r Y

Chapter 1

OVERVIEW OF PIPE DRAFTING

lndustrial pipe'drafting is a field that takes us good questions. To name a few: petroleum and
beyond the tiny fittings and small diametdr pipe of petrochemical industry; food processing industry;
household plumbing and into the heavy-duty world breweries and bottling facilities. All heavily rely on
of industrial processes. The piping requirements of piping. Power plants use large diameter pipe for
industry far exceed the limited capacities of plumb- movement of slurries, fuel, water, chemicals, and
ing and utility piping. The processes we speak of steam. The pulp and paper industry utilizes process
demand large diameter pipe from 4 in. to 48 in. and piping for a majority of its functions. See Fig. i - 1 .
even larger. The wide range or industrial activities requiring
The companies that render the drawings used to the services of industrial pipe drafters yields a
build process piping systems must design and variety of exciting and challenging opportunities.
engineer the facillty to strict specifications for- Perhaps a look at the companies that employ pip-
mulated by the client. These specifications are ing drafters will help round out our overview of
based on production requirements, construction industrial pipe drafting.
codes, and environmental restrictions. The people
who draw the systems designed by the engineers
must be trained in the field of process piping drafting
and must have a working knowledge of pipe, fit-
tings, valves, pumps, and equipment common to
the specific type of process.
This chapter provides a look into the field of in-
dustrial pipe drafting: who does it, what it involves,
and the requirements of the profession.

PIPING AND PROCESSES

A "PROCESS" is basically a method of doing

something to achieve a finished product. An in-
dustrial process does just that: creates a final
product.
ln many industries, the raw materials used to
create a product - and the finished products
themselves - rnust be moved from one point to
another. This is often done with pipes . . . large
diameter pipes.
What do we mean when we say large diameter
pipes? Process piping normally is anything 2 1 l2 in.
in diameter and above. A fairly common range of
process piping is from 4 in. to 24 in. in diameter.
Basically, pipes must be as large as is necessary to Fig. 1-1. Paper mills such as this one employ rniles of
accommodate the volume of production. process piping.
Production of what and by whom? Thoie are (C-E Power Systems, Combustion Engineering, lnc.)
\

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 Process Pipe Drafting

PROCESS PIPING DRAFTING ENGINEERING COMPATSY STBUCTURE

'after maY I
Let's follow an idea from its inception to its birth Who are the peopleriratwutforthese large corn- esigns to el
as a piping system. Wolfgang Hornblatz, president panies and consuhing firms? Four basic groups actors both
of Hornblatz Brewery, decides the tirne is ripe to ex- make up the srucnre of ttre company: ad- rorking knt
pand the brewery. He knows the type of equipment ministrative, clerical, engfwhg, and drafting per- must." Wh
needed for the expansion, but realizes that his in- sonnel. Often drafters rd eqirers are referred to ave You.
house engineering department is much too smallto as the "engineerirqg @rururt-" See Fig. 1-2. During tht
to
Our concern here b Hildn erqfreering and draft- I travel
1

tackle such a project. So Mr. Hornblatz hires a con-

sulting engineering firm. ing. Engineering inchdes fu drief engineer, pro- rork of son
je ct e n g i n eers, teclu*iaq .ihEigners, a n d d ra f te rs. rents,
loca
xisting mot
ENTER THE ENGINEERING FIRM The d raftin g departrrut b firttrs ffivided. The ch ief
ewers witl
drafter is responsiHe fw !fir had drafters (group
flou
The consultants do an initial study of the pro- leaders) who, in trrn" s!ilGf$se the senior,. in- ion of
The draf
poseci process piping system. This yields both a cost termediate, and iun[a ffi,mrs-
estirnate and a time frame in which the work is to round ma
be ccmpleted. Client Hornblatz then decides either DRAFTING RESFOTSf,ITTGS rround in u
to go ahead with the work and accept the estimate valks high
as is. or alter it in some way. Then the work begins. Engineers provide'dE'[iqF!l d the system. The riping, Fig
Mos'i process piping systems are either designed drafting departrnent lrarfrnoilme designs and rbout the
by :.i consulting firm or by the owner's engineering ideas into working *annryn A mrn of drafters )f the indu
departrnent. Only a few large companies and con- under the direction of a gncm Mer (all assigned
struction firms retain engineering departments of by the chief drafter) coorfurdwrstruct allthe
the size that enables them to handle the headaches necessary drawings fc ilb prqcGt- E
EI
o{ e ',,;;ior expansion. Beyond normal dna*Lg mcspomsibilities, the
E

E
PRESIt]ENT

ENGINEERS

TECHNICIANS

REPROOUCTION
DEPT.

