GIS as a tool for rural livelihoods

enhancement planning
(Case study of Alosylat region -Shareg
Alnil-Sudan)
Almojtaba M. H. Hassabo
Federal Ministry of Agriculture
Sudan
 A research submitted to the Development
Studies & Research Institute at the University of
Khartoum for the purpose of meeting the
requirements for a master’s degree in
Development Planning
 INTRODUCTION
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 FUTURE OF THE STUDY
 We became the information society and entered the age of knowledge.
 The socio-economic impact of information is huge and sustainable
development is unthinkable outside of a knowledge-based society.
 Livelihoods development planning project, intervention must be based
on the current reality of the community with respect to income,
expenditure, employment, risk capitals and the contexts related of the
household, community and surrounding area.
 The best approach to a deeper understanding of the available resources
and assets of the community is to include the knowledge of the local
people to assess, analyze and plan.
 This process leads to Livelihoods Enhancement Action Plan (LEAP).
 The Livelihoods Enhancement Action Plan (sometimes called the LEAP
tool) uses social, resources, and livelihoods maps, trade in and trade out
analysis, income, expenditure, risk, gender, and local market analyses.
 Here we can observed clearly the role of geographical information to
produce evidence that there is high demand for the GIS research as a
management and monitoring tool in the livelihoods development
planning.
 The participatory GIS (p GIS) integrated with LEAP tools will enhance the
rural livelihoods’ planning.
 The basic objective of the research outcome is
enhancing the planning of rural livelihoods by
using P GIS as a geographic database, planning
and monitoring tool (Case study of Alosylat
region- Shareg Alnil- Sudan).
 The specific objectives of the research outputs
are to:
 Generate information about the rural livelihoods
situation based on current reality from local
knowledge (participatory manner) using the LEAP
tool to acquire non-spatial primary data
 Integrate non-spatial primary data with spatial
secondary data to acquire spatial rural livelihoods
information using P GIS.
 At the Institute for Development Studies (IDS), Scoones
(1998) showed a sustainable livelihoods approach in his
working paper. He outlined a well – acclaimed framework
for analyzing sustainable livelihoods that he termed
“livelihoods framework”.
 The paper illustrated how, in different contexts and
institutional process, sustainable livelihoods are achieved
by having access to capital assets and resources ,which are
combine in certain types of livelihood strategies .
 This framework draw heavily from the concepts of
participation and participatory manner to empowers
understanding of the complexity in a livelihood(s),
identifies all the supports required by a household or
community, and the need for preparation and support
from households and the community .
 The framework provides answers to the following
questions:
 What are the objectives of livelihoods intervention?

 What capital does a household use to engage in activities

that accomplish their livelihoods objectives?

 How does the context affect the livelihoods of a

household?

