MINEPDFok 15.04.

2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 36

Exactly your chemistry.

Exactly your chemistry.

Contact Clariant (Brasil) S.A.
Functional Chemicals Division

Mining Chemicals
Research & Development Dept. Functional Chemicals / Mining
Clariant GmbH Av. das Nacoes Unidas, 18.001
Division Functional Chemicals BU III BR 04795-900 Sao Paulo, BRAZIL
Mining Chemicals Tel.: ++55 (11) 525 -76 24
D-65926 Frankfurt am Main Fax: ++55 (11) 525 -76 94
Tel.: ++49 (69) 305 - 50 22/ 68 51
Fax: ++49 (69) 30 32 99 Clariant Colorquimica (Chile) Ltda.
Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
Marketing Camino a Melipilla 15170
Clariant GmbH Maipu
Division Functional Chemicals BU III P.O. Box Casilla 9096 Correo 21 Santiago
Mining Chemicals Santiago de Chile
Am Unisys-Park 1 Tel.: ++56 (23) 73 41 50
D-65840 Sulzbach am Taunus Fax: ++56 (23) 73 41 20
Tel.: ++49 (6196) 757-78 49
Fax: ++49 (6196) 757-89 66 Clariant (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
Internet 675-685 Warrigal Road
www.clariant-surfactants.com Chadstone Vic 3148
Tel.: ++61 (3) 92 54 10 92
Fax: ++61 (3) 92 54 10 11

Clariant (Southern Africa) Pty Ltd.

Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
254 Point Road

EBR 5158 E 04.2000

DURBAN 4001
South Africa
Tel.: ++27 (31) 33 22 090
Fax: ++27 (31) 33 22 084
Frankfurt am Main

Clariant (Canada) Inc.

Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
4600 rue Cousens
St. Laurent. Quebec, Canada
H4S 1X3
Cmmserv,

Tel.: ++1 (514) 832 25 51

Fax: ++1 (514) 334 62 32
o

Product Information
MINEPDFok 15.04.2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 2

Introduction................................................. 04

Collectors.....................................................06
Table of Contents
COLLECTORS FOR SULPHIDE
AND METALLIC ORES
Xanthates......................................................09
Aliphatic and Aromatic Appendix......................................................24
Dithiophosphates.........................................11
Mercaptobenzthiazole Formulations.........11 International Dictionary
Thiocarbamic Acid Esters for the Mineral
(Thio-or Thionocarbamates).......................11 Frothers........................................................ 16 Processing Engineer...................................25
Mercaptobenzthiazole.................................11 How to calculate
Polypropylene Glycol...................................17 the flotation results.....................................31
COLLECTORS FOR NON-SULPHIDE AND Alkyl Polypropylene Mining Chemicals –
NON-METALLIC ORES Glycol Ether...................................................19 Products, Brands and Applications
Fatty Acids....................................................13 Alkyl Polyglycol Depressants in Overview...................................................32
Sodium Alkylsulphate..................................13 Ether Formulations.......................................19 and Dispersants...........................................20
Mono/Di Phosphoric Acid Esters...............13 Aliphatic Alcohols........................................19
Alicyclic Alcohols/ Extractants and
OTHER COLLECTORS FOR Pine Oils........................................................19 Other Specialities........................................22
NON-METALLIC ORES Tertiary Amines for Solvent
Products and Brands...................................13 Extraction after Leaching............................23
Sulpho Succinic Acid Ester/
CATIONIC COLLECTORS/AMINES Filter Aid.........................................................23
Primary Amines............................................15 Anticaking and Antidusting
Fatty Alkyl Propylene Diamines..................15 Reagents for Fertilizer and
Alkyl Ether Propylene Amine......................15 Potassium Salts............................................23
Alkyl Ether Propylene Diamine...................15
Quaternary Ammonium Chloride................15
Imidazolines..................................................15

NON-IONIC COLLECTORS
AND EMULSIFIERS
Alkyl Phenol Polyglycol Ether.....................15
Fatty Acid Polyglycol Esters.......................15

02 - 15 16 - 19 20 -23 24 -35
MINEPDFok 15.04.2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 4

CLARIANT MINING ACTIVITIES is backed up by technical service and be contacted either for information on minerals which can be treated with an bubble. The hydrophobic tail is usually a hy- can be used to depress talcous and other
expertise. Clariant offers a virtually com- these products or indeed for general equally wide range of reagents. drocarbon. Collectors can be divided siliceous minerals.
Our mining department has helped to plete range of collectors, frothers and inquiries regarding any flotation problem. In the flotation process, mineral selec- into a number of varieties based on the
pioneer flotation reagents, which have fea- modifying agents for all flotation operations A great number of products can also be tivity can be achieved by the addition of functional group involved and on the Activators and Modifiers
tured in the company's sales range for and assists in solving problems in ore manufactured with a variety of chain various chemicals which control the type of mineral collected. Activators are essentially inorganic com-
more than 60 years. Oils of varying and ge- and industrial mineral dressing and coal lengths and chemical constitutions. wettability of a particular mineral in the pounds which enhance collector attach-
nerally unknown composition which were preparation. For special flotation prob- Product leaflets, safety data sheets flotation pulp. These chemicals can Frothers ment to the valuable mineral, which would
used in the early stages of industrial flota- lems, Clariant is constantly developing new and process descriptions are available on be broadly classified into a few basic cate- Frothers are surface active chemicals not take place effectively without their
tion were gradually replaced by chemicals reagents which are available for test request. gories, namely collectors, frothers, whose function is to provide a large air-wa- presence. The best example of this is the
with defined composition and properties work in laboratories, pilot plants and full – Centers of competence for Clariant depressants, activators and modifiers. ter interface of sufficient stability to en- activation of sphalerite by copper sulphate
acting as collectors. scale operation. Mining Chemicals are Germany, Brazil, Chile In addition to flotation, the leaching sure removal of the hydrophobic particles and the sulphidization of oxidic ores.
We delivered the first of these sub- In addition to the products available for and Australia. In addition, Clariant repre- process followed by liquid-liquid extraction from the flotation pulp. Unlike collectors, it Modifiers are used to modulate the flota-
stances α-naphthylamine followed by the general flotation applications, Clariant is sentatives can be contacted worldwide in is gaining importance. is difficult to associate a certain type of tion environment, principally the pH value.
so-called XY (α-naphthylamine and xylide- also active in developing reagents i.e. for more than 60 countries. frother with any particular mineral system. In general, consumption of these reagents
ne) and TT mixtures (α-naphthylamine and leaching of ores, recycling or cleaning Collectors Frothers can also be classified into groups such as lime can be a reasonable cost
toluidine) – all historic products which are of waste-ground material, waste water, MINERAL SEPARATION AND FLOTATION Collectors are the reagents that render depending upon their molecular type. factor related to the chemicals which are
long since forgotten. In 1926 we started plastics and others. mainly the valuable minerals hydrophobic. used in a flotation process.
the manufacturing of xanthates on a large This brochure is intended to give Mineral separation may be effected by In cases of reverse flotation the waste Depressants
scale. This was closely followed by the you an overview of the Clariant range of a number of different processes such as minerals are rendered hydrophobic. Collec- Depressants can be organic or inorganic Extractants
production of aromatic dithiophosphoric products that can be used to separate electrostatic or magnetic separation, tors are surface active organic chemicals substances which can prevent the ad- After the leaching of ores, metal ions in
acid esters. Over the years we have added most minerals in any flotation process. heavy media etc. In order to separate finely that adsorb at the surface of the mineral. sorption of the collector onto the mineral aqueous solution can be accumulated
a considerable range of other chemicals Specific problems may require individual disseminated ores, froth flotation provides They comprise a polar functional group, hy- surface or prevent attachment of the in an organic phase by using an extractant.
to this list. solutions. Clariant technical staff should the only economically viable process drophilic in nature, through which they air bubbles to a mineral surface. Examples The metals are obtained from the organic
Flotation remains the accepted process treatment route. The other processes are become attached to the mineral, and a non- of these reagents are cyanide salts, so- phase by stripping and precipitation.
for separating fine particles. Clariant pro- either applicable to particular minerals polar group, which is hydrophobic, through dium sulphide/hydrosulphide and sulphites
vides an excellent quality of product which or restricted to a number of mineral com- which they become attached to an air which depress sulphides. Waterglass
binations. Flotation can utilize a wide range and polysaccharides such as starch, carb-

Introduction of surface chemical differences among oxymethyl cellulose and natural gums

Contact Clariant (Brasil) S.A. Clariant (Southern Africa) Pty Ltd.

