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Roots of Polynomials

Introducing Further Pure Mathematics

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131 views

Roots of Polynomials

Introducing Further Pure Mathematics

Uploaded by

JR
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Bg ee 8 Roots of polynomial equations pn will come at last Andshe equation wil US MACNEICE Roots of a quadratic equation Ifzand f are the roots of a quadratic equation, f(x) = ax? + bx+e=0, then the equation must be of the form . fix) = kl a(x — B) for some constant k Therefore, we have K(x ~ a(x ~ p) art bxte = A? [a+ Ble +08) Sax? tox te Equating the coefficients of x? gives: =a Equating the coefficients of x gives: —k(x-+ p) = 6 And equating the constants gives: kept = ¢ Therefore, we obtain [ 5 =f | a+p=~% and ap =* Or r F \™ sum of the roots is ~2 and the product of the roots is £ a {Example 1 In the equation 3x? — 7x + 11 = 0, find 8) the sum of the roots the product of the roots. Souurion 9 Usinga + p~— 2, we have a Sum of the roots, «+ B = — ») Using of <, we have @ Product of the roots, 1a a | aE CHAPTER & ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS Conversely, we may write the quadratic equation as [ 7 — (sum of roots) ~ (product of roots) = 0 Example 2 Find the equation whose roots have a sum of $ and a product soumon Using x? — (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0, we have x-tx-$=0 or 2x? =0 Example 3 The equation 3x? + 9x — 11 =0 has roots a and f. Find the equation whose roots are 2 + f and 2f. And equating souuTion From 3x° +9x— 11 = 0, we have * Example 2+ 8=-3 and op=—tt abiien 2 ‘The ‘The sum of the new roots is: x +f +ap = —3 11 -2 The sum ‘The product of the new roots is: (« +) x aff = —3 x — The sum ‘Therefore, the new equation is » The prod V4=x+H=0 or 20x +33 3 Therefore Example 4 The equation 4x? + 7; Ohas roots « and f. Find the equation whose roots are a? and ee Example From 4x° + Tx — 0, we have Find the a4f=~7 and ap sowne From the The sum of the new roots is B= (a+ A) ~ op Substituting the above values in the RHS, we obtain ( : a 89 We now 4 416 The product ofthe new roots is «76? = (af). Substituting the value for Substitut afi, we obtain ‘Therefor ROOTS OF a cuBIC EQUATION Roots of 2 cubic equation na similar manner. if a, Band Boa be +ex+ ax) + bx? + ex +d = R(x — a(x ~ Pix — yy are the roots of a eubi ie 0. then we have ar = atthe +extd= kp - (+ B+ yx + GP + By + yayx ~ af) b sauatng coefficients of x? gives: a+ Pty = a Fquating coefficients of x gives: af + By + ya =£ a And equating the constants gives: af; Example 5 Find the cubic equation in x which has roots 4, 3 and —2. sono The sum of the roots is atpry=44+34+(-D=5 The sum of the roots taken two at a time is ab + By + ya =4x 343x-2+(-2x4)= The product of the roots is apy =4x3x -2=-24 Therefore, the equation is = 5x? — 2x +24=0 Example 6 The cubic equation x3 + 3x? - 7x+2=0 has roots a, B, Find the value of a? + 6? +7°- souwmion From the cubic equation, we have at+pt+y=-3 a8 + Py + ya = —-7 apy = -2 We now expand (a +f +7) to obtain PHP tpt (at Pry? — 20h + A+ Substituting the values, we obtain B+ + y= (9 -2x-7= 23 ‘Therefore, we have etry 3 149 CHAPTER # ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS Roots of a polynomial equation of degree n From the properties of the roots of a quadratic equation and of a cubie equation, we see that in a polynomial equation of degree n, ax’ + bx"! + ex"? 0, the sum of the roots is ~? and the product of the roots is given by Lastterm (ip First term 2 Write down the since the 4, -B. 1-6, — a t 1 Sum 7: prod ) Sum —2; pro Example 7 The roots of fix) = 3=0are : xi, band ¢ 3 If Pyare the 4) Find the product ofthe five roots, ayath ») 1) Show that x = 1 is a root of the equation, : ptoregetine i) Hence show that the sum of the roots other than 1 is ~ 3 root of the equa 5 The equation sounon eae b_ 63 root of the equat 1) The sum of al five roots, 8.» Band is -2 = -£.= 3 6 Given that 2, 6. &) 1) When x= 1, we have whose roots are f fl) =446-3 eral 7 Given the cubic Therefore, from the factor theorem, x = 1 is one root of the equation, : : 3 8 The equation 35° 4 The sum of all five roots is ~> (from part a). That is, equation with ing a4 B+y +o 9 The roots of the ¢ a) Find the value Putting «= 1, we have ») Show that et B+ytd+l=—3 at pepsin § 2 Therefore, the sum of the other four roots is —5 Example 8 The equation =? + (3+ i): +p =O has a root of 2 i, Find the value ofp and the other root ofthe equation, so.ution Since 2~ i isa root, salisies the equation. Therefore, we have 2-7 +B+2-)4p=0 > p=~1045) ‘ The sum ofthe roots «+ f= 4: is-3+, Therefore, heather roo is -G+i)-2-)=-5 im a EXERCISE BA vie down the sum and the product of the roots of each of the following equations. 1 : gresr-7=0 ») ?—Ilx+5=0 &) FP 45x—4=0 ! , 5 agar¢llx+2=0 wiggle 2x 7-4x 1 nite down the equation whose roots have the sum and the product given below 4) Sum 7; product 15 ») Sum —3: product +5 Sum ~2; product ~4 4) Sum —5; product —11 gifs. re the roots of the equation x3 — 5y 4 3-= 0, find the values of a+ B+7 byes py a+ B+ 4 The equation 2° — (7 ~ 22 +g =0 hasa root of 1 +i. Find ) the value of q and i the other root of the equation, § The eq +1 =O has a root of 3 + 2i. Find ) the value of ¢ and ip the other root of the equ: ‘Gren thal f, 7 are the roots of the equation x° +x? 4 4x— § =O, find the cubie equation whose roots are By, yx and af. (WJEC) 7 Gwen the cubic equation x° — 7x +.q=0 has roots a, 22 and f, find the Possible values of g. (WJEC) {The equation 3x2 ~ Sx +6 = 0 has roots a and f. Without solving the given equation, find an ‘Giation with integer coefficients whose roots are (2+) and af. (EDEXCEL) 4 The roots of the equation x3 ~ 3x? — 3x. 4) Find the vatue of a? + p? +92, ») Show that O are a, B and 7. (NEAB) +e Bee He 154 equatTions cuarren # ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL ith related roots Equations wit fax? — 0, then we can obtain the equation and pare the roots of ax? thx +6 = ‘ fee pte re 2x and 28 by making a substitution for x First. we express ax’ + hx +o= 088 atx — Mx -B)=O which gives a(x — 22x - 28) =0 We obtain the required equation, whose roots are 22 and 2), by putting y = 2x, which gives ay ~ 22-29) =0 of the Hence, replacing x by > gives an equation whose roots are twice those original equation. nd 3p, where «and B Example 9 Find the equation whose roots are 32 a are the roots of the equation 2x? — Sx +3 =0. souumion ‘ing x by in 2x2 — 5x43 = 0, we obtain an equation in y whose roots for 2 are the same as those for x: that is, « and 8. Hence, the roots for y will be 3a and 3p. Therefore, the required equation is 2(2) -5(2) 4+3=0 > y-15p+27=0 If the equation is to be expressed in terms of x, it would be 2x? ~ 1Sx+27=0 Example 10 Find the equation whose roots are a’, f, y?, where a, By BP, BY are the roots of 3x° — 7x? + Ix ~5 =0. sare Replacing x by Jin 3x! — = 7+ lx 5 = roots fr. Hoa, the routs for yaoi mel obtain w, f, y as the Therefore, the equation in V7 is VI — AV +N ~5=0 i > ByPt yr = Iy4s 152 EXERcise oo squaring both sides, we have Dy? + 66)? + 121y = 495? + 70y 4 95 Therefore, the required equation is oy +17)? + Sly —25 =0 Exercise 8B 7 . 4 The roots of the equation x? + 7x4 11 = 0 are x and B. Find the equation whose roots are 2x and 2B. 2'The roots of the equation’ x? —t5x++ 7 = area and f. Find the'equation whose roots are 3a and 38. 3 The roots of the equation 3x3 — 4x? + gy — na 7=Oare a, and y. Find the equation whose roots are 22, 2f and 2 4 The roots of the equation x? — 3x7 2 Bana? ares and 5 —Hx+5=0 area, f and , Find the equation whose roots 5 The roots of the equation 2x” + 3x + 17 = 0 are wand B. Find the equation whose roots are a? and p’, 6 The roots of the equation 3x? ~ 7x + 15 = 0 are # and f. Find the equation whose roots are a and p 7 The equation 2x? + 7x +3 = 0 has roots a and B. Find the equation whose roots are 8} 24,28 wat oo a4 2,b42 3 8 The equation 3x2 + 9x — 2 = 0 has roots and f. Find the equation whose roots are a) 4,48 » 2,8 ©) @, a) 2-3,8-3 22 § The roots of the equation x? + 3x? + 5x-+7 =O are a, Band 7. Find the equation whose roots are ) 34, 38, 3y b) 02, By? o) 24+3,84+3,¥4+3 10 The roots of the equation x4 + 3x3 + 7x? — Hlx-+ | =O area, B, y and 5. Find the equation Whose roots are 3a, 38, 3y and 35. M The equation x-+2 + 3.—0 has roots a and p. Find the equation whose roots are Sx and 5B. x "2 The roots of the quadratic equation x2 — 3x + 4 = 0 are a and . Without solving the equation, (EDEXCEL) ‘ind a quadratic equation, with integer coefficients, whose roots ar See ee 153 SS QuATIONS CHAPTER § ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL & Complex roots of a polynomial equation ¥ + ir isa root of a polynomial equation with real coefficients, then if: ¢ ine x ~ iy is also a root of the polynomial equation, where = is the conjugate of = (see page 3), Proof Suppose = is @ root of the polynomial 2" + Oy! + Oy 22"? +... tg = 0 Then, taking the conjugate of both sides, we have a + Fay = 0 +%=0 which gives Ter +a +...4%5=0 Since all the a, are real, Z; = a, Therefore, we have ag(2)" + diy EY! + yo te tay =0 Hence, 7 is also a root of the polynomial iE complex roots of a polynomial with real coefficients always occur in conjugate complex pairs. Note We found in Example 8 (page 150) that when a quadratic equation does ‘not have real coefficients, the roots are not conjugate complex pairs. (Ii Example 8, they are 2~i and ~5,) Example 11 Show that 4 ~ iis a root of the polynomial equation f -62+24+¥=0 Hence find the other roots so.ution To prove that z = 4 ~ iis a root, we prove that 4 — i)=0. Ifz=4-iis 4 tool, then z = 4+ iisalso a root, since the roots occur as conjugate complex pais Next, we find the quadratic with real coefficients y ts which is a factor. We then divide f{=) by this quadratic to find the other ee ae 184 | COMPLEX ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION _4-iinfiz)= 34 = 0, we have ip -64-i +4-)+34 471-90 + 481 +4 -i+34 1 = = a abst a-=44 =0 jis. a root of f(z) esse. +2+34=0. Hence, 4 + iis ghoa root. ife_(#+i) and z ~ (41) are factors of the polynomial, so is —-@+ile-@-D]=2- 8 +17 34=0byz Inz+2) — 82 + 17, we obtain —8: ‘therefore, the three roots of f(z) = 2° — 6:7 +2 +34=Oare 44i,4-i and -2. Example 12 Show that 2 + is a root of the polynomial equation 4 — 1223 + 622? — 1402 + 125 =0 Hence find the other roots. sounon Asin Example 11, to prove that (0+i)=0.1 +i isa root, then 2+ 1 isa root, we prove that 2~ iis also a root. Next, we find the quadratic with real coefficients which is a factor. We then divide f(2) by this quadratic to find the other factors. + iin f(2) = 24 — 122! + 622? — 1402 + 125 = 0, we have 2 +i)* — 12(2 + i)> + 622 + i)? — 140(2 +i) + 125 = 7+ 24i — 24 — 132i + 186 + 248i — 280 — 1401 + 125 Substituting f(2+i) Therefore, (2 +i) is a root of f(2) = 1223 + 622? - 1402 + 125 = 0. tence, (2 — i) is also a root. 1 (2+ i) and = ~ (2 i) are factors of the polynomial, so is &-Q+ie-@2-i} -4245 Phiging = — 1223 + 622? — 1402 + 125 by 2? ~ 42 + 5, we obtain = Ne) = (2 — 42 + 5? — 82 +25) ie ee quadratic formula, we find that the roots of 2? ~ 82+ 25=0 Therfore, the four roots of f(z) = 24 — 122) + 622" — 1402 + 125 = 0 are 7444 3i and 4 —3i, bh 155 east Fares vanes nooTs oF Poly as cHaPTel The roots of the equation f(x) ~ 3x? + 7x19 =0 are " 3 are Show that me real root alg) ween x = 2 am ee ae complex roots lies between — 4 and — 3 Ip one 2) there is on lies the real root 2) the ral part of the To show bic equation has only one real root, we find the values yal a cubic DO 1 a eae points, Hence, we will be able to see which of the of fx) at following curves is f(x). Note When the values of f( ¥) at its turning points are of opposite sign, fx) = 0 has three real roots 1) To find the values of f(x) at its turning points, we differentiate f(x): fix) Se ~ 32 4 Ie — 19 £(8) = 62 — 6x47 Hence, we have 67 ~6x47=9 3 = bt VI 188 2 That is, P( (x) = 0 has no real s turning points, whe "2 "Al Toots, Hence, the cubic f(x) has no lich means that f(x) = 0 has only one real root. >) We find thar ™)=—1 and 93) = 499 S, 2 Seeaenamesie Abate © 2 and x 3 and is continuous for re3, Nie the real root of (x) = 0 les between v2 and uation be a, 8, 7, where a is u real number dy are complex numbers. ‘4 Polynomi complex pairs, siete With real coefficients occur in conjugate At by pig and ps ig atte complex numbers, which we will - Th | yr EXERCISE ac b Using + B+ 7 =~, we find 3 at Bry=> which gives 3 atp+igtp—ig=> 3 pas-a > ®=5 Hence, the real part of each complex root lies between —1 and -2 Exercise 8C 1 Solve the equation x* ~ 5x3 + 2x? — $x 41=0, given that iis a root, 2 Solve the equation 3x* — <3 42x? — 4x — 40 = 0, given that 2i is a root. 3 Determine the number of real roots of the equation 2x? + x? 4 Determine the number of real roots of the equation 2x? ~ 7x +2=0. 5 Determine the range of possible values of k if the equation x* + 3x? = k has three real roots. 6 One root of the equation 24 — 5:3 + 132? — 1624 10 = 0 is 1 +i, Find the other roots. 7 a) Show that one root of the equation 2° + 52? — S62 + 110 = 0 is 3 +i. ) Find the oth; ler roots of the equation. * 8) Show that one root of the equation 24 ~ 22! + 622 +222 +13= 0 is? ~ 3, %) 1) Find the other roots of the equation. . ') Hence factorise x4 — 223 + 62? + 222 + 13 into two quadratics, each of which has real coefficients, 8 The polynomial f(2) is defined by - © Verity that iis ind all the ot 223 4322-2742 4 root of the equation f(z ther roots of the equation f(2)=0. (EDEXCEL) 0 Gi Iiatat2 +s a root of the equation 3x2 "quation, (WJEC) 14x? + 23x ~ 10 = 0, find the other roots of the 187 eee ee cnar ats of 2: ~ 13:7 + 332? ~ 802 ~ 50 = is (1 ~ 31), where 2 complex 0% r complex root two roots and plot al ~L 41 One of the jp State one other . 1 four on an Argand diagram, 4 Find the other (Niece) jon 323 — 522+ 272 —45 = 12 Given that 3 isa root of the equation 32 527+ 272 ~ 45 9, find the other ty roots. (OCR) 2 — 8:7 4 222-20 =9, ae ven the 4 222 ~ 20s a product of a linear factor and a quadratic factor wig ore ae Si coefficients. Hence find all the solutions of 2° — 82? + 21 20 =0. (SQavcsys) 44 Two of the roots of a cubic equation, in which all the coefficients are real, are 2 and 14.3, 1) State the third root. ; aan i Find the cubic equation, giving it in the form z*+az?-+br-+e=0. (ocr) 15 Verify that z= 1 +i isa solution of the equation <> + 162? — 34: + 36 = 0, Write down a second solution of the equation. Hence find constants 2 and fi such that 2 +62? ~ 342 +36 = (2—az+a\ze+f) — (SQA/CSYS) 16 The roots of the equation 72° ~ 8x? + 23x + 30 = 0 are 2, B. a) Write down the value of «+ p47. ») Given that 1 +2i is @ root of the equation, find the other two roots, (NEAB) ‘17 Derive expressions for the three cube roots of unity in the form re. Represent the roots ont Argand diagram Leto denote one ofthe non-real roots. Show that the other non-real root is «, Show abt I+o+o? =9 Given that *=P+q B=ptqu where p and q are real, find, in terms of show that 2p, naan DR 4) find a cubic 7 "e equation, with coefficients in terms of p and g, whose roots are & fs ew? P+ qo? : 7 a Serie 8A, 93-7 US) -5,-4 a) 4,3 0) -2.-5 Va 8t aye. te tt 2a) Te+15S=0 b) x? +3v4+5=0 0 d)x?+Se-11=0 3a) 0 b)-10 c)-9 4 9+i MF-2 5-10-37 M -$~3) ~H-5=0 76-6 83x? IIv+10=0 9a) 1S 409 ANSWERS Exercise 88 aoe Mx sab20 By? —45x46320 937-7 +3 $6=0 4 Br? — 1207 245 aa 0 848s S94 7994 Soxt4 aire WS=0 Tab 4 Tet 6=0 6) 6xt+IV+1=0 4x —37e+9=0 d) Ix? —y- 329 2a) Xn 2H0 BOE BETO HPT HAO AICHE 0 Ga) F9 HAs 4 199 oy Peet 1e-49=0 Qa wae dee O24 Me 8=0 Wet + 9x94 63x? I+SI=O HAT + HOE IS 29 2HB2-$ 91 43 sock

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