Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 79

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 6V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator voltage until an undistorted signal at the output of the
circuit is observed.
7. Measure the output peak to peak voltage,Vo.
8. Calculate input and output power from the equations and also calculate the efficiency
of the amplifier.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 22V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. Transient Analysis plot is used to observe the output waveform .This plot can be
viewed by Analysis-> Transient Analysis.
6. Determine the peak to peak output voltage (V0) from the graph.
7. Determine the input and output powers.
8. Calculate the Efficiency of the amplifier.

Observations:
Hardware

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Software

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 80

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

VoVcc
Pi 
2 R L
Vo2
Po 
8 RL
Po

Pi

Inference:

Hardware

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Software

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 81

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. How can efficiency of Class A power amplifier be increased?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. When and why heat sink is preferred?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design Class A Series -Fed Power Amplifier.

2. Calculate efficiency of a Class A Series -Fed Power Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 82

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 83

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

10 Transformer Coupled Class A Power

Amplifier

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. Determine the efficiency of a Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier using

software and hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Qua

ntity
1 Transistor SL100/2N3904 1
2 Capacitors
3 Resistors
4 Function generator
5 Dual trace oscilloscope
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 84

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. List the advantages of Class A series fed Amplifier.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Mention the disadvantages of Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:

V1 6
VF1
M1 1m
R2 7k

R1 150

N1 N2

T1 BC107
C2 10u

VG1
+

R4 100
R3 1k

Figure 10.1: Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 85

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 6V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator voltage until an undistorted signal at the output of the
circuit is observed.
7. Measure the output peak to peak voltage,Vo.
8. Calculate input and output power from the equations and also calculate the efficiency
of the amplifier.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 22V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. Transient Analysis plot is used to observe the output waveform .This plot can be
viewed by Analysis-> Transient Analysis.
6. Determine the peak to peak output voltage (V0) from the graph.
7. Determine the input and output powers.
8. Calculate the Efficiency of the amplifier.

Observations:
Hardware

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Software

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 86

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

VoVcc
Pi 
2 R L
Vo2
Po 
8 RL
Po

Pi

Inference:

Hardware

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Software

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 87

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. Explain power considerations?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Define Harmonic Distortion.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier.

2. Calculate efficiency of a Transformer Coupled Class A Power Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 88

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 89

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

11 Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. Determine the efficiency of a Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier using software and
hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quanti

ty
1 Transistor SL100/BD135 1

SK100/BD138
2 Capacitors
3 Resistors
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 90

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. Classify the power amplifiers?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Define Harmonic Distortion.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:
R4 3.61

V1 12

T1 BD135
R1 44.44

VF1
TRCT1 1-1 TRCT2 4-1
VG1
+

N2 N2
R3 1

N1 N1
N3 N3
R2 44.44
R5 342

T2 BD136

Figure 11.1: Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 91

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 6V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator voltage until an undistorted signal at the output of the
circuit is observed.
7. Measure the output peak to peak voltage,Vo.
8. Calculate input and output power from the equations and also calculate the efficiency
of the amplifier.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 22V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. Transient Analysis plot is used to observe the output waveform .This plot can be
viewed by Analysis-> Transient Analysis.
6. Determine the peak to peak output voltage (V0) from the graph.
7. Determine the input and output powers.
8. Calculate the Efficiency of the amplifier.

Observations:
Hardware

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Software

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 92

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

VoVcc
Pi 
2RL
Vo2
Po 
8RL
Po

Pi

Inference:

Hardware

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Software

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 93

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. Define Cross over distortion.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. What is push-pull amplifier?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier.