Research & Development Dept. Functional Chemicals / Mining Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
Clariant GmbH Av. das Nacoes Unidas, 18.001 254 Point Road
Division Functional Chemicals BU III BR 04795-900 Sao Paulo, BRAZIL DURBAN 4001
Mining Chemicals Tel.: ++55 (11) 525 -76 24 South Africa
D-65926 Frankfurt am Main Fax: ++55 (11) 525 -76 94 Tel.: ++27 (31) 33 22 090
Tel.: ++49 (69) 305 - 50 22/ 68 51 Fax: ++27 (31) 33 22 084
Fax: ++49 (69) 30 32 99 Clariant Colorquimica (Chile) Ltda.
Functional Chemicals Division / Mining Clariant (Canada) Inc.
Marketing Camino a Melipilla 15170 Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
Clariant GmbH Maipu 4600 rue Cousens
Division Functional Chemicals BU III P.O. Box Casilla 9096 Correo 21 Santiago St. Laurent. Quebec, Canada
Mining Chemicals Santiago de Chile H4S 1X3
Am Unisys-Park 1 Tel.: ++56 (23) 73 41 50 Tel.: ++1 (514) 832 25 51
D-65840 Sulzbach am Taunus Fax: ++56 (23) 73 41 20 Fax: ++1 (514) 334 62 32
Tel.: ++49 (6196) 757-78 49
Fax: ++49 (6196) 757-89 66 Clariant (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Functional Chemicals Division / Mining
Internet 675-685 Warrigal Road

04 05
www.clariant-surfactants.com Chadstone Vic 3148
Tel.: ++61 (3) 92 54 10 92
Fax: ++61 (3) 92 54 10 11
MINEPDFok 15.04.2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 6

P Y R I T E - C O P P E R O R E

Collectors

06 07
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Collectors for Sulphide and Metallic Ores

These collectors are used almost exclu-
sively for the flotation of sulphide minerals, XANTHATES
sulphidized oxide minerals and precious Product name
metals. They are characterised by the Xanthate
functional -SH group bonded to a carbon or S
phosphorus atom. The nonpolar radicals Chemical formula R–O–C
of these collectors are generally short
+ +
Me is either Na or K
+ S-Me+
chain aliphatic hydrocarbons.
The wide range of collectors for Application
sulphide and metallic ores consists of high Xanthates are used for the flotation of
quality xanthates and dithiophosphates. sulphide and sulphidized oxide ores
(sulphidizer: sodium sulphide Na2S or hy-
drosulphide NaHS). The activity of the
xanthates increases with increasing chain
length of the alkyl group R; the selectivity
decreases in accordance with increased
chain length. Xanthates are often used
in combination with other reagents such
87
°
as dithiophosphates or thiocarbamates,
often added to the scavenger circuit
le
ang
80 tact ] to improve the total recovery. They are
° Con lena [°
a
on g
normally used in aqueous solutions.
74
° 67
% Xanthates undergo hydrolysis in the
62
%
68 st acid pH range, and are therefore preferred
° n te ena
56 atio l
% Flot pure ga thate, for flotation in alkaline pulp streams.
n
with 0g/t Xa [%]
1 y
60 and recover The flotation results can be improved by
° lead
37 simultaneous use of xanthates together
%

50
with dithiophosphates (see page 10/11).
° 23
% Xanthates are available as powder or in
he
xy
am
yl l-x pellet form and with an active matter
10 bu -x an
% ty an th
pr l-x th at content of 90% (SIPX and SIBX with 90%
op an at e
et yl e
hy -x th
me l-x an at and 84% active matter).
th an th e
yl th at
-x at e
an
th
e Range of products
at
e
■ PEX Potassium ethyl xanthate
■ SEX Sodium ethyl xanthate
■ SIPX Sodium isopropyl xanthate
■ SIBX Sodium isobutyl xanthate
■ PAX Potassium amyl xanthate
C O R R E L AT I O N O F R E C O V E R Y A N D C O N TA C T A N G L E ■ PHX Potassium hexyl xanthate
O F A Q U E O U S X A N T H AT E S O L U T I O N S E . G . O N P U R E G A L E N A

08 09
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ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC Range of products as of native noble metals such as Cu,
DITHIOPHOSPHATES ■ Hostaflot LET Dithiophosphoric acid Bi, Ag, Au, and platinum group metals. It is
Brands diethylester used especially in the flotation of auriferous
The simultaneous use
®Hostaflot L grades (dialkyl derivatives) ■ Hostaflot LIP Dithiophosphoric acid pyrite, pentlandite, pyrrhotite and arseno-
of xanthates and ®Phosokresol grades (diaryl derivatives) diisopropyl ester pyrite in acid circuits (pH 4-5). The product
dithiophosphates for
the flotation of ■ Hostaflot LSB Dithiophosphoric acid is also recommended to float partially
copper/zinc ores leads
Chemical formula R1 – O S disecondary butyl oxidised sulphides of lead and copper. The
to synergistic effects:
+ + +
The copper recovery Me means Na or K P ester addition of frothers is required.
and the zinc recovery in
R2 – O S-Me+ ■ Hostaflot LIB Dithiophosphoric acid
the copper concentrates
are significantly improved. Application diisobutyl ester THIOCARBAMIC ACID ESTERS
Dithiophosphates are, like xanthates, gen- ■ Hostaflot LAM Dithiophosphoric acid (THIO- OR THIONOCARBAMATES)
0% erally used in the flotation of sulphide diamyl ester Brands
at 2 pper
ery o
91 87
.8 82 74 r e cov n the c
89
.6
% % % .3
% 66
.4
Cu
g
i
rade e [%]. ates of ores or sulphidized oxide minerals. In com- ■ Phosokresol B Aromatic dithiophos- Hostaflot X-23 and Hostaflot X-231
.7 % C u rat r -
% cen age hate
con ant dos ophosp bination with xanthates, dithiophosphates phoric acid diester
st hi
90
.8 Con ate/dit
% th
xan res. can provide remarkable advantages in (100% free acid ester) Chemical formula R1 S
tu
66
.4 mix
% very grade and recovery of the concentrates. ■ Phosokresol F Aromatic dithiophos- R1 = ethyl N-C
eco r
Zn r coppe
65 t h e [%]
% 57 in n t r ate As with xanthates, increasing chain phoric acid diester R2 = isopropyl H OR2
65 % ce
% con
+
length of the radical R will increase (50% acid ester NH4 N-ethyl-O-isopropyl thiocarbamate
53
.8
48 % the activity of the Hostaflot L types whilst salt as aqueous
.5 39
%
% decreasing selectivity. An advantage solution) Application
40
.9
%
0. of dithiophosphates in comparison to The liquid products are generally available These reagents are oily collectors.
00
0. te
22 0.
20
X ant
ha xanthates is their application in acid pH as 50% active products; however, some Hostaflot X-23 is not soluble in water.
% 40
0. ranges. Their stability is much higher, can be offered as 70% active formulations. Hostaflot X-231 is a water-emulsifiable for-
60
0.
80
1. particularly in the region of pH 4. In the Dithiophosphates do not develop a lot mulation of Hostaflot X-23. Both types are
00
/ flotation of noble metals the shorter- of froth, and require the use of a conven- selective collectors for copper sulphide,
s p hate
o
ioph io
dith ate rat te
th pha chained compounds are preferred. These tional frother. When high dosages of dithio- metallic copper or copper-activated zinc
xan hos
i t h iop
d
are generally more selective than xan- phosphates are required, froth develop- over pyrite. Hostaflot X types are generally
thates in preventing the flotation of iron ment will be improved by using the frother used in combination with xanthates or
sulphides. For the flotation of free gold the ®Flotanol C-7. dithiophosphates. The thiocarbamates are
short chained ethyl, isopropyl or even stable in acid solutions and are used in
secondary butyl dithiophosphates may be MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE (MBT) a broad pH range.
used alone or in combination with each FORMULATIONS Hostaflot X-23/X-231 do not develop a
other. Brand lot of froth and require the use of a
T H E S I M U LTA N E O U S U S E One additional application for Hostaflot Hostaflot M-91 conventional frother. Suitable frothers are
O F X A N T H AT E S A N D D I T H I O P H O S P H AT E S L types is the use in the precipitation our ®Flotol and Flotanol grades.
of cadmium from hot concentrated phos- Chemical formula Thiocarbamates with other alkyl groups
S
phoric acid solutions. Blend of MBT C-S-Me+ R1 and R2 are available upon request.
N
The aromatic Phosokresol grades are with dithiophosphate
preferably applied in the flotation of
lead minerals, which often contain silver. Application
Hostaflot M-91 is a very vigorous all-round
collector for all sulphide minerals of Ag,
Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, Sb, As, Ni, Co, Mo, Fe as well

