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Structural Organisation in Animals

Animal tissues are organized into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities. It is made of cells arranged in 1 or more layers and can be simple (1 layer) or compound (2+ layers). Simple epithelia include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated cells, which perform absorption, secretion, and filtration. Connective tissue joins and supports other tissues. It includes fibers, ground substance, fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages. Connective tissue types are loose connective tissue such as areolar and adipose tissue, and dense connective tissue like tendons, ligaments, and skin. Muscle tissue

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152 views

Structural Organisation in Animals

Animal tissues are organized into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and neural tissue. Epithelial tissue covers surfaces and lines cavities. It is made of cells arranged in 1 or more layers and can be simple (1 layer) or compound (2+ layers). Simple epithelia include squamous, cuboidal, columnar, and ciliated cells, which perform absorption, secretion, and filtration. Connective tissue joins and supports other tissues. It includes fibers, ground substance, fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages. Connective tissue types are loose connective tissue such as areolar and adipose tissue, and dense connective tissue like tendons, ligaments, and skin. Muscle tissue

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basheersk
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STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS

ANIMAL TISSUES
• Tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a common
function
Animal tissues -4 types.
1.Epithelial Tissue It covers the free surface of other tissue.
2.Connective Tissue It joints, supports and holds other tissues
together.
3.Muscle Tissue
4.Neural Tissue (Nerve tissue)
Epithelial tissue
_ It is a sheet of cells that cover a body surface or cavity
_ compactly packed
_ very little intercellular matters
Classes of Epithelia
• 1.Simple epithelium: just one layer ,Function in
absorption and filtration
• 2. Compound Epithelium-Two or more layers, protective
in function.
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
• Single layer of cell. Function in absorption and filtration
4 types
• 1.Squamous 2. Cuboidal 3.Columnar 4.Ciliated
1.SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• Single layer of Flat cells.
• Irregular boundaries

Function- diffusion
Location-
In the walls of blood vessels
Air sacs of lungs
2.CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• Simple Cuboidal cells
• Formed of a single layer of CUBE LIKE cells
• Location:- In the ducts of the glands and the kidney tubules
Function Secretion and absorption
3.COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Single layer of Tall and slender cells
• Nuclei located at the base
Function:- absorption and secretion
Location:-tissue that line the digestive tract
4.CILIATED EPITHELIUM
• Columnar or cuboidal cell with cilia on their free surface
Function
• Move particles or mucus in a specific direction
Location: tissue found in Branchioles, Oviducts etc
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Columnar or cuboidal cells that specialized for secretion
2 types of glandular Epithelium
1. UNICELLULAR

isolated single cell


eg:-Goblet cell of alimentary canal
2.MULTICELLULARCluster
of cells
Eg:-Salivary gland
Endocrine glands (Ductless gland)
◦ Produce hormones
◦ Do not have ducts
◦ Their products are secreted directly in to the blood.
Exocrine glands
◦ Secrete mucus Saliva, ear wax, oil, milk, digestive enzymes, etc.
◦ Products are released through ducts and tubes.
COMPOUND EPITHELIUM
• Contain two or more cells layers
• The major function is protection
Eg:- Covering of skin
Surface of buccal cavity, Pharynx.
CELL JUNCTIONS.
_ In nearly all animal tissues, specialized junctions provide both
structural
and functional links between its individual cells.
_ Three types of Junctions are found in the epithelium and other
tissues.
_ a)Tight junction. :- Help to stop substance from leaking across a
tissue
_ b) Adhering Junction :- Perform cementing to keep neighboring
cells.

_ c) Gap Junctions :- by connecting the cytoplasm of adjoining cells


,let
the small molecules pass between cells.
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIUM.
_ Protection -Epithelial lining of the body surface protects the under
lying tissues from drying injury and infection.
_ Transport-Ciliated epithelium helps in the transport of materials.
_ Lubrication-The mucous secreted by glands serves as lubricant.
_ Secretion -Glandular epithelium produces enzymes, hormones etc.
_ Absorption-The epithelium lining of the lungs, intestine etc have
absorptive function. Pulmonary epithelium absorbs O2. Intestinal
epithelium absorbs nutrients. Renal epithelium absorb glucose.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
_ Connective tissue is a tissue that joints, supports and hold the
other
tissues together.
Contains Cells- Includes different types of cells
_ Fibers-Fibres are made of Collagen or Elastin. Provides strength,
elasticity, and flexibility
_ Ground substance (Matrix) -Jelly-like material made of
sugarprotein
molecules (proteoglycans)
CELLS
_ 1.FIBROBLAST :-Secretes fibres
_ 2. MAST CELLS:- Large and irregularly ovoid shape. Secrete matrix,
histamine, heparin and serotonin.
_ 3. MACROPHAGES:- Specialized to engulf and destroy microbes,
foreign particles and damaged cells.

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DENSE REGULAR DENSE
IRREGULAR

1.LOOSECONNECTIVE TISSUE
_ Fibers and cells are loosely arranged in a semi fluid Ground
substance. Includes,
1.Areolar tissue
_ Present beneath the skin
_ Serves as a support framework for epithelium
_ It contains fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells
2.Adipose tissue
_ located mainly beneath the skin.
_ Specialised to store fats. The excess of nutrients are converted into
fats and are stored in this tissue.
2. Dense Connective Tissue:
_ Fibres and fibroblasts are compactly packed.
_ Two types
A.Dense regular

Orientation of fibres show a regular pattern.


_ the collagen fibres are present in rows between many parallel
bundles of fibres
_ Eg:- Tendon- attach skeletal muscles to bones
_ Ligament- which attach one bone to another bone
B.Dense irregular-
_ Fibres are not in a regular pattern.
_ Present in skin
3. Specialised Connective Tissue:
Cartilage, bones and blood are various types of specialized
connective tissues.
Cartilage:
_ solid and pliable ground substance.
_ Cells of this tissue is chondrocytes
_ cells are enclosed in small cavities within the matrix secreted by
them.
_ Location:- tip of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent bones
of
the vertebral column, limbs and hands in adults.
Bones:
_ Hard and non-pliable ground substance rich in calcium salts and
collagen fibres which give strength.
_ The bone cells are osteocytes Cells are present in the spaces
called
lacunae.
_ Function:- provides structural frame to the body and give support
and protection

_ The bone marrow in some bones is the site of production of blood


cells.
_ Interact with skeletal muscles attached to them to bring about
movements. .
Blood: Blood is a fluid connective tissue
contains plasma, red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and
platelets. It
is the main circulating fluid that helps in the transport of various
substances.
Muscle Tissue-Muscle: Each muscle is made of many long,
cylindrical fibres
arranged in parallel arrays.
Composed of numerous fine fibrils, called myofibrils.
Muscle fibres contract (shorten) in response to stimulation, then
relax
(lengthen) and return to their uncontracted state in a coordinated
fashion
Muscles are of three types:
_ 1. Skeletal,
_ 2. Smooth, and
_ 3. Cardiac (more details inChapter locomotion and movement)
_ Neural Tissue
_ Neurons, the unit of neural system are excitable cells.
The neuroglial cell which constitute the rest of the neural system
protect and
support neurons. Neuroglia make up more than onehalf the volume of
neural
tissue in our body.

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