2. Calculate efficiency of Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 94

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 95

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

12 Complementary Symmetry Class B

Push Pull Power Amplifier

Date: ___________

Objective:

A. Determine the efficiency of a Complementary Symmetry Class B Push Pull Power

Amplifier using software and hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quanti

ty
1 Transistor SL100/BD135 1

SK100/BD138
2 Capacitors 10µF 2
3 Resistors 1kΩ 2

10kΩ 2

100kΩ 2
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 96

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What do you mean by push pull operation?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Define Harmonic Distortion.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Circuit Diagram:
V2 5
R1 100k

C1 10u
T1 BD135
R2 10k

R5 1k VF2

VF1
R6 1k
+

R3 10k

VG1
R7 10k

C2 10u
T2 BD138
R4 100k

V1 5

Figure 12.1: Complementary Symmetry Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 97

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 6V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator voltage until an undistorted signal at the output of the
circuit is observed.
7. Measure the output peak to peak voltage,Vo.
8. Calculate input and output power from the equations and also calculate the efficiency
of the amplifier.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 22V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. Transient Analysis plot is used to observe the output waveform .This plot can be
viewed by Analysis-> Transient Analysis.
6. Determine the peak to peak output voltage (V0) from the graph.
7. Determine the input and output powers.
8. Calculate the Efficiency of the amplifier.

Observations:
Hardware

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Software

RL Vcc Vo Pi Po ƞ

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 98

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Expected Graph:

Formulae:

VoVcc
Pi 
2RL
Vo2
Po 
8RL
Po

Pi

Inference:

Hardware

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Software

Input Power, Pi -

Output Power, Po -

Efficiency, ƞ -

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 99

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Post –lab Questions:

1. Define Cross over distortion and in which amplifier it is observed.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. What is complementary push-pull amplifier?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Outcomes:
Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Analyze and design Complementary Symmetry Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier.

2. Calculate efficiency of Complementary Symmetry Class B Push Pull Power Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 100

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 101

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

13 Single Tuned Amplifier

Date:___________
Objective:

A. Determine the bandwidth of a Single tuned Amplifier using software and hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Speci Quantity

fication
1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 10µF 2

100 µF 1

100nF 1
3 Resistors 22kΩ 1

5.6kΩ 1

1 kΩ 2

220Ω 1
4 Inductors 33mH 1
5 Function generator 3MHz 1
6 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
7 CRO probes 2
8 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
9 Connecting wires
10 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 102

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What is meant by tuned amplifier?

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2. Mention the applications of tuned amplifiers?

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Circuit Diagram:

V1 12
C3 100n

L1 33m
R3 22k

C2 10u VF1

R1 1k C4 10u
T1 BC107
C1 100u

VG1
+

R4 5.6k

R2 220

R5 1k

Figure 13.1: Single Tuned Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 103

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using , AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is
called Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC
Transfer characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 104

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

Expected Graph:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 105

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Post –lab Questions:

1. What are the various types o tuned ampliiers?

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2. What is the response of tuned amplifiers?

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 106

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Draw the frequency response of a Single tuned Amplifier.

2. Calculate the bandwidth of a Single tuned Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 107

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 108

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

14 Double Tuned Amplifier

Date:___________
Objective:

A. Determine the bandwidth of a Double Tuned Amplifier using software and

hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Specification Quantity

1 Transistor BC 107 2
2 Capacitors 10µF 2

100 µF 1

100nF 1

200nF 1
3 Resistors 22kΩ 1

5.6kΩ 1

1 kΩ 1

220Ω 1
4 Transformer 15:1 1
5 Function generator 3MHz 1
6 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
7 CRO probes 2
8 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
9 Connecting wires
10 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 109

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1.List the advantages of tuned amplifiers.

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2. List the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers.

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Circuit Diagram:

VF1

V1 12 M1 1m
C3 100n

C2 200n
R3 22k

N1 N2

R1 1k C4 10u
T1 BC107

VG1
C1 100u
+

R4 5.6k

R2 220

Figure14.1: Double Tuned Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 110

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using , AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives
the upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is
called Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC
Transfer characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 111

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Observations:

Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

Expected Graph:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 112

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Post –lab Questions:

1. What is dissipation factor?

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2. Define Q-factor of resonant circuit ?

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 113

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:
Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Draw the frequency response of Double Tuned Amplifier.

2. Calculate the bandwidth of a Double Tuned Amplifier.

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 114

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 115

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Experiment No.