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Collectors for Non-Sulphide and Non-Metallic Ores FATTY ACIDS SODIUM ALKYLSULPHATE Application
Brand Brand Flotinor SM-15 is used primarily for the
These collectors are non-thio compounds, to exhibit strong frothing properties. Flotinor FS-2 Flotinor S-72 flotation of iron and titanium containing
the functional group is the hydroxy group The most effective and efficient allround O O heavy minerals and biotite from glass
(-OH) which becomes anionic by dis- collectors with universal application are Chemical formula R–C Chemical formula RO – S – ONa sands. It is possible to use Flotinor SM-15
sociation. They are used to collect a wide fatty acids of which there are a large OH O in combination with a fatty acid such
range of oxides, silicates and other variety of products available. The most Application Application as Flotinor FS-2. Other uses for this product
minerals, being adsorbed to their surface notable are oleic acid and tall oil fatty acid. Fatty acids are good all-round collectors for Flotinor S-72 is especially recommended group is the flotation of carbonates
by chemical reaction. These collectors The anionic collectors are listed industrial minerals. They are very often for the flotation of baryte when it is such as calcite, dolomite and magnesite
are strong surface active agents and tend under the trade name ®Flotinor. used as co-collectors in heavy mineral and found together with fluorspar and calcite. when the gangue material is in the
feldspar flotation, but also in the flotation Flotinor S-72 can also be used for the silicate form. Flotinor SM-15 may also be
of apatite. The fatty acids can be dosed flotation of celestite, gypsum, kainite, used in the reverse flotation of phosphorite
as supplied or in their alkaline form as anhydrite and anglesite. If especially nec- in combination with a silicate collector
Na-salts in aqueous solution/dispersion. essary, a frother is used to assist flotation. such as fatty alkyl etherpropylene diamines.
Often they are combined with nonionic Products such as Flotol B or Flotol 1638 Other phosphoric acid esters of a
emulsifiers. They tend not to be selective are recommended. variety of chain lengths and chemical con-
and are not used on difficult-to-float stitution are available on request. It is
ores. Therefore more specific reagents are MONO/DIPHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS possible to use blends of these products
required. Brands with other collectors such as fatty acids.
Flotinor SM-15, ®Hostaphat grades

Chemical formula

RO O RO O
P and P
HO OH RO OH

R O U G H E R F L O TAT I O N O F F L U O R S PA R

Other Collectors for Non-Metallic Ores Products (examples) and brands Alkenyl succinic acid half ester Alkyl sulpho succinates
Sarcosides Flotinor V 4085-1 R1 Flotinor SM-35 SO3Na
For ores which are difficult to float like ®Arkomon SO CH2 – CH CH2 – CH
apatite and fluorspar, Clariant has ROOC COOH R COOH
R – C – N – (CH2 )X – COOH
more sophisticated collectors in its range. O CH3
These specialties are available in many Alkyl sulpho succinamate
variations depending on project. Flotinor V 2875 SO3Na
CH2 – CH
R – NH – C COONa
O

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Cationic Collectors/Amines PRIMARY AMINES It is used as an aqueous solution after both collector and sulphidizer in staged
Brands neutralization with acetic or hydrochloric additions. Ether diamines can also be used
Amines are considered as cationic ®Flotigam, ®Genamin grades acid. Flotigam DAT and Flotigam V 4343 are to remove silicates from phosphorite by
collectors which will attach to all silicate amine salts and can be applied in aqueous reverse flotation. Several products with var-
mineral surfaces. They are therefore Chemical formula R – NH2 solutions without any treatment. ious chain lengths are available on request.
only rarely specific in their action and R = mainly C16/18
selectivity. For this reason they are often Application ALKYL ETHER PROPYLENE AMINE QUATERNARY AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
used in combination with modifiers and The most important area for primary Brand Brand
depressants. Both amines and amine amines is that of the flotation of potash Flotigam EDA Flotigam K2C
derivatives can be provided with several (KCl) from brine solutions. Another R1 +

chain lengths for solving specific flotation application for these products is the flota- Chemical formula R – O – (CH2)3 – NH2 Chemical formula R2 – N – R4 CI-
problems. tion of mica in the alkaline pH range. R3
Hoe F 3305, a short chain amine, is in use Application Application
for the flotation of kaolinite (China clay). Ether amines are used in the reverse flota- This reagent is used for the reverse flota-
Short chain amines are liquid, whilst tion of silica from iron ores. They are also tion of silicates from calcite and for the
long chain amines are solid waxy products. applied to float muscovite in acid pH range. flotation of wollastonite (calcium silicate).
The stearyl amine Flotigam S is also Flotigam EDA is neutralized with acetic In many cases the activity of the product
available as a powder. Primary amines are acid. Therefore this liquid formulation is can be increased by using a frother, i.e.
generally used after neutralization with water soluble and can be used as supplied. our Flotol grades. Flotigam K2C is a liquid
acetic acid or hydrochloric acid as amine water-soluble formulation.
salts in aqueous solution. ALKYL ETHER PROPYLENE DIAMINE
Brands IMIDAZOLINES
FATTY ALKYL PROPYLENE DIAMINES Flotigam V grades Brand
Brands Flotigam ITU N – CH2
Genamin TAP 100, Flotigam DAT Chemical formula R–C
and Flotigam V 4343 R – O – (CH2)3 – NH – (CH2)3 – NH2 Chemical formula N – CH2
CH2 – CH2 – NH2
Chemical formula R – NH – (CH2)3 – NH2 Application Application
Non-Ionic Collectors and Emulsifiers R = mainly C16/18 Ether diamines are highly recommended This product has found application in the
Application for the flotation of the oxide ores of zinc, flotation of pyrochlore. It also is a collector
In the early days of flotation, the basic Alkyl propylene diamines are used in the in particular calamine. These products in the reverse flotation of silicates from
chemicals in use were nonionic, nonpolar flotation of feldspar and pyrochlore. are used once the zinc mineral has been calcite when the calcite is used as a filler in
crude oils. They were effective but Genamin TAP 100 is a solid waxy product. sulphidized (Na2S). It is preferable to add the plastic industry.
unselective collectors. They are still ap-
plied today, often combined with a non-
ionic emulsifier in the flotation of easy-to- ALKYL PHENOL POLYGLYCOL ETHER Application Chemical formula O
float minerals, e.g. coal and sulphur. Brands This group of products has been used as R–C
These surfactants are capable of acting ®Arkopal grades dispersants in the flotation of fluorspar, O – (CH2 – CH2 – O)n – H
as both a dispersant for fine particles magnesite and phosphates together with a Application
and as an emulsifier. The emulsifying pro- Chemical formula suitable collector, such as with succinic Genagen grades act as dispersants for fine
perties can be utilized for a better acid esters or fatty acids. slimes and promote the activity of the
R– – O –(CH2 – CH2 – O)n – H
dispersion of the water-insoluble collectors collector. For example they are used as
(e.g. fatty acids etc.) in the pulp. FATTY ACID POLYGLYCOL ESTERS co-collectors in the flotation of pyrochlore
Brands and fluorspar with alkyl ether diamines.
®Genagen grades

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Frothers
These reagents are surface-active chem- POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL
icals, capable of being adsorbed on the Brand
air-water interface. Frothers are generally Flotanol C-7
B U B B L E S I N G A L E N A F L O TAT I O N hetero-polar substances. They consist
of a nonionic polar group exhibiting a hy- Chemical formula
drophilic nature coupled with a nonpolar H – O – CH2 – CH – O – (CH2 – CH – O)n – H
hydrophobic alkyl group, the tendency CH3 CH3
being to force the latter into the air phase. Application
Collectors for non-metallic ores, as well Flotanol C-7 has outstanding properties for
as amines, usually generate sufficient coarse particle flotation. The polyglycol
froth, which in most cases render the use frothers tend to form fine froths that are
of frothers unnecessary. When using quite selective. However, due to their high
sulphide collectors, the addition of a frother activity, overdosing must be avoided as
is necessary, for yielding sufficient frothing froth persistency can be a problem. This
properties. frother is especially useful when process-
There are three main chemical groups ing streams (flotation pulps) have high
of frothers: polypropylene glycol ethers, salt or electrolytic content. This is an appli-
polypropylene glycols and alcohols. cation where many other frother types
Clariant has an extensive range of these fail. Polypropylene glycol is ideal when
frothers. collectors such as xanthic acid esters
or mercaptans are used, as these collectors
tend to hinder froth development.

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ALKYL POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL ETHER Due to its more limited solubility in water, Chemical formula
Brands these products require slightly longer CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3
Flotanol D grades, Flotanol F conditioning times. Flotanol H 54 is a rela- OH CH3
tively strong frother that produces a Methyl isobutyl carbinol
Frothers Coal Graphite Sulphide ores Nonsulphide ores
Chemical formula somewhat more stable (stiffer) froth than Application
Flotanol C-7 R – O – (CH2 – CH – O)n – H its more water-soluble counterparts. This frother produces fine-textured fairly
Flotol B
CH3 As a special service, Clariant offers on-site selective froth that is brittle and not
Flotol 1638
R = methyl or cyclohexyl optimization of frother systems to improve very persistent. It has limited solubility in
Flotanol D-16
cost performance. water but is easily dispersed and can
Flotanol H-54
Application also be pre-blended with collectors. MIBC
Frothing activity decreases

Flotanol H-53

Flotanol F
Flotanol D grades are methyl ethers of ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS is probably the most common frother in
Flotanol D-14 polypropylene glycols. They are available Brands use today as it is suitable for a large range
Montanol 531 in a range of different molecular weights ®Montanol grades of mineral types, mainly sulphide ores.
Flotanol D-13 and are soluble or readily dispersible
Montanol 551 in the aqueous phase. They are used over Chemical formula ALICYCLIC ALCOHOLS/PINE OILS
Montanol 505 a wide pH range, principally for the Blends of alcohols, ethers, Brands
Montanol 200
flotation of sulphide minerals, e.g. copper, esters, acetals etc. Flotol B, Flotol 1638 CH3
Montanol 800
lead, zinc and iron sulphides etc.
Flotanol M
Flotanol F is used in the flotation of Application Chemical formula
CH3 – C – OH
potash (KCl). In strongly electrolytic salt Montanol grades are suitable for nearly all
CH3
flotation pulps, this reagent exhibits types of froth flotation. The principal Application
F R O T H E R S – F R O T H I N G A C T I V I T Y A N D T Y P I C A L F I E L D S O F A P P L I C AT I O N . strong frothing characteristics and has areas for Montanol frothers are: The active frothing ingredient of pine oils
A S A S P E C I A L S E R V I C E , C L A R I A N T O F F E R S O N - S I T E O P T I M I Z AT I O N good carrier capacity for the coarse ■ Montanol 88 was specifically developed is terpene alcohol, typically α-terpineol,
O F F R O T H E R S Y S T E M S T O I M P R O V E C O S T P E R F O R M A N C E . particles. for flotation of graphite and talc. which is present in varying degrees in the
■ Montanol 200 has shown outstanding products offered. Flotol B represents
ALKYL POLYGLYCOL ETHER results on the flotation of aged coal the highest quality of pine oil containing
FORMULATIONS reclaimed from old tailing ponds and coal over 90% terpene alcohol; Flotol 1638
Brands dumps. Montanol 200 has been devel- contains slightly less, around 85%.
Flotanol H-54, Flotanol H-53 tailor-made oped especially for the usage in pneumatic The pine oils are relatively strong but
blends with alcohols flotation cells. unselective frothers. These products
■ Montanol 531 and 551 are proven exhibit a relatively tenacious and persistent
Application products for coal floation. They have been froth, which however collapses easily
The main application of these blends is the applied for many years in European coal in the launders or pump sumps. The Flotol
flotation of base metals and copper ores. processing plants. series are primarily used for the flotation
This does not preclude them from being ■ Montanol 800 may be used in the flotation of graphite, sulfur or other similar easy-
used with anionic or cationic collectors. of easy-to-float minerals such as talc, to-float minerals but may also be used
graphite and coal, but has also found some for feldspar, galena, sphalerite and potas-
use in the flotation of copper sulphides sium salts.
and apatite.

Brand
Flotanol M (MIBC)

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Depressants and
Dispersants
Brands Brand
®Tylose grades ®Dispersogen A

D E P E N D A B L E D O S A G E O F R E A G E N T S W I T H A C U P F E E D E R Chemical formula Chemical formula

Anionic condensation product
H OH
C C Application
H O H
OH H Depressant for carbonates in the flotation
C C
of oxide minerals such as phosphates.
H
H OH
Dispersogen A has also found some appli-
C O
cation as a depressant for graphite or
CH2OCH2COONa
n carbonaceous shales, as well as in flotation
Carboxymethyl cellulose ethers (CMC) of sulphide minerals in salt water with
large mineral surfaces.
Application
Carboxymethyl cellulose ethers (CMC)
have been widely used in mineral pro-
cessing as a depressant for talc or other
magnesium silicates, especially in copper/
nickel mines. Clariant has a large range
of CMC's suitable for the depression of
naturally floating minerals.

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Extractants and
Other Specialties
TERTIARY AMINES FOR SOLVENT SULPHO SUCCINIC ACID ESTER/
EXTRACTION AFTER LEACHING FILTER AID
The solvent extraction process is based on ®Filter Aid B-70 is a strongly surface-active
amines whose salts can enter into an ion- agent used to reduce the moisture content
exchange reaction with those metals that of filter cake of mineral substances. It
are present in the form of anionic comple- acts by greatly lowering the surface tension
V A C U U M D R U M F I LT E R – C L A R I A N T F I LT E R A I D S H E L P T O xes. Examples of anionic metal complexes of water, thus enabling the firmly bound
2–
R E D U C E T H E M O I S T U R E R E M A I N I N G I N T H E F I LT E R C A K E are molybdates MoO4 , wolframates/ capillary water to drain away.
2– –
tungstenates WO4 , vanadates VO3 and
2–
chromates Cr2O7 . ANTICAKING AND ANTIDUSTING
Brands REAGENTS FOR FERTILIZER
®Hostarex A 324 and Hostarex A 327 AND POTASSIUM SALTS
For this application, Clariant has a full range
Chemical formula R of Flotigam and Genamin types which
R = isooctyl (A 324) or R–N–R are not covered in this brochure. Please
R = n-octyl/n-decyl (A327) refer to our technical bulletin “Fertilizer
finishing with anticaking agents” for more
Application information.
Hostarex A 324 can be used to separate
cobalt and nickel.
Hostarex A 327 is used extensively in
the uranium processing industry. It
can also be used for the extraction of
W, Mo and Re.

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International Dictionary
for the Mineral Processing Engineer
The following dictionary is compiled from
terms that appear most commonly in
mill flowsheets and in international litera-
ture on milling. It consists of a selection
of useful words and terms rather than
a comprehensive collection of all the
elements, minerals, equipment and proc-
esses that might be included.

COMMON MINERALS / MINERALES USUALES / MINERAIS COURANTS / GEBRÄUCHLICHE MINERALE

English Spanish French German English Spanish French German
A actinolite actinolita actinolite Strahlstein K kainite cainita kaïnite Kainit
amphibole anfíbol amphibole Amphibol
andesite andesita andésite Andesit L limonite limonita limonite Brauneisenerz
anorthite anortita anorthite Anorthit
apatite apatita apatite Apatit M magnesite magnesita magnésite Magnesit
argentite argentita argentite Silberglanz magnetite magnetita magnétite Magneteisenerz
arsenopyrite arsenopirita arsénopyrite Arsenkies malachite malaquita malachite Malachit
autunite autunita autunite Autunit marcasite marcasita marcasite Markasit
azurite azurita azurite Azurit mica mica mica Glimmer
molybdenite molibdenita molybdénite Molybdänglanz
TA I L I N G S D U M P F R O M T H E P O TA S H F L O TAT I O N – F L O T I G A M T Y P E S A R E B barite barita barytine Schwerspat monzonite monzonita monzonite Monzonit
bauxite bauxita bauxite Bauxit monazite monacita monacite Monazit
bentonite bentonita bentonite Bentonit
U S E D T O S E PA R AT E P O TA S H F R O M H A L I T E ( P H O T O : K A L I U N D S A L Z )
beryl berilio béryl Beryll O olivine olivino olivine Olivin
biotite biotita biotite Biotit orpiment oropimente orpiment Rauschgelb
borax bórax borax Borax orthoclase feldespato potásico orthose Kalifeldspat
bornite bornita bornite Buntkupfererz
P pyrite pirita de hierro pyrite de fer Schwefelkies
C calamine calamina calamine Galmei pyrolusite pirolusita pyrolusite Pyrolusit
calcite calcita calcite Kalkspat pyrrhotite pirrotina, pirrotita pyrrhotine Magnetkies
carnotite carnotita carnotite Carnotit
cassiterite casiterita cassitérite Zinnstein Q quartz cuarzo quartz Quarz
cerussite cerusita cérusite Cerussit
chalcedony calcedonio calcédoine Chalcedon R realgar rejalgar réalgar Rauschrot
chalcosite calcosita chalcosite Chalcosit rhodochrosite rodocrosita dialogite Manganspat
chalcopyrite calcopirita chalcopyrite Kupferkies rhodenite rodonita rhodonite Rhodonit
chert pedernal, sílex chert Hornstein
chromite cromita chromite Chromit S scheelite scheelita scheelite Scheelit
chrysocolla crisocola chrysocole Chrysokoll serpentine serpentina serpentine Serpentin
cinnabar cinabrio cinabre Zinnober shale pizarra schiste argileux Tonschiefer
clays arcillas argiles Ton siderite espato de hierro, sidérose Spateisenstein
cobaltite cobaltina cobaltine Glanzkobalt siderita
colemanite colemanita colémanite Colemanit sphalerite esfalerita, blenda sphalérite, blende Zinkblende

Appendix covellite
cuprite

D diopside
dolomite
covellina
cuprita

diópsida
dolomita
covelline
cuprite

diopside
dolomite
Covellin
Rotkupfererz

Diopsid
Dolomit
stibnite
sulphur
sylvanite
antimonita, estibina
azufre
teluro gráfico,
silvanita
stibine
soufre
sylvanite
Grauspiessglanz
Schwefel
Schrifttellur

T talc esteatita, jaboncillo talc Speckstein

E enargite enargita énargite Enargit tetrahedrite tetraedrita panabase Tetraedrit
epidote epidota épidote Epidot tourmaline turmalina tourmaline Turmalin
tremolite tremolita trémolite Tremolit
F feldspar feldespato feldspath Feldspat
fluorite fluorita fluorine Flusspat W wolframite wolframita wolframite Wolframit

G galena galena galène Bleiglanz Z zeolite ceolita zéolite Zeolith

garnierite garnierita garniérite Garnierit zircon circonio zircon Zirkon
granite granito granite Granit
gypsum yeso gypse Gips

H halite halita halite Halit

hematite hematita hématite Hämatit
hornblende hornblenda hornblende Hornblende

I ilmenite ilmenita ilménite Ilmenit

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THE ELEMENTS / LOS ELEMENTOS / LES ELEMENTS / DIE ELEMENTE BENEFICIATION EQUIPMENT / APARATOS DE TRATAMIENTO / APPAREILS DE TRAITEMENT / AUFBEREITUNGSMASCHINEN
English Spanish French German English Spanish French German English Spanish French German English Spanish French German
A actinium, Ac actinio actinium Aktinium N neodymium, Nd neodimio néodyme Neodym A agitator agitador agitateur Rührwerk flotation machine aparato de flotación appareil de flottation Flotationsmaschine
aluminium, Al aluminio aluminium Aluminium neptunium, Np neptunio neptunium Neptunium amalgamation amalgamación amalgamation Amalgamierung flotation machine, aparato de flotación appareil de flottation Rührwerks-
antimony, Sb antimonio antimoine Antimon nickel, Ni niquel nickel Nickel autoclave autoclave autoclave Autoklav mechanical mecanico mécanique Flotationsmaschine
arsenic, As arsenico arsenic Arsen flotation machine, aparato neumático appareil de flottation pneumatische
O osmium, Os osmio osmium Osmium B balling drum tambor para forma- tambour pour Pelletiertrommel pneumatic de flotación pneumatique Flotationsmaschine
B barium, Ba bario baryum Barium ción de bolas fabriquer boulets flowsheet, plant diagrama de la diagramme du site Anlagenstammbaum
beryllium, Be berilio béryllium Beryllium P palladium, Pd paladio palladium Palladium bin tolva poche Bunker planta
bismuth, Bi bismuto bismuth Wismut platinum, Pt platino platine Platin bin, circular tolva circular poche circulaire kreisförmiger Bunker
boron, B boro bore Bor plutonium, Pu plutonio plutonium Plutonium bin, coarse-ore tolva para poche à minerai gros Bunker für Groberz G grinding molienda pulvérisation Mahlung
polonium, Po polonio polonium Polonium mineral grueso grizzly criba grille Rost
C cadmium, Cd. cadmio cadmium Kadmium potassium, K potasio potassium Kalium bin, fine-ore tolva para poche à minerai fin Bunker für Feinerz grizzly, bar criba de barras grille à barres Stangenrost
calcium, Ca calcio calcium Kalzium praseodymium, Pr praseodimino praséodyme Praseodym mineral fino grizzly, chain criba de cadena grille à chaîne Kettenrost
cerium, Ce cerio cérium Cerit promethium, Pm prometio prométhium Promethium grizzly, shaking criba sacudidora grille à secousses Schüttelrost
cesium, Cs cesio césium Zäsium protactinium, Pa protactinio protactinium Protaktinium C cell, cleaner célula acabadora cellule finisseuse Reinigerflotationszelle
chromium, Cr cromo chrome Chrom cell, rougher célula desbastadora dégrossisseuse Hauptflotationszelle H hydroseparator hidroseparador hydroséparateur Hydroseparator
cobalt, Co cobalto cobalt Kobalt R radium, Ra radio radium Radium cell, scavenger célula apuradora cellule balayeur Kontrollflotationszelle hydrosizer hidrocalibrador hydrocalibrateur Hydroklassierer
columbium, Cb columbio columbium, niobium Niob rhenium, Re renio rhénium Rhenium circuit circuito circuit Kreislauf
copper, Cu cobre cuivre Kupfer rhodium, Rh rodio rhodium Rhodium clarifier tanque de bassin de Kläranlage J jig criba pulsante crible à secousses Setzmaschine
rubidium, Rb rubidio rubidium Rubidium clarificación clarification jig, hydraulic criba hidraulica crible hydraulique hydraulische
D dysprosium, Dy disprosio dysprosium Dysprosium ruthenium, Ru rutenio ruthénium Ruthenium classifier clasificador appareil Klassierer Setzmaschine
de classement jig, mechanical criba mecanica crible mécanique mechanische
E erbium, Er erbio erbium Erbium S samarium, Sm samario samarium Samarium classifier, bowl clasificadora appareil de Schüsselklassierer Setzmaschine
europium, Eu europio europium Europium scandium, Sc escandio scandium Skandium de vasija classement à coupe
selenium, Se selenio sélénium Selen classifier, cone clasificador conico appareil de konischer Klassierer L leach tank tanque para tank pour lixivation Laugungstank
F francium, Fr francio francium Francium silicon, Si silicio silicium Silizium classement conique lixivación
silver, Ag plata argent Silber classifier, hydraulic clasificador appareil de classe- Wasserstrom-
G gadolinium, Gd gadolinio gadolinium Gadolinium sodium, Na sodio sodium Natrium hidraulico ment hydraulique klassierer M magnetic separator separador magnetico séparateur Magnetscheider
gallium, Ga galio gallium Gallium strontium, Sr estroncio strontium Strontium classifier, rake clasificadora appareil de Rechenklassierer magnétique
germanium, Ge germanio germanium Germanium sulphur, S azufre soufre Schwefel de rastrillos classement à racle mesh malla maille Masche
gold, Au oro or Gold classifier, spiral clasificadora espiral appareil de classe- Spiralklassierer mill molino moulin Mühle
T tantalum, Ta tántalo tantale Tantal ment hélicoïdal mill, Aerofall molino tipo Aerofall moulin type Aerofall Aerofallmühle
H hafnium, Hf hafnio hafnium Hafnium technetium, Tc tecnecio technétium Technetium concentration, relación de relation de Konzentrations- mill, ball molino de bolas moulin à boulets Kugelmühle
holmium, Ho holmio holmium Holmium tellurium, Te telurio tellurium Tellur ratio of concentracion concentration vergleich mill, concal ball molino cónico moulin conique konische Kugelmühle
terbium, Tb terbio terbium Terbium conditioner tanque para bassin pour Konditioniertank de bolas à boulets
I indium, In indio indium Indium thallium, Tl talio thallium Thallium acondicionar pulpa conditionner pulpe mill, hammer trituradora de moulin à marteaux Hammermühle
iridium, Ir iridio iridium Iridium thorium, Th torio thorium Thorium conveyor, belt transportador transport à bande Förderband martillos
iron, Fe hierro fer Eisen thulium, Tm tulio thulium Thulium de cinta mill, rod molino de rodillos moulin à barres Stabmühle
tin, Sn estaño étain Zinn conveyor, bucket transportador transporteur à godets Becherförderer mill, tube molino de tubos moulin à tube Rohrmühle
L lanthanum, La lantano lanthane Lanthan titanium, Ti titanio titane Titan de cangilones
lead, Pb plomo plomb Blei tungsten, W wolframio, tungsteno tungstène Wolfram conveyor, pan transportador de transporteur à Gliedertransportband P pH controller controlador de pH appareil pour pH Meßgerät
lithium, Li litio lithium Lithium banda articulada bande articulée contrôle pH
lutetium, Lu lutecio lutétium Lutetium U uranium, U uranio uranium Uran conveyor, screw transportador transporteur à vis Schneckenförderer pelletizing machine maquina para appareil à fabriquer Pelletiermaschine
de tornillo sin fin producir bolas boulets
M magnesium, Mg magnesio magnésium Magnesium V vanadium, V vanadio vanadium Vanadium conveyor, tripper transportador de transporteur Förderband mit precipitation precipitación précipitation Niederschlag
manganese, Mn manganeso manganèse Mangan cinta con descar- déchargeur automatischen precipitation tank precipitador précipiteur Ausfellungstank
mercury, Hg mercurio mercure Quecksilber Y ytterbium, Yb iterbio ytterbium Ytterbium gador automatico automatique Auslader pump, centrifugal bomba centrifuga pompe centrifuge Kreiselpumpe
molybdenum, Mo molibdeno molybdène Molybdän yttrium, Y itrio yttrium Yttrium crusher trituradora concasseur Brecher pump, diaphragm bomba de diafragma pompe diaphragme Membranpumpe
crusher, cone trituradora de conos concasseur à cône Kegelbrecher pump, sand bomba de arena pompe à sable Sandpumpe
Z zinc, Zn cinc zinc Zink crusher, disk trituradora de discos concasseur à plateau Tellerbrecher purification purificación purification Reinigung
zirconium, Zr circonio zirconium Zirkonium crusher, gyratory trituradora giratoria concasseur giratoire Kreiselbrecher
crusher, jaw trituradora de concasseur à Backenbrecher R repulper repulpador repulpeteur Anrührgefäß
mandíbulas machoires roasting calcinación calcination Abröstung
crusher, primary trituradora primaria concasseur primaire primär Brecher rolls cilindros de cylindres broyeurs Brechwalzen
crusher, secondary trituradora concasseur sekundär Brecher trituradora
secundaria secondaire
crushing trituración broyage Zerkleinerung S sampler sacador de muestras échantillonneur Probenehmer
TECHNICAL TERMS / DENOMINACION DE LOS PRODUCTOS / NOMS DES PRODUITS / PRODUKTBEZEICHNUNGEN crystallizer cristalizador cristallisateur Kristallisierer screen, shaking criba secudidora tamis à secousses Schüttelsieb
cyanidation cianuración cyanuration Cyanlaugung screen, vibrating criba vibratoria tamis vibratoire Vibrationssieb
English Spanish French German English Spanish French German cyclone ciclón cyclone Zyklon separation separación séparation Elektrostatik-
electrostatic electrostatica électrostatique scheidung
C calcine calcina calcine Rostgut S sample muestra échantillon Probe D desliming elutriar déschlammer Entschlämmung separation magnetic separación magnetica séparation Magnet-
collector colector réactif collecteur Sammler sand arena sables Sand dryer, rotary secador rotativo sécheur rotatif Drehtrockner magnétique scheidung
concentrate concentrado minerai concentré Konzentrat slime lodo limon Schlamm drying desecacion séchage Trocknung sink-float process proceso de flotación méthode à liquide Schwimm- und
cyanide cianuro cyanure Cyanid slurry lodo schlamm Suspension y sedimentación dense Sinkverfahren
solution solución solution Lösung E elevator, bucket elevador de élévateur à godets Becherwerk sintering aglutinación agglutination Sinterung
D depressant depresor réactif déprimeur Niederdrücker solution, barren solución estéril solution stérile metallfreie Lösung cangilones spiral, concentrating espiral de concentrateur Spiralscheider
dust polvo poussière Staub solution, pregnant solución llena solution gros metalltragende concentración héliocoïdal
Lösung F feeder alimentador alimenteur Förderer
E effluent efluente effluent Abfluss feeder, belt alimentador de banda alimenteur à bande Bandförderer T table, mesa de table de Herd
T tailings desechos produits de queue Abgänge, Berge feeder, alimentador de placa alimenteur à plaque Schwingplatten- concentrating concentración concentration
F filter cake torta de filtro gâteau de filtre Filterkuchen reciprocating plate oscilante oscillante förderer tabling concentración concentration Herdarbeit
filtrate filtrado filtrat Filtrat U underflow subcorriente sub-écoulement Unterlauf feeder, rotary alimentador rotativo alimenteur rotatif Drehförderer en mesas sur tables
frother reactivo espumante réactif moussant Schäumer undersize subtamaño déclassé Unterkorn feeder, screw alimentador de rosca tourillon d’alimentation Schneckenförderer thickener espesador épaissiseur Eindicker
feeder, shaking alimentador alimenteur à Schüttelförderer trommel, revolving criba giratoria crible rotatif Trommelsieb
M middling mixto mixtes Mittelgut W water, mill agua de molino eau de moulin Mahlwasser sacudidor secousses
mine-run ore mineral todo uno minerai tout-venant Fördererz filter filtro filtre Filter V vanner vanner vanner Planstossherd
Z zinc dust polvo de cinc poussière de zinc Zinkstaub filter, disk filtro de discos filtre à disque Scheibenfilter
O overflow desbordamiento débordement Überlauf filter, drum filtro de tambor filtre à tambour Trommelfilter
oversize sobretamaño refus Überkorn filter, pressure filtro de presión filtre à poussée Druckfilter
flotation flotación flottation Schwimmauf-
P pulp density densidad de pulpa densité de pulpe Trübedichte bereitung, Flotation

R reagents reactivos réactifs Reagenzien

residue residuo résidu Rückstand

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METHODS OF TREATMENT / METODOS DE TRATAMIENTOS / METHODES DE TRAITEMENT / AUFBEREITUNGSMETHODEN

In the following table each mineral is followed by the more common methods of treatment.
English Spanish French German English Spanish French German English Spanish French German English Spanish French German
A Al/Zn ores; caustic, menas Al/Zn; minerais Al/Zn; Al/Zn Erze; kaustisch, columbite, columbita; columbite; Columbit; I iron ores; menas de hierro; minerais de fer; Eisenerze; Schwer- spodumene, espodumena; spodumène; Spodumen;
CO2 treatment/acid caustico, tratamiento caustique, traitement CO2 Behandlung/ Fe(Cb-TaO2)2; gravedad, gravité, Schwerkraft, gravity, flotation, gravedad o flotación, gravité, flottation, kraft, Flotation, Li2O.Al2O3.-SiO2; flotación, flottation, Flotation,
CO2/acido CO2/acide Säure gravity, caustic fusión fusion kaustisches blast furnance alto horno haut fourneau Hochofen flotation, acid calcinación calcination saure Abröstung
fusion, then HCI, caustica, luego caustique, puis Schmelzen, dann roasting acida acide
B barite, BaSO4; barita; barytine; Schwerspat; then KF HCI, KF HCI, KF HCI, KF L lead ores; menas de plomo; minerais de plomb; Bleierze;
flotation flotación flottation Flotation flotation and gravity, flotación y gravedad, flottation et gravité, Flotation und stibnite, Sb2S3; antimonita, estibina; stibine; Grauspiesglanz;
copper ores; menas de cobre; minerais de cuivre; Kupfererze; smelting fusión fusion Schwerkraft, liquation licuación liquation Seigerung
flotation and flotación y flottation et Flotation und Lau- Schmelzen
bauxite, Al2O3; bauxita; bauxite, Bauxite; leaching, smelting lixiviación, fusion lixivation, fusion ou gung, Schmelzen sylvite, KCI; silvina; sylvine; Sylivin; Schwimm-
caustic caustico caustique kaustisch or electrolysis o electrolisis électrolyse oder Elektrolyse lepidolite; hand cob- lepidolita; lépidolite; scheidage Lepidolith; Hand- flotation and flotación y flottation et aufbereitung und
(Bayer process) bing, sulphuric acid separación manual, à main, traitement scheidung, Behand- gravity gravidad gravité Schwerkraft
treatment tratamiento con par acide sulfureux lung mit Schwefel-
beryl, 3BeO.- berilio; separación béryl; scheidage à Beryll; CuNi sulphide ores; menas de sulfuro minerais sulfures sulfidische Kupfer ácido sulfúrico säure T tantalite, Fe(Cb- tantalita; tantalite; Tantalit;
Al2O2.6SiO2; hand manual, main, Handscheidung, flotation roasting, de cobre y níquel; de cuivre et nickel; und Nickelerze; TaO3)2; gravity, gravedad, fusión gravité, fusion Schwerkraft, kausti-
cobbing, leaching lixiviación lixivation Laugung extraction, flotación, calcina- flottation, Flotation, Abröstung, limestone, CaCO3; caliza; calcaire; Kaklkstein; caustic fusion, caustica, caustique, sches Schmelzen,
electrolytic refining ción, extracción, calcination, extrac- Extraktion, elektroly- calcination calcinación calcination Abröstung then HCI, then KF luego HCI, KF puis HCI, KF dann HCI, KF
borax, Na2B4O7.- borax; borax; Borax; refinación tion, affinage tische Raffination
10H2O; evaporation evaporación évaporation Verdampfung electrolitica électrolytique M manganese ores; menas de minerais de Manganerze; thortveitite, torveitita; thortveitite; Thorveitit;
flotation and manganeso; manganèse; Flotation und (Sc, Y)2Si2O7; calcinación calcination par Abröstung mit
Ccarnotite, K2O.- carnotita; carnotite; Carnotit; E elemental form; forma elemental; forme élémentaire; Elementare Form; gravity, roasting flotación y gravedad, flottation et gravité, Schwerkraft, roasting with carbon con carbon carbone Kohle
2UO3.V2O; leaching, lixiviación, calcina- lixivation, calcination Laugung, Abröstung gravity flotation, gravedad, flotación, gravité, flottation, Schwerkraft, in reducing calcinación en calcination dans Abröstung in Reduk-
roasting with salt ción con sal par sel mit Salz leaching, cyanide lixiviación, lixivation, Flotation, Laugung atmosphere atmósfera reductora atmosphère tionsatmosphäre tungsten ores, menas de tungsteno; minerais de Wolframerze;
or smelting cianuración o fusión cyanuration ou oder Schmelzen réductrice gravity and gravedad y tungstène; gravité Schwerkraft und
cassiterite, SnO2; casiterita; cassitérite; Zinnstein; fusion flotation, caustic flotación, fusión et flottation, fusion Flotation, kaustisches
gravity and flotation, gravedad y flotación, gravité et flottation, Schwerkraft und molybdenite, MoS2; molibdenita; molybdénite; Molybdänglanz; fusion caustica caustique Schmelzen
reverberatory furnace horno de reverbero four à réverbère Flotation, Flammofen G galena, PbS; galena; galène; Bleiglanz; flotation, flotación, flottation, Flotation,
gravity or gravedad o gravité ou Schwerkraft oder roasting calcinación calcination Abröstung U uranium ores; menas de uranio; minerais d’uranium; Uranerze; Flotation
celestite, SrSo4; celestina; célestine; Cölestin; flotation, flotación, flottation, haut Flotation, Hochofen flotation and flotación y flottation et und Laugung, saure
digestion with soda digestion con digestion par Laugung mit blast furnance alto horno fourneau monazite; gravity, monacita; gravedad, monacite; gravité, Monazit; Schwer- leaching, acid or lixiviación, lixiviación lixivation, lixivation oder alkalische
ash sosa calcinada soude calcinée Sodaasche sulphuric acid tratamiento traitement par kraft, Behandlung mit alkali leaching ácida o alcalina acide ou alcali Laugung
H halite, NaCL; halita, halite; Steinsalz; treatment con acido sulfúrico acide sulfureux Schwefelsäure
chalcopyrite, calcopirita; chalcopyrite; Kupferkies; flotation, flotación flottation Flotation, Laugung Z zinc ores; menas de cinc; minerais de zinc; Zinkerze; Flotation,
CuFeS2; flotation, flotación, calcinación, flottation, calcination, Flotation, Abröstung leaching lixiviación lixivation N nickel ores; menas de niquel; minerais de nickel; Nickelerze; flotation, flotación, flottation, saure Abröstung
roasting, electrolytic refinación affinage électro- elektrolytische Raffi- flotation and flotación y flottation et Flotation und Lau- acid roasting calcinación acida calcination acide
refining electrolitica lytique nation leaching, roasting lixiviación, calcina- lixivation, calcination gung, Abröstung
and leaching ción y lixiviación et lixivation und Laugung zircon, ZrO3.-SiO2; circonio; métodos zircon; méthodes Zirkon; Schwerkraft-
chromite, FeO.-Cr2O3; cromita; chromite; Chromit; Schwer- gravity methods, de gravedad, acido de gravité, acide verfahren,
gravity methods, métodos de gravedad, méthodes de gravité, kraftverfahren, Be- nonferrous ores; menas no ferrosas; minerais non ferreux; Nichteisenerze; acid or alkali o álcali ou alcali sauer oder alkalisch
electric furnace tratamiento en horno traitement à four handlung im elektri- gravity or flotation, gravedad o gravité ou flottation, Schwerkraft
treatment electrico électrique schen Schmelzofen blast furnace flotación, alto horno haut fourneau oder Flotation,
Hochofen
cinnabar, HgS; cinabrio; cinabre; Zinnober;
sorting and clasificación y triage et criblage, Scheidung und P pithblende; gravity, uranita; gravedad, uranite; gravité, Uranit; Schwerkraft,
screening, roasting cribado calcination Siebung, Abröstung flotation, acid flotación, flottation, Flotation,
digestion digestión ácida digestion acide saure Laugung
cobalt or nickel menas de cobalto o cobalt ou minerais Kobalt oder Nickel-
ores; flotation and níquel; de nickel; erze; Flotation R Rutile, TiO2, ilme- rutilo, ilmenita; rutile, ilménite; Rutil, Ilmenit;
leaching, acid flotación y lixiviación, flottation et lixivation, und Laugung, saure nite; gravity and el- gravedad y eléctrico, gravité et électrique, Schwerkraft,
roasting or calcinación acida calcination Abröstung oder ectrical, chlorination cloración chloruration Chlorierung
smelting o fusion acide ou fusion Schmelzen
S seawater; agua de mar; eau de mer; Seewasser;
lime slurry lodos de cal chaux schlammeuse Kalkschlamm

silica, SiO2; silice; silice; Kiesel;

flotation and gravity, flotación y gravedad, flottation et gravité, Flotation und
smelting fusión fusion Schwerkraft,
Schmelzen

sphalerite, ZnS; esfalerita, blenda; sphalérite, blende; Zinkblende;

roasting calcinación y aglu- calcination et agglu- Abröstung und
and sintering, tinación, lixiviación tination, lixivation Sintern,
leaching de humo de de poussière Laugung des Rauch-
of flue dust conductos de humo de conduits kanalstaubs

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MINEPDFok 15.04.2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 30

How to calculate the Flotation Results

Qa = Weight of feed, in tons 3. ENRICHMENT 7. METAL RECOVERY
c c1 · vA
Qb = Weight of tailings, in tons i= expresses the rate mA = a1
a
Qc = Weight of concentrate, in tons of concentration.
c2 · vB
mB =
a = Metal content of feed in % a2

b = Metal content of tailings in % 4. CONCENTRATION express the percentage by weight of

Qa 100 c-b
c = Metal content of concentrate in % n= Qc
or v
or a -b
metal A recovered in concentrate A and of
r = Metal content of pure mineral in % expresses the number of tons of feed metal B recovered in concentrate B.
m = Metal recovery in % required to produce one ton of concentrate. Equations 1 – 7 permit the determination
v = Weight recovery in % of the results for m, v, i and n without
5. PURE MINERAL CONTENT knowing the weights Qa, Qb, Qc, when
Qa · a a
Metal content of feed in tons = · 100% in the feed, only the contents a, b, c are known.
100 r
If the weights are known, they must be
Qb · b c
Metal content of tailings in tons = · 100% in the concentrate, used to check the results. In order to
100 r
test whether sampling and weighing are
b
Metal content of concentrate · 100% in the tailings express the correct, the metal balance is applied
r
Qc · c
in tons = 100
percentage by weight of pure mineral in the form of the following equation:
contained in the feed, the concentrate and Metal content of feed = metal content of
1. METAL RECOVERY the tailings, respectively. concentrate + metal content of tailings.
m= Qc · c · 100% or c(a - b) · 100% If a feed contains two metals, A and B, As industrial scales may have tolerances
Qa · a a(c - b)
and if these are weighed separately, of up to ± 2%, the above equation will
c · v%
or a
expresses the percentage the following formula can be employed: probably not be realized and deviations of
by weight of metal feed that is recovered a1 = metal A content in feed in % ± 2% are observed even in plants that
S U L P H I D E O R E F L O TAT I O N W I T H C L A R I A N T M I N I N G R E A G E N T S in the concentrate. a2 = metal B content in feed in % are well checked and supervised. Higher
c1 = metal A content in concentrate A in % deviations are due to errors in sampling
2. WEIGHT RECOVERY c2 = metal A content in concentrate B in % or weighing.
Qc a-b
v= · 100% or · 100% k1 = metal B content in concentrate A in %
Qa c-b
expresses the percentage by weight of the k2 = metal B content in concentrate B in % 8. SELECTIVITY FACTOR
feed that is recovered in the concentrate. b1 = metal A content in tailings in % (E. Gock, Erzmetall 38/1985, Nr. 2)
(c - a) · m
The so-called “optimum weight recovery” b2 = metal B content in tailings in % Cr = (cmax - a) · 100
a
v opt. = r
· 100% expresses the c = Metal content in concentrate in %
percentage by weight of the feed that can 6. WEIGHT RECOVERY a = Metal content in feed in %
100 (a1 - b1) (k2 - b2) –– (a2 - b2) (k1 - b1)
be recovered in the concentrate under vA = (c1 - b1) (k2 - b2) –– (c2 - b2) (k1 - b1)
% Cmax = max. possible metal content in %
optimum conditions, m being 100%, and the 100 (c1 - b1) (a2 - b2) –– (a1 - b1) (c2 - b2)
m = Metal recovery in %
vB = (c1 - b1) (k2 - b2) –– (c2 - b2) (k1 - b1)
%
concentrate being composed of the
pure mineral (e.g. only PbS, or only ZnS). The equations express the percentages
by weight of concentrate A and
concentrate B that have been recovered
from the feed.

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MINEPDFok 15.04.2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 32

Mining Chemicals – Products, Brands and Applications in Overview

CLARIANT FLOTATION COLLECTORS
Collectors for Sulphide and Metallic Ores Collectors for Non-Sulphide and Non-Metallic Ores
Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use Can be combined with Recommended Frother Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use Can be combined with Recommended Frother
■ Xanthates ■ Fatty acid
Potassium ethyl xanthate [PEX] Collector for sulphides of non Hostaflot L- grades Flotanol D-14 Flotinor FS-2 All-round collector for the flotation Flotinor V 2875 Flotol B
Sodium ethyl xanthate [SEX] ferrous metals (oxidic ores after Hostaflot X-23 Flotanol C-7 of industrial minerals, i.e. scheelite, Flotinor SM-15 Flotol 1638
Sodium isopropyl xanthate [SIPX] sulphidizing) Hostaflot X-231 Flotanol H-grades heavy mineral oxides, feldspar, Flotinor SM-35
Sodium isobutyl xanthate [SIBX] Flotol grades phosphates etc. nonionic emulsifier
Potassium amyl xanthate [PAX] tailor-made blends ■ Sodium alkylsulphates
Potassium hexyl xanthate [PHX] Flotinor S-72 Collector for baryte; celestite; Flotinor FS-2 Flotol B
■ Aliphatic dithiophosphates anglesite Flotol 1638
Hostaflot LET Collector for sulphide copper Xanthates Flotanol D-grades ■ Mono/Di phosphoric acid esters
Hostaflot LIB minerals, sulphide copper/ Hostaflot X-23 Flotanol C-7 Flotinor SM-15 Collector for biotite; heavy Flotinor FS-2 None
Hostaflot LIP molybdenum minerals; sulphide Hostaflot X-231 Flotanol H-grades Hostaphat grades mineral oxides, esp. titanium and iron Flotinor SM-35
Hostaflot LSB zinc minerals; minerals containing Hostaflot M-91 Flotol grades bearing ores out of glass sand;
noble metals; does not collect tailor-made blends fluorspar, magnesite; rev. flotation of
ferrous minerals; pH range >3.5 phosphorite
■ Aromatic dithiophosphates ■ Sarcosides
Phosokresol B Especially for sulphide lead minerals Xanthates Flotanol D-grades Arkomon SO Collector for apatite; fluorspar; Flotinor FS-2 None
Phosokresol F Hostaflot L-grades Flotanol C-7 scheelite
Flotanol H-grades ■ Alkenyl succinic acid half ester
Flotol grades Flotinor V 4085-1 Collector for apatite; fluorspar; Flotinor FS-2 None
tailor-made blends scheelite
■ Mercaptobenzthiazole formulation ■ Alkyl sulpho succinates
Hostaflot M-91 Collector for all sulphide minerals, Xanthates Flotanol D-grades Flotinor SM-35 Collector for apatite; iron bearing Flotinor V 4085-1 None
especially for native noble metals. At Hostaflot L-grades Flotanol C-7 heavy mineral oxides in glass Flotinor FS-2
pH 4-5: gold containing pyrite and Flotanol H-grades sand flotation Flotinor SM-15
arsenopyrite; bulk flotation of sulphide Flotol grades ■ Alkyl sulpho succinamate
minerals. At pH > 8: gold containing tailor-made blends Flotinor V 2875 Collector for apatite; iron bearing Flotinor V 4085-1 None
porphyric copper minerals, galena; heavy mineral oxides in glass sand Flotinor FS-2
non-sulphide lead minerals after flotation Flotinor SM-15
prior sulphidization
■ Thiocarbamic acid esters (Thiocarbamates)
Hostaflot X-23 Oily collector for copper minerals Xanthates Flotanol D-grades
Hostaflot X-231 (in combination with xanthates or Hostaflot L-grades Flotanol C-7
dithiophosphates) and for zinc ores Hostaflot M-91 Flotanol H-grades
(in combination with xanthates); Flotol grades
reduction in specific consumption tailor-made blends

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MINEPDFok 15.04.2000 8:41 Uhr Seite 34

CLARIANT FLOTATION COLLECTORS CLARIANT FROTHERS

Cationic Collectors Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use
Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use Can be combined with Recommended Frother ■ Polypropylene glycol
■ Primary amines Flotanol C-7 Frother for the sulphide flotation; especially for coarse particles and for pulps with
Flotigam T Collector for potash Flotigam S Flotol grades, Flotanol F high electrolyte content.
Flotigam S Collector for potash; biotite Flotigam T Flotol grades, Flotanol F ■ Alkyl polypropylene glycol ether
Genamin CC 100 Collector for muscovite; feldspar Flotinor FS-2 Flotanol D-13, D-14, D-16 Frother for the sulphide flotation
Amine 3305 Collector for kaolinite (china clay) Flotanol F Frother for potash flotation in strongly electrolytic salt flotation pulps
■ Fatty alkyl propylene diamines ■ Alkyl polyglycol ether formulations
Genamin TAP 100 Collector for feldspar; pyrochlor None Flotanol H-53 Frother for the flotation of non-ferrous ores, especially for copper sulphides
Flotigam DAT Collector for feldspar Genagen grades Flotanol H-54
Flotigam V 4343 Collector for feldspar Flotinor FS-2 tailor made blends
■ Alkyl ether propylene amine ■ Aliphatic alcohols
Flotigam EDA Collector for silicates for the reverse None None Montanol grades Frother mainly used for coal flotation, sulphide and apatite flotation
iron ore flotation and for muscovite Flotanol M (MIBC) Very selective frother for sulphide complex ores
flotation ■ Alicyclic alcohols / Pine oils
■ Alkyl ether propylene diamine Flotol B Very strong frother for the flotation of feldspar, graphite, galena, sphalerite, scheelite and potash
Flotigam grades Collector for calamine Xanthates None Flotol 1638
■ Quaternary ammonium chloride
Flotigam K2C Collector for silicates for the reverse None Flotol B
calcite flotation and for wollastonite Flotol 1638 CLARIANT DEPRESSANTS AND DISPERSANTS
flotation Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use
■ Imidazolines ■ Carboxy methyl cellulose ethers (CMC)
Flotigam ITU Collector for pyrochlore and for None None Tylose grades Depressant for talc or other magnesium silicates, especially in copper/nickel flotation
silicates for the reverse flotation of ■ Anionic condensation product
calcite Dispersogen A Depressant for graphite and for carbonates in the flotation of oxide minerals

Non-Ionic Collectors and Emulsifiers

Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use Can be combined with Recommended Frother CLARIANT EXTRACTANTS AND OTHER SPECIALITIES
■ Alkyl phenol polyglycol ether Chemical Constitution/Reagent Use
Arkopal grades Emulsifiers for the flotation of fluor- Flotinor FS-2 None ■ Tertiary amine
spar, magnesite and phosphates Arkomon SO Hostarex A-324 Extractant for the liquid/liquid extraction of Ni, Co, U, V, W, Re after leaching
■ Fatty acid polyglycol esters Hostarex A-327
Genagen grades Dispersant for slimes in the flotation Flotinor V 2875 None ■ Sulpho succinic acid ester
of pyrochlore and fluorspar Genamin TAP 100 Filter Aid B-70 Filter Aid B-70 reduces moisture content of filter cakes

The information of this brochure is based on our present state of knowledge and is intended to provide
general notes on our products and their uses. It should not therefore be construed as guaranteeing
specific properties of the products described or their suitability for a particular application. Any existing
industrial property rights must be observed. The quality of our products is guaranteed under our
General Conditions of Sale.

Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany

April 2000

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