 How are activities, objectives, capital and context related

to each other?
 The livelihoods framework makes it easier for us to focus
on understanding one influencing factor element at a time
and bringing them together to get the broader picture by
providing answers to those questions.
Scoones, I 1998. Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for
analysis. IDS Working Paper 72. Brighton
Scoones, I 2015. Sustainable rural livelihoods and rural
development.
 Quan et al (2001) The potential of PGIS,its usefulness can be
high if it is applied to sustainable livelihoods development
and poverty reduction in participatory approach.
 The spatial information and visuals, which the GIS provide,
can assist planners to reach goals ,by doing the following:
 I. Visualizing and mapping of capital assets .
 II. Providing an understanding of the impact that vulnerability
factors, socio-historical processes, realization of policies set
and service delivery institutions have on different areas.
 III. Using the GIS as a monitoring tool in sustainable
livelihoods and poverty reduction by including indicators like
“incomes, access to land,,access to basic services, animal and
human health, employment, market development and trade
flows.
 Quan et al (2001:24) have written, effective
application of GIS to target areas, or even
whole countries or regions, can help in
monitoring and visualizing change and,
thereby, measuring progress.
 GIS undoubtedly provides a powerful tool for
agencies committed to making a difference
for the poor, and to strengthening dialogue in
planning and environmental management.
Quan , J , Oudwate , N , Pender , J and Martin ,A 2001. GIS And
Participatory Approaches In Natural Resources Research. In Quan , J ,
Oudwate , N , Pender , J and Martin ,A (ed), GIS And Participatory
Approaches In Natural Resources Research. Socio-Economic
Methodologies For Natural Resources Research. Best Practice
 Adequate livelihoods intervention progressed from an
understanding of the livelihoods situation. Participatory
assessment of the household, the community, the village
and surrounding areas combined with relevant outside
information presented to the community provides an
understanding of the livelihoods situation. The community
analyses the information and creates interventions and an
action plan. These step by step of processes leads to the
Livelihoods Enhancement Action Plan (LEAP).
 The competent use LEAP stems from understanding and
analyzing the current realities of livelihoods, identifying
and filling the gaps in knowledge and seizing the
opportunity to plan.
 It’s require familiar and support from villager therefore it
need time to spend in the village
Akshara Network 2012. How to do LEAP
World bank 2002. Important Segments of the LEAP Processes
 The use of GIS technology has evolved.
However, due to lack of public awareness,
geospatial data, funds, trained people, and
data sharing, Sudan has been slow to adopt
this technology (Ali ,2009).
Ali , A 2009.Current Status of GIS in the
Sudan
 The lack of community and stakeholder
participation in decision making and limited
accountability of institutions of government
are phenomena in Sudan. They are factors
that cause policy failure.
 El Harizi et al (2007) found in their discussion
Paper about Understanding Policy Volatility in
Sudan, that the lack of participation in
decision making result in poor generation of
information and less interest of stakeholder
which is often lead to policy failure.
El Harizi , K , Zaki, E, Prato, B ,Shields , G 2007.IFPRI
Discussion Paper 00721. Understanding Policy Volatility
in Sudan
 Lack of the participation of community and
stockholders in decision making results in the
inadequate acquisition of information, which is the
reason for the failure of most polices in Sudan,
including livelihood development planning.
 Lack of geospatial data in Sudan is one of the
problems that prevents a full implementation of GIS
in economic development planning and consumption
of natural resources.

 Most rural development planning in Sudan is

prepared in urban centers outside the affected
villages and imposed upon those communities
without knowledge of village realities. *

* Interview with the Executive Officer, Mohamed O.M.Ahmed (Sudan

National council for strategic planning), 14.August. 2016.
 What is the livelihoods situation for the
villages in the study area given the social,
livelihoods, resource maps, traded-in traded-
out, income and expenditures patterns,
genders, local markets, the emerging
opportunity in wider markets, institutional
analyses, and others as seen by GIS?
 How can the GIS transform local knowledge from a study
area into better polices for livelihoods enhancement
planning at the regional and national levels?

 Given a participatory approach, how do we integrate data

about the livelihoods, the social, the extent of poverty, and
the availability of resources with geographical data?

 How do we build the livelihoods plan and map the plan

onto the GIS?

 How do we see progress using GIS

 The Study area
 The case study of the research has been
carried out in the three villages of Alosylat
region, Alhoyla village, Algwaz village, and
Alhsnab village of Shareg Alnil locality in
Khartoum state of Sudan
Map of Khartoum state (Source. Sudan
Ministry of Federal Health 2004)
Map of Alosylat region (Source Nokia Ovi Maps
2016 )
1. THE TWO STEP DATA COLLECTION PROCESS
 A. Primary data

 The collection of the primary data (non-special data) have been completed by using the
LEAP tool which is use the Participatory Rural Approach or PRA
 These participatory tools include group discussion, semi-structured interviews and
transect walks to collect data, observing, asking, listening, looking and identifying
zones.
 By walking the field, spatial data such as land use, settlement pattern and people’s
perception of these investigated and discussed in detail.
 The villager used markers to draw on large sheets of paper colored markers used to
identify different aspects of the map. If villagers were unfamiliar with the use of writing
instruments, they can draw “maps” on the ground with a stick.
 The Global Positioning System (GPS) applied data derived from the PRA stage for
validation and accuracy of information gathered in regards to locating service centers,
housing units, digitizing road networks, and obtaining precision points for geocoding
satellite images .
 B. Secondary data

