Aleksandra Yevteyeva A.bird@me - Com 1
Aleksandra Yevteyeva A.bird@me - Com 1
Yevteyeva [email protected] 1
Paper III:
Metaphor: Springs
Aleksandra Kalinina
Harvard University
Within Homer’s Iliad, Euripides’ Hippolytus and Hesiod’s Theogony, the word
spring(s) is a metaphor for a connection or disconnection between man and his
spiritual awareness/ psukhe. Connectively, within the Iliad, spring(s) protrudes at
momentous times of highly aggressive animalistic behavior exhibited by the warriors;
therefore, affirming the disconnect that occurs between man and his spiritual
utilizing spring(s) in connection to the wild force and presence of nature. Hesiod
engages ritualistic motifs in relationship to spring(s) in Theogony, further supporting
the figurative connection/disconnection between man and his psukhe. Lastly, within
Hippolytus, Euripides pointedly speaks upon spring(s) as a natural force that may
punish one that is separated from his psukhe. Thus, through depicted scenes of wild
animal behavior and comparisons between man and these animals, ritualistic
sacrificial motifs and through the presence of the imagery and acts of nature,
spring(s) prevails as either a connection or disconnection between man and his
Within the Iliad, there is constant comparison of the warriors/ heroes to
ferocious aggressive animals. Hence, the Thracian warriors are depicted as, “As a lion
springs furiously upon a flock of sheep or goats when he finds without their
shepherd, so did the son of Tydeus set upon the Thracian warriors till he had killed
twelve. As he killed them resourceful Odysseus came. (Il. 10. 485-‐489) Thus, springs is
engaged as a verb that is provoking and resulting in an aggressive animalistic attack
from
the
warriors.
Like
the
resurgence
from
natural
springs
in
nature,
the
animal
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awakes with the instigation of a powerful force. Thus, it is not possible for the
warriors to achieve connection to their psukhe if such an animal force is dominant
upon their actions. Therefore there is a disconnect between man and his psukhe,
when he is indulging in animalistic action. Particularly, within the Iliad, the lion
reappears again as a figure of animalistic action and attack. Hence,
But when they had reached the Scaean gates and the oak tree, there they
halted and waited for the others to come up. Meanwhile the Trojans kept on
fleeing over the middle of the plain like a herd of cows maddened with fright
when a lion has attacked them in the dead of the night-‐he springs on one of
Therefore, the Trojans are being compared to a vulnerable animal that is under attack
of a predator. Thus, there is the prevailing disconnect between man and his psukhe
present on both sides of the battlefield. Moreover, the imagery of a cow attacked by a
lion is furthermore sacrificial in meaning and evocative of the force of nature that is
overpowering the warriors and further disconnecting them from any spiritual
awareness or psukhe. Invariably, there is an overabundant supply of hubris within
As a dog springs on a fawn which a hunter has hit as it was breaking away
from its covert, and killed it. Even so, O Melanippos, did stalwart Antilokhos
spring upon you to strip you of your armor; but noble Hector marked him, and
came running up to him through the thick of battle.
Thus, springs prevails in a verb form, symbolizing the force that is present and alive
within man, provoking attack and destruction and further disconnect between man
As when some sturdy youth, axe in hands, deals his blow behind the horns of
an ox and severs the tendons at the back of its neck so that it springs forward
and then drops, even so did Aretos give one bound and then fall on his back
the spear quivering in his body till it made an end of him.
It can be deduced that the comparison of man to beast is most decidedly indicative of
a disconnect between man and his spiritual awareness, as springs is engaged as a
force that removes the head from the body. Thus, man is essentially inebriated and
cannot function without the mobility of the head, which contains the vital responses
of the mind.
The force that contributes to the constant disconnection that is occurring
between the warriors and their psukhe, is supported by lively painterly images of
By the hand of the son of Atreus, for he wielded his spear with fury. But
when he was just about to reach the high wall and the city, the father of
gods and men came down from the sky and took his seat, thunderbolt
in hand, upon the cred of Ida, with its many springs.
Thus, Zeus becomes present during a key moment within the Iliad when there is an
evident killing that is occurring. When Zeus assumes his position on Mount Ida, “with
its many springs,” there is obviously something relating to a sacrificial scene that is
occurring and springs prevail in connotation to a natural force that governs and
dominates men in the midst of their plight for kleos.
Hence, the imagery of nature, inclusive of the word springs as a metaphor for man’s
disconnect from his psukhe is alive and continually incised by the presence of the
Gods. As,
While Iris and Apollo made all haste on their way. When they reached Ida
with its many springs, mother of wild beasts, they found wide-‐seeing Zeus
seated on topmost Gargaros with a fragrant cloud encircling his head as with a
It can be construed that the gods are present and dominating upon man in a continual
way and therefore encouraging a disconnect between man and his psukhe.