Fig. 1-2. Organization chart of a typical consultrng engineering firm shows EEd'
 Overview of Pipe Drafting

Jrafter may be required to communicate ideas and varied duties, challenges, and problems to bd
JesiEns to engineers, designers, clients, and con- solved.
n-
fs
tractors both in person and over the phone. A good
J-
r.;orking knowledge of freehand sketching is a THE DRAWING SEOUENCE: SITE PLAN
t-
''rnust." Where words may fail you, the sketch can
save you. Remember Wolfgang Hornblatz? Well, his initial
:o
During the project, the drafter may be required thought of expansion has now developed into a
ta travel to the construction site and perform field plan. The project engineers have been assigned. The
;
rt'ork of some sort. This may involve field measure- drafting team is ready to go. Often the first people
t-
rients, locating pipe runs, positioning pumps in an on the team will create what is called a "site plan."
t.
existing morass of equipment, and snooping around The SITE PLAN is basically a large-scale map of the
ff
p se'.vers with a flashlight seeking the elusive direc- mill site, showing building outlines, major pipe
lcn of flow. racks, and possibly large underground pipes. lf the
t-
The drafter maY, at those times, be working facility is existing, the area of expansion will be
a'curr-rd machinery and heavy equipment, poking shown in such a way as to distinguish it from the
arou.tnd in underground tunnels, snaking along cat- rest of the mill.
r";alks high above the mill, crawling amid a maze of Fig. 1-4 presents an example of a site plan, show-
p oing, Fig. 1-3, or conferring with contractors ing the new area. With this drawing, the client can
a3out the best place for a weld or tie-in. The job then decide on changes in the location of the new
c'the industrial pipe drafter is potentially one with facility. Keep your erasers hot.

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Fig. 1-3. Process pipe drafting often appears as a maze.

(CBl lndustries, lnc.)
 Process Pipe Drafting

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 Process PiPe Drafting

FLOW DIAGRAM ISOMETRICS AND SPOOLS rhdi

While the executives are busy changing their Two other types of drawings occasionally drawn rufl
by the engineering firm - but most often done by
rf,rea
minds about the location of the process piping [.rfs,
systern, drafters are depicting it on a drawing the contractor or client - are isometrics and rcid
termed a "flow diagram." fhe FLOW DIAGRAM is spools. The PIPING ISOMETRIC is a pictorial
representation of a single run of pipe. Fig. 1-8 il- ME
a valuable schematic view of the system that is not
drawn to scale. Using symbols, it provides a rep- lustrates an isometric. The SPOOL DRAWING is an
resentation of the entire system, Fig' 1-5. orthographic subassembly of a portion of the pipe
run. Fig. 1-9 shows one of the spools taken from
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT the isometric in Fig. 1-8. r>_,rll.
The client's idea is now in the form of spool draw- r{s

Once new buildings have been sized and located, ings that will be used by pipefitters to construct the
they are designed and engineered by the structural process piping system. But wait. What happens if
departrnent. The piping drafters then use these Hornblatz wants to change his mind? And he will'
drawings as background for the general arrange- These changes in the spool drawings are called
ment. The GENERAL ARRANGEMENT drawing "revisions. "
,/tt
ty
shown in Fig. 1-6 reveals the building outline, wall
thicknesses, steel columns, equipment locations, REVISIONS AND THE DESTGN PROCESS
i

and centerline dimensions. The general arrangement

is useful in locating equipment, maior piping runs, No introduction to piping drafting would be com-
electrical conduit racks, and heating and ventilating plete without a glimpse at revisions - the one I

ducts. aspect that eventually comes to haunt even the

most meticulous and conscientious drafter. BEVI-
PIPING DRAWINGS SIONS include changes, deletions, and corrections. zr.
cE.
When equipment locations are decided upon, \t
work begins on piping dran,ings. PIPING DRAW-
INGS are composed of plans and sections. They are
the heart of any piping system. The PLAN is the
view from above and the SECTION is basically a side -l I
z"l

view of the piping system. The greatest amount of I

piping drafting time is spent creating these draw-

ings. Fig. 1-7 is an example of a piping plan and
section. FS- 1-8.