 Satellite data generated by Google Earth, free datasets portals and DG sat free satellites
will be used to collect secondary data (special data), in addition to the survey maps,
census data published by the Sudan National Survey Authority, Khartoum Federal
Ministry of Health and Statistics Authority .
 2. DATA PROCESSING
 After collecting primary and secondary data, some computer
used to process the data. The spatial knowledge of the people
presented in the form of layer maps and supplemented by Geo-
spatial or map based information management tools, ranging
from sketch maps, aerial photographs, satellite imagery, the
Global Positioning System (GPS).
 The data processing software programs are Google Earth,
Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, ArcMAP 10.2.2, ARC Catalog
10.2.2, and SASPlanet

 3. DATA ANALYSIS
 After data was processed and stored in ArcGIS 10.2.2 as spatial
data, the ArcGIS 10.2.2 analysis tool used for data analysis .
 4. INFORMATION PRESENTATION
 ArcGIS 10.2.2 presented the spatial knowledge of the people in
the form of layers maps .
 Social Map
 The social map enables the user to gain
understanding about social status for the three
villages.
 By using GIS which integrated all the social
information’s for the three villages and stored it to
one geodatabase system and layers as show in
attribute table below and map.
 This will help planning and decision making users
who use the system to quarrying, analysing, and
visualizing object on geo-referencing(GPS) map, for
the three villages together in purpose to
understanding of the situation before plan or manage
activities
Social Analysis
The Social Map
 Resources Map Analysis
 The resource map identifies the location of
natural resources in the village and their
distribution.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the natural
resources information’s for the three villages and
stored it to one geodatabase system and layers
as show in the attribute table below and Map ,
will help planning and decision making users
who use the system to quarry, analyze, and
visualize objects on the geo-referencing (GPS)
map for the three villages together to understand
the situation of natural resources before plan or
manage activities.
The resource map
 Livelihoods Map Analysis

 The livelihoods maps enable the community to

identify the major vocations and the areas in which
these vocations need additional support.
 Using GIS which integrated all the livelihoods
information’s for the three villages and stored it to
one geodatabase system and layers as show in
attribute table below and Map ,will help planning and
decision making users who use the system to quarry,
analysing, and visualizing object on geo-
referencing(GPS) map for the three villages together,
in purpose to understanding the situation of
livelihoods before plan or manage activities.
Results and Discussion

Livelihoods Map
 Trade-In and Trade-Out Analysis (Wages bring money into
the village and wage\ work taking money out of the
village)

 Trade-in and trade-out analysis outlines the flow of

commodities and services in and out of the village. Using
GIS, which integrated all the trade-in and trade-out for the
three villages and stored it to one geo database system
and layers as show in attribute table below and Map , will
help planning and decision making users who use the
system to quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on geo-
referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together for
the purpose of understanding the flow of commodities and
services in and out of a village before planning or
managing activities.
Results and Discussion

Trade-In and Trade-Out map

 Vulnerability Analysis

 The vulnerability analysis depicts a profile of the

vulnerable people in the village. It aims to depict the risks
and dangers faced by the village and coping mechanisms
people use in risk management.
 Using GIS which integrated all the vulnerable people
information’s and coping mechanisms for the three
villages and stored it to one geo database system and
layers as shown in the attribute table below and Map , will
help planning and decision making users who use the
system to quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on geo
referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together, for
the purpose of understanding the situation of vulnerable
people and coping mechanisms they use for risk
management before planning or managing activates.
Vulnerability map
 Income and Expenditure Analysis (3 Different Types of
Poor Families)

 The income and expenditure analysis reveals the

vulnerabilities of a household as well as its coping
mechanisms.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the Income and
Expenditure for three different types of poor families from
the three villages and stored it to one geo database
system and layers as show in attribute table below and
Map will help planning and decision making users who
use the system to quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on
geo-referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together
to understand the situation of vulnerable people and
coping mechanisms they use for risk management before
planning or managing activities
Income and Expenditure map
 The market analysis (Local Opportunity Analysis)
 pinpoints products and services that come in to
and out of the market and opportunities for
employment.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the Local
Opportunity for the three villages and stored it to
one geodatabase system and layers as show in
the attribute table below and Map , will help
planning and decision making users who use the
system to quarry, analyze, and visualize objects
on the geo-referencing (GPS) map or the three
villages together to understand the situation of
local opportunity in the villages before planning
or managing activities.
market analysis (Local Opportunity
Analysis)
 24-Hour Analysis (3 Different Types of Poor Families)

 The 24-hour analysis shows the activities in which a

household engages within 24 hours period.
 Using GIS, which integrates all the 24-hours activities
for three different types of poor families from the
three villages and storing it to one geodatabase
system and layers, as shown in the attribute table
below and Map , will help planning and decision
making users who use the system to quarry, analyze,
and visualize objects on the geo-referencing (GPS)
map for the three villages together to understand the
conditions of 24-hours activities before planning or
managing activities.
24-Hour Analysis map
365-Day Analysis
 The 365-day analysis singles out the number of days of
activities in which a household engages (male and female)
within the time frame of a year.
 Using GIS, which will integrates the total number of days
of activities for one year for the three different types of
poor families from the three villages and will store it to
one geo database system and layers, as show in the
attribute table below and Map , will help planners and
decision- making users who use the system to system to
quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on the geo-
referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together. It
will enable the them to understand the condition of the
number of days of activities for a year can affect the
village before planning or managing activities begins.
The 365-day analysis
map
 Seasonality Analysis

 The seasonality analysis identifies various factors that

affect village life i.e. providing or denying credit,
employment, immigration, migration, diseases and
festivals.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the factors that affect the
seasonality for the three villages and stored it to one geo
database system and layers as shown in the attribute table
below and Map, will help planners and decision-making
users who use the system to quarry, analyze, and visualize
objects on the geo-referencing (GPS) map for the three
villages together. It will enable them to understand the
conditions that seasonality as well as other various factors
that affect the village before planning or managing
activities begins.
Seasonality Analysis
 Migration Analysis
 The migration analysis examines the places where
villagers migrate and the type of livelihoods they
pursue.
 Using GIS which integrated all the Migration Analysis
for the three villages and stored it to one geo
database system and layers as shown in the attribute
table below and Map, will help planners and decision
making users who use the system to quarry, analyze,
and visualize objects on the geo-referencing (GPS)
map for the three villages together. It will enable the
researcher to understand the condition of various
factors that affect the village before planning or
managing activities begins.
Migration Analysis map
 Credit Mapping Analysis

 Credit mapping indicates the reasons for, the source

of, and amount of loans.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the credit analysis for
the three villages and stored it to one geo database
system and layers as shown in the attribute table
below and Map, will help planners and decision-
making users who use the system to quarry, analyze,
and visualize objects on the geo-referencing (GPS)
map for the three villages together. It will enable
them to understand the conditions that impact credit
as well as other various factors that affect the village
before planning or managing activities begins.
Credit Mapping
Analysis
 Health/Disease Analysis

 The health/disease analysis shares the results of the

health profile of the village.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the disease analysis
for the three villages and stored it to one geo
database system and layers as shown in the attribute
table below and Map , will help planners and
decision-making users who use the system to quarry,
analyze, and visualize objects on the geo-referencing
(GPS) map for the three villages together. It will
enable them to understand the conditions that impact
health as well as other various factors that affect the
village before planning or managing activities begins
.
Health/Disease Analysis
map
 Education analysis

 The education analysis portrays the education profile

of the village.
 Using GIS which integrated all the education analysis
for the three villages and stored it to one geo
database system and layers as show in the attribute
table and Map, will help planners and decision-
making users who use the system to quarry, analyze,
and visualize objects on the geo-referencing (GPS)
map for the three villages together. It will enable the
researcher to understand the impact of education as
well as other various factors that affect the village
before planning or managing activities begins.
Education analysis map
 Institutional Analysis

 The institutional analysis presents data collected on all

formal and informal organizations, youth groups,
government units, NGOs and others and opportunities to
access their services.
 Using GIS, which integrated all the Institutional for the
three villages and stored it to one geodatabase system and
layers as show in the attribute table below and Map, will
help planners and decision-making users who use the
system to quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on the
geo-referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together.
It will enable the researcher to understand the impact of
institutions as well as other various factors that affect the
village before planning or managing activities begins.
Institutional Analysis
map
 Enterprise Mapping Analysis

 Enterprise mapping records the existing enterprises,

their issues and scope for more enterprises or
improvements in the existing ones. Using GIS, which
integrated all the existing enterprises for the three
villages and stored it to one geodatabase system and
layers as show in the attribute table below and Map ,
will help planners and decision-making users who
use the system to quarry, analyze, and visualize
objects on the geo-referencing (GPS) map for the
three villages together. It will enable the researcher
to understand the impact of existing enterprises as
well as other various factors that affect the village
before planning or managing activities begins.
 Education and Health Ranking Analysis
 The education and health-ranking tool helps to rank
status of availability of education and health services
in any village/location.
 Using GIS, which will integrate all the Education and
Health Ranking for the three villages and stored it to
one geo database system and layers as show in the
attribute table below and Maps , will help planners
and decision-making users who use the system to
quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on the geo-
referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together.
It will enable the researcher to see the impact of
health services and education as well as other various
factors that affect the village before planning or
managing activities begins.
Health Ranking Analysis
map
Education Ranking Analysis map
 Demand Estimation Analysis

 Demand estimation for a product will include the

cumulative demand for the product/service in the
market. Using GIS, which integrated all of the demand
estimation for a product for the three villages and
stored it to one geo database system and layers as
show in the attribute table below will help planners
and decision-making users who use the system to
quarry, analyze, and visualize objects on the geo-
referencing (GPS) map for the three villages together.
It will enable the researcher to understand the impact
the cumulative demand for the product/service in the
market as well as other various factors that affect the
village before planning or managing activities begins.
 19.Climate Change Analysis
 The climate change analysis tool is used by the GIS to predict
and quantify the impact of changing perception and increasing
temperature on livelihoods that depend on the vegetation in the
study areas (up to 2050).
 Maps below show that the study area of the Alosylat region is
out of the affected zone of climate change predicted for Sudan in
2050, and its livelihood (natural vegetation and cultivated land)
depends whether it falls on the safe side of climate change .
 The data is used in this research to predict and quantify the
impacts of changing perception and increasing temperature on
livelihoods (up to 2050) in the study areas that depend on
vegetation is real data from the free datasets portals ESGF
https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/cordex/
Climate Change Analysis
map
Climate Change Analysis
map
 The findings of this study will benefit society because bottom-up
planning plays an important role in the success of the policy.
 This process can be used in addition to village and micro level
planning systems as well as planning at the regional and national
levels.
 The greater demand for Electronic Governance (E-Governance) in
Sudan justifies the need for research of GIS. Local level planners,
development practitioners and government officials that apply
the recommended approach derived from the results of this
study will be able to enhance their plan and decision making for
livelihoods development.
 The study will eliminate gaps in knowledge in livelihoods
development by integrating information of the LEAP tool with
participatory GIS.
 This study will help other researchers to use the same approach
to cover additional regions in Sudan. (The system has the
potential to store unlimited villages numbers).
 The same study may be used to establish a web-GIS
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 Ali , A 2009.Current Status of GIS in the Sudan. Paper

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 Scoones, I 2015. Sustainable rural livelihoods and rural development. UK: Practical Action
Publishing and Winnipeg, CA: Fernwood Publishing

 Scoones, I 1998. Sustainable rural livelihoods: a framework for analysis. IDS Working Paper 72.
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 World bank 2002. Important Segments of the LEAP Processes [online]. Available from
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Questions