Additionally, there is an agora occurring before Zeus upon the hieros Mount Ida;
For the man had fallen close be, him; so he aimed at Polydamas as he has
retreating, but Polydamas saved himself by swerving aside and the spear
struck Arkhelokhos son of Antenor, for heaven counseled his destruction; it
struck
him
where
the
head
springs
form
the
neck
at
the
top
joint
of
the
spine,
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and severed both the tendons at the back of the head. His head, mouth, and
nostrils reached the ground long before his legs and knees could do so, and
Therefore, the imagery of springs is utilized in the most precise way; pointedly
affirming that the springs connect the head to the rest of the body and that when
faltering, the head reaches the ground before the body. This is essentially the
thematic indication of man being eternally separated from his mind and spiritual
awareness, and losing his way in the plight of his life or within the face of eris.
Evidently, man will lose connection between his mind and being, most
instantaneously, when dealing with conflict along his journey. Furthermore, it is
shared that the destruction of Arkhelokhos is administered by heaven.; thus, alluding
to the presence of the gods and the force of the kosmos upon man.
Nor the mighty stream of the deep-‐flowing Okeanos, from whom all rivers and
seas with all springs and deep wells proceed; even Okeanos fears the
lightening of great Zeus, and his thunder that comes crashing out of heaven.
Since Okeanos had poured rivers of tears from his eyes as a libation, it is known that
such correlation to him within the Iliad is conceptually of ritualistic and sacrificial
nature. Furthermore, it is revealed that springs come from Okeanos, therefore
exhibiting a force that is alive and a dike that is present within the Iliad. Invariably,
the
inclusion
of
Zeus
affirms
that
this
is
a
sacrificial
scene
for
the
pleasing
of
the
Gods.
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As well, within Hesiod’s Theogony, there is birth and death that occurs at the springs
of Okeanos, “From her too, when, as the tale is, Perseus had cut off the head, up
sprang huge Khrysar and the steed Pegasus.” (280) Such event indicates the nature of
life and the force that governs and either gives life or takes something as a sacrifice.
Concluding imagery within the Iliad reveals a moment before the springs at the river
Skamandros,
One of these two springs is warm, and steam rises from it as smoke from a
burning fire, but the other even in summer is as cold as hail or snow, or the ice
that forms on water. Here, hard by the springs, are the goodly washing-‐
throughs of stone, where in the time of peace before the coming of the
Achaeans the wives and fair daughters of the Trojans used to wash their
clothes. Past these did they flee, the one in front and the other giving chase
behind him; good was the man that fled, but better far was he that followed
after, and swiftly indeed did they run, for the prize was no mere beast for
sacrifice or bullock’s hide, as it might be for a common foot-‐race, but they ran
Therefore, as with the one spring that is warm and the other that is cold, it can be
invariably deduced that there is a dualistic nature to the springs that is reflective to
the ironic nature that occurs all around in life and touches upon and governs man
most inevitably. Furthermore, the wives and daughters of the Trojans decide to flee
as they come to realize that there is only a sacrificial death awaiting the warriors in
their
pursuit
of
kleo,
and
they
would
rather
be
arete
for
the
psukhe
of
Hector,
a
hero.
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Final imagery indicative of sacrificial and ritualistic motifs within the Iliad is of
That when I returned home to my loved native land I should cut off this lock
and offer you a holy hetacomb; fifty she goats was I to sacrifice to you there at
your springs, where is your grove and your altar fragrant with burnt-‐offerings.
Thus did my father vow, but you have not fulfilled the thinking (noos) of his
prayer;
Hence, Achilles admits that he wishes to sacrifice at the springs of the river in
relationship to his potential nostos, but choses to do so for Patroklos. Thus, Achilles
as a hero is always close to contact with some sort of sacrificial and ritualistic scene,
alluding to the time where he will become a sacrifice himself.
Thus, it is within Euripide’s Hippolytus that the philosophy of psukhe is more
assiduously analyzed and illuminated upon. Nurse remits, “But when she finds
someone arrogant and proud, she takes him and insults him unbelievably. Her path is
in the sky and on the ocean’s surges; from her all nature springs.” (445) Therefore,
there is a natural action and punishing that occurs from the daimones upon man and
life. Additionally, the nurse encourages Phaedra to “cease having hubris.” (474)
Within these passages, there is particular discovery that the plight and journey of
mortals differs much from the gods, and therefore should not mirror the gods nor
contain excessive hubris. Intrinsically, the mortal man must not sway from his psukhe
if he is to attain happiness and fulfillment and if he is not be taken as a sacrifice nor be