\!r"v'l20

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(a

,E'TION A-A

Fig' 1-6. A general arrangement is a dimensioned drawing Fig. 1-7. A piping drawing consists of a piping plan (top t$ 1-9.
I view) and section (side view). ;ire run
of building outline and location of equipment within'
I
10

L
 Overview of Pipe Drafting

You mijht add "frustrations." This is mentioned so the design is verbalized, possibly written down lest
you willbe aware of revisions, their habits, and the it be forgotten. After initial acceptance by the deci-
nature of the profession that fosters them. sion makers, the idea is then transferred to paper
l-et's look briefly at the process in which you will in the form of a drawing. This could be a flow
be involved. Engineering firms design and create diagram, a site plan, or an architectural elevation.
sh"stems, among other things. Beginning as an idea, Now the changes begin. An idea is easy to revise
once it is on paper. So changes are made, and that
creates a revision.
Beyond initial design changes, revisions may be
required for a number of reasons. The client may
make a change. The vendor's equipment may
change. A drafter or engineer may have made an
error. Whatever the reason, you - the piping
drafter - will be required to draw revisions and
obliterate sizable portions of your original work.
Hence your need to also possess a good working'
knowledge of erasing techniques. See Fig. 1-1O.
Regardless of the reasons for the revisions, it
would be in the best interest of every present and
potential drafter to exercise care and conscience on
the job. Mistakes are waste.

LINES

You have studied the basics of pipe drafting, the

drawing sequence, and drafting responsibilities.
Now let's look at the "lines" you will be drawing.
The lines do not differ much from those used in
mechanical drafting, but their uses and applications
may vary. As you read the description and function
of each line you will be using on piping drawings,

nE- 1-8- A piping isometric drawing pictures a single run

of pipe.

!i$ 1-9- Spool drawing shows a subassembly taken from

ppc nn in Fig. 1-8. Can you find spool piece in isometric Fig. 1-10. Eraser is a vital drafting tool, especially when
view? drawing revisions.

11
7
Process Pipe Drafting

refer to Fig. 1-1 1 and familiarize with line weights hodge-podge of styles and variations may result. mlr tf,r
and makeup. Read the standards and apply them to your work. miftn
CENTERLINE - The thinnest line you will use, it toTry tr
represents the center of equipment and pipes. lt is 5;r$'l5@I
used on all drawings except flow diagrams. dram
PHANTOM - Another thin line that resembles CENTER Cm-u
the centerline except for the extra dash. Found on 'umw q
all drawings, it outlines movable parts, or future Fmrmturu
pipes or equipment. PHANTOM l@w@ruf,
SECTION - Thin-to-medium weight lines used to eC!
indicate an ob.iect or material that has been cut gilml ,co
through. Drawn at an angle, they are used on pip- SECTION
r&mmp g
ing elevations. ffi:e
HIDDEN - A thin-to-medium line indicating ]H"f,
features hidden from view. lt is used on all .rr
drawings. HIDDEN
dh
EXTENSION AND DIMENSION - Thin-to- 4r
medium weight lines used to extend features and md.
give dimensions to those features. They are used
on all drawings except flow diagrams.
EXTENSION AND DIMENSION
ffi
_i_ \ lfil',cry
LONG BREAK - A thin line with a Z or "squig-
gle" inside that indicates a break. lt is used for large LONG BREAK
objects on all drawings.
SHORT BREAK - This line should be as thick as
the object line. lt indicates a broken part and is T- Uil
SHORT BREAK 6
used for clarity on the drawing. lt is often used on
piping details, sections, and tank drawings.
OBJECT - A medium-to-thick line used for the
visible lines of equipment, pipe, structural features, OBJECT 2-U
etc. lt is used on all drawings.
FLOW - The PRIMARY FLOW line is thicker than
object line weight. it is used for major flow lines. FLOW (PRIMARY} 3- rt
The SECONDARY FLOW line is similar to an ob.iect
line in thickness. lt represents minor flows. Both H
a-
flow lines are used on P & I diagrams and flow FLOW (SECONDARY) h-
diagrams.
CUTTING PLANE - Thicker than a primary flow I I
line, it indicates a plane at which the piping can be
CUTTING PLANE
viewed in elevation. Used on general arrangements
and plans. EEI II!.I

MATCH - A very thick line employed as a MATCH

reference for aligning two drawings. lt is used on
piping drawings, flow diagrams, and general Fig. 1-11. These various types of lines are used in ptpe
arrangements. drafting, as well as in mechanical drafting.