15 Cascode Amplifier

Date: ___________
Objective:

A. Determining the bandwidth of a Cascode Amplifier using software and hardware.

Apparatus:
1. System
2. Tina / Multisim Software
3. Hardware Components

S.No. Equipment Range/Speci Quantity

fication
1 Transistor 2N2222 2
2 Capacitors 1µf 2

10 µf 2
3 Resistors 3.3kΩ 1

2kΩ 1

18 kΩ 1

8kΩ 1

4 kΩ 3
4 Function generator 3MHz 1
5 Dual trace oscilloscope 20 MHz 1
6 CRO probes 2
7 DC power supply 0-30 V 1
8 Connecting wires
9 Bread board 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 116

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Pre-Lab Questions:

1. What are cascode amplifiers?

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2. Explain the effect of bypass capacitors in amplifier circuit?

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 15.1: Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 117

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Procedure:

Hardware

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator to the input terminals of the circuit.
3. Connect one channel of CRO to the signal generator and another channel to the Output
terminal.
4. Set the power supply voltage to 12V and connect to the circuit.
5. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
6. Vary the function generator frequency from 50 Hz to 1MHz (as per in the given tabular
form) and note the corresponding output voltage.
7. Calculate the voltage gain in dB using , AV =20log(Vo/Vi).
8. Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log sheet.
9. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
10. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
11. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier.
12. Calculate the transition frequency of the amplifier.

Determination of Bandwidth
a. Plot the frequency response – frequency vs gain (dB).
b. Identify the maximum gain region.
c. Drop a horizontal line by –3dB from maximum gain region.
d. The –3dB line intersects the frequency response plot at two points.
e. The lower intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives the
lower cut-off frequency, fl.
f. The upper intersecting point of –3dB line with the frequency response plot gives
the upper cut-off frequency, fu.
g. The difference between upper cut-off frequency and lower cut-off frequency is
called Bandwidth. Thus Bandwidth = fu– fl.

Software

1. Draw the circuit by dragging the components as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the power supply voltage to 12V.
3. Set the signal generator output to sine wave of 1KHz at 20 mV constant.
4. Simulate the circuit and correct for any errors or warnings.
5. AC Transfer characteristics plot can be viewed by Analysis-> AC Analysis-> AC
Transfer characteristics.
6. Determine the maximum voltage gain from the graph.
7. Determine the upper and lower cut off frequencies.
8. Calculate the Bandwidth of the amplifier

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 118

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Observations:
Hardware

Input ac voltage Vi = _____________

Frequency Output Voltage Voltage Gain Gain (dB)

(Hz) V0 in V Av = V0/Vi 20 log10|AV|
S.No.

Expected Graph:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 119

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Inference:

Hardware

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Software

Maximum Voltage Gain, Avmax -

Lower Cut off frequency, fl -

Upper Cut off frequency, fh -

Bandwidth, BW -

Post –lab Questions:

1. Why amplifier gain will reduce at higher frequency?

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2. What is miller’s theorem?

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 120

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Outcomes:

Upon the completion of the experiment, the student will be able to

1. Draw the frequency response of a Cascode Amplifier

2. Calculate the bandwidth of a Cascode Amplifier

Grading:

Date of Submission
Marks Awarded Pre-Lab Observations Calculations Post-Lab Viva Total
Questions
(Max Marks-10M) (2M) (2M) Questions (2M) (10M)
(2M)
(2M)

Remarks
Signature of the
Evaluator with Date

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 121

 Electronic Circuit and Analysis Laboratory

Notes:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 122

 ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LABORATORY

PART-C

LAB BASED MINI PROJECT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

G.PULLAIAH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ Grade of UGC, Approved by AICTE,New Delhi
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUA, Ananthapuramu
(Recognized by UGC under 2(f) &12(B) & ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Nandikotkur Road,Kurnool-518452
 Analog Communication Systems Laboratory

LAB BASED MINI PROJECT

(Format to be submitted with Mini Project Report)

Title of the Project:

Abstract:

Introduction:

Objectives:

Components:

Project Description:

Outcomes:

Conclusions:

References:

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering 123