17-03-08

EECE 2602 -- Signals and Systems in Continuous Time

Week 8 – Bode Plots

(Textbook: Ch. 5 5.9.4)

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1

Outline
•  Bode Plots
•  Effects of Zeros and Poles on Frequency Response

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Bode Plots

Frequency Response

R
1
Vin(ω) Vout(ω) H (ω ) =
C 1 + jωRC

0 Phase 90 Phase difference

Magnitude Magnitude Change

H(ω)

t=0 t=0

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Bode Plot

Example
Vout (ω )
Solve impedance network transfer function H (ω ) =
Vin (ω )

Vout (ω ) 1 / jωC
R H (ω ) = =
Vin(ω) Vout(ω) Vin (ω ) R + 1 / jωC
C
1
=
1 + jωRC

Convert H(ω) to polar coordinates H (ω ) ∠θ

1
[
H (ω ) = H (ω )H * (ω ) ] 2

⎧ I m (H (ω ))⎫
θ = a tan⎨ ⎬
⎩ Re (H (ω ))⎭

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Bode Plot - Magnitude

1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
H (ω ) = ⎡⎣ H (ω ) ⋅ H * (ω )⎤⎦ 2 = ⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟
⎝ 1+ jω RC ⎠ ⎝ 1− jω RC ⎠
1
⎛ ⎞2
1 ⎜ ⎟
⎛ 1 ⎞ 2
1
= ⎜⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ ,ω = 1
2⎟ ⎜ ⎛ ω ⎞⎟ 3dB
⎝ 1+ (ω RC ) ⎠ RC
⎜ 1+ ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ ω 3dB ⎠ ⎠

Bode Plot Magnitude |H(ω)|dB = 20 log |H(ω)|

Gain ω >> ω3dB

20 dB/decade
-3dB point 6 dB/Octave 1 ω3dB
H (ω ) ≈ 2
=
⎛ ω ⎞ ω
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ω3dB ⎠
ωp = 1/RC = ω3dB 6dB/Octave – drops by 2 times
every time frequency doubles

Bode Plot - Phase

1
H (ω ) = = H (ω ) ⋅ exp ( jθ (ω ))
ω
1+ j
ω 3dB
⎛ ω ⎞ ω ω
⎜1− j ⎟ 1− j j
1 ⎝ ω 3dB ⎠ ω 3dB 1 ω 3dB
H (ω ) = ⋅ = 2
= 2
− 2
ω ω ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞
1+ j 1− j 1+ ⎜
ω 3dB ω 3dB ⎟ 1+ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ω 3dB ⎠ ⎝ ω 3dB ⎠ ⎝ ω 3dB ⎠
⎧⎪ I ⎡⎣ H (ω )⎤⎦ ⎫⎪
m
θ (ω ) = arctan ⎨ ⎬
⎩⎪ Re ⎡⎣ H (ω )⎤⎦ ⎭⎪
ω
−
1 ω 3dB
Re {H (ω )} = 2
; I m {H (ω )} = 2
⎛ ω ⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟ 1+ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ω 3dB ⎠ ⎝ ω 3dB ⎠

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Bode Plot – Phase (2)

log(ω)
0.1ω3dB ω3dB 10ω3dB
0
θ
-45

-90
Linear Approximation

⎧ ω ⎫ ⎧ ω ⎫
θ (ω ) = arctan ⎨− ⎬ = − arctan ⎨ ⎬
⎩ ω3dB ⎭ ⎩ω3dB ⎭

Effects of Zeros and Poles

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Effect of Constant on Frequency Response

Effect of Zeros on Gain Response

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Effect of Zeros on Phase Response

Effect of Zeros on Phase Response

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Significance of Phase Lag/Lead

Effect of Poles on Gain Response

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Effect of Poles on Phase Response

Example: 1 Pole System

R
Vin(ω) Vout(ω)
1
H (ω ) = C
ω
1+ j ω3dB = 1/RC
ω3dB

log(ω)
|H(ω)| 0.1ω3dB ω3dB 10ω3dB
0

20dB/decade θ
-45
∝ 1/ω
ω3dB -90
Linear Approximation

-20dB/decade Pole introduces phase lag

System stable ->negative pole

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Example: 2-Pole System

Ideal Unity gain Buffer
R1 R2
Vin 1 Vout
C1 C2

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
H (ω ) = ⎜ ⎟⋅⎜ ⎟ = H ω (ω )⋅ H ω (ω )
(
⎜ 1 + j ω / ω p1
⎝ ) (
⎟ ⎜ 1 + j ω / ω p2
⎠ ⎝ ) ⎟
⎠
p1 p2

20 ⋅ log H (ω ) = 20 ⋅ log H ω p1 (ω )⋅ H ω p 2 (ω )

= 20 ⋅ log H ω p1 (ω ) + 20 ⋅ log H ω p 2 (ω )

( )
H (ω ) = H ω p1 ⋅ exp jθω p1 ⋅ H ω p 2 ⋅ exp jθω p 2 ( )
= H ω p1 ⋅ H ω p 2 ⋅ exp( j (θ ω p1 + θω p 2 ))
= H (ω ) ⋅ exp( jθ (ω ))
θ (ω ) = θω p1 + θω p 2

Example: 2-Pole System (2)

ωp1 ωp2

∝1/ω

∝(1/ω)2

0.1ωp1 ωp1 10ωp1 0.1ωp2 ωp2 10ωp2

0
θ log(ω)
-45

-90

-135

-180

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Bode Plot: Gain Response

Bode Plot: Phase Response

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Bode Plot for Different Type of Transfer

Functions
•  Type 1: positive zeros, and zeros are not at “0”
•  Type 2: negative zeros, and zeros are not at “0”
•  Type 3: zeros are at “0”

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Example 1

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Example of Type 1 Function

Given the transfer function below, sketch the Bode plot

1.97 ×1013 ( jω + 2π 10k)

H (ω ) =
( jω + 2π 1k)( jω + 2π 100k)( jω + 2π 0.5M )

Example of Type 1 Function (2)

Change the transfer function into the following format:

1.97 ×1013 ( jω + 2π 10k)

H (ω ) =
( jω + 2π 1k)( jω + 2π 100k)( jω + 2π 0.5M )
1.97 ×1013 × 2π ×10k
=
2π ×1k × 2π ×100k × 2π × 0.5M
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜j +1⎟
⎝ 2π 10k ⎠
×
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 2π 1k ⎠⎝ 2π 100k ⎠⎝ 2π 0.5M ⎠

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Example of Type 1 Function (3)

1.97 ×1013 × 2π ×10k
H (ω ) =
2π ×1k × 2π ×100k × 2π × 0.5M
⎛ ω ⎞
⎜j +1⎟
⎝ 2π 10k ⎠
×
⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞⎛ ω ⎞
⎜j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 2π 1k ⎠⎝ 2π 100k ⎠⎝ 2π 0.5M ⎠
⎛ 2π f ⎞
100 ⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 2π 10k ⎠
=
⎛ 2π f ⎞⎛ 2π f ⎞⎛ 2π f ⎞
⎜j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 2π 1k ⎠⎝ 2π 100k ⎠⎝ 2π 0.5M ⎠

Example of Type 1 Function (4)

For gain plot,
⎛ f ⎞
100 ⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 10k ⎠
H (ω ) =
⎛ f ⎞⎛ f ⎞⎛ f ⎞
⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 1k ⎠⎝ 100k ⎠⎝ 0.5M ⎠

At f=0 or ω=0,

20 log10 H (ω ) f =0 = 20 log10 (100 ) = 40dB

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Example of Type 1 Function (5)

⎛ f ⎞ 20 log10 H (ω ) f =0 = 40dB
100 ⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 10k ⎠
H (ω ) =
⎛ f ⎞⎛ f ⎞⎛ f ⎞
⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 1k ⎠⎝ 100k ⎠⎝ 0.5M ⎠

Example of Type 1 Function (6)

For phase plot, ⎛ f ⎞
100 ⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 10k ⎠
H (ω ) =
⎛ f ⎞⎛ f ⎞⎛ f ⎞
⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟⎜ j +1⎟
⎝ 1k ⎠⎝ 100k ⎠⎝ 0.5M ⎠
zero
+ve constant ⎡ f ⎤
arg [ H (ω )] = arg[100]+ arg ⎢ j +1⎥
⎣ 10k ⎦
⎡ pole ⎤ ⎡ pole ⎤ ⎡ pole ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥
+arg ⎢ ⎥ + arg ⎢ ⎥ + arg ⎢ ⎥
⎢ j f +1⎥ ⎢ j f +1⎥ ⎢ j f +1⎥
⎣ 1k ⎦ ⎣ 100k ⎦ ⎣ 0.5M ⎦
arg [ H (ω )]ω =0 = 0 Initial phase

arg [ H (ω )]ω =∞ = −180! Final phase

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Example of Type 1 Function (7)

Phase plot:

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Example 2

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Example of Type 2 Transfer Function

Example of Type 2 Gain Response

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Example of Type 2 Phase Response

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Example 3

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Example of Type 3 Transfer Function

Example of Type 3 Gain Response

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Example of Type 3 Phase Response

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