DRAWING OUALITY

Piping drawings are the finished product of an DRAWING CLARITY

engineering firm much as an engine part is the
finished product of a machine shop. Thought, care, Don't crowd the information presented on the
and neatness should be applied to any drawing you drawing. Give it some room. ls it easily read? ls it
work on, and careful attention should be given to understandable? Could it be placed somewhere
your company's standards. Several people may else? Ask yourself these questions as you construct
work on the same drawing at different times. lf a drawing. lf something doesn't look right, or ap-
standards are adhered to, the result will be a pears cluttered, move it somewhere else. Take time Cornplex
consistent, pleasing drawing. lf not, a chaotic to think about the placement of everything you put I

12

t
I'
;'
Overview of Pipe Drafting

tFre drawing. 4. What type of companies design process pip-

Mmy companies are creating their process pip- ing systems?
drawings with computer aided drafting (CAD) 5. Engineers design the process piping system.
These systems produce neat, consistent The drafting department transforms these
rigs- The computer drafting systems eliminate designs and ideas into drawings.
need to concentrate on line quality and letter- 6. Since the industrial pipe drafter may be re-
style. But these systems do not automatically -- a good working
quired to communicate ideas,
e a drawing with a balanced uncluttered knowledge of is a "must."
. That is still the job of the drafter. 7. The is basically a large-scale map
iflctieving drawing clarity applies to both manual showing building outlines, major pipe racks,
cdnputer drafting. Developing the ability to pro- and large underground pipes.
a balanced, easily understood drawing takes a. General arrangement.
and practice. As you do the problems in the b. Site
- plan.
dther manually or on a computer, remember c. Plan view.
y{x, are constructing the drawing. The layout 8. The diagram is a schematic view
balance of your piping drawing can be just as of the entire process piping system that is not
destroyed with a computer as it can with a drawn to scale.
You are in control, and you can produce a 9. ln piping drawings, the is the view
drawing with a balanced and ordered layout. from-above. The is basically a side
mmplish that means real job security. view of the piping system-
10. What is a piping isometric?
REVIEW OUESTIONS -
-
N- Wtlat three factors govern the design'of a plant 1 1. What is a spool drawing?
errrploying process piping?

12. include changes, deletions, and

a What is a "process"? corrections.
13. What type of drawing reveals the building
outline, wall thicknesses, steel columns, equip-
What is a common size range of process ment locations, and centerline dimen-
niplng? sions?
a- 21l2in. to 12 a. General arrangement.
b- 4 in- to 24 b. Site plan.
c- 4 in. to 48 c. Plan view.

rTEi::!ry---
.. i.:: "ii- :.: '

dgir€ layouts, like the one displayed on this terminal, can be designed on a computer-aided design and drafting
ICADD) system. lndividual drawings can then be generated from the design. (Computervision Corp.)

13
 Process PiPe Drafting

the following lines: PROBLEMS

PROB. 1-1. Write a report on the path of a draw-

ing from its beginnings as an idea to its
final use on the job. Contact consulting
engineering firms or construction com-
panies or the engineering departments
of large process plants.
PROB. 1-2. Prepare a report on the progression of
the different types of drawings created
by a consulting firm from the initial
design of a system to erection.
PBOB. 1-3. Conduct a survey and tabulation of
companies in your area presently do-
ing process piping drafting, and those
C using process piping in their manufac-
- turing processes. Contact both design-
ers and users' These could be prospec-
tive emPloYers.
PBOB. 1-4. Create a flow chart showing the pro-
gression of an idea from the design
stage through the proper sequence of
drawings to the final Product'

14
 Overview of Pipe Drafting

ik:r:: E-x:eisive use of piping, fittings, and flanges in this vacuum pump installation. (Fuller Co., Bethlehem,

15
 Process Pipe Drafting

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Pneumatic conveying system at a chemicai prant incorporates a maze of pipe runs. (Fuller Co., Bethiehem, pA)

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16
 Chapter 2
PIPE AND FITTINGS

PIPE is the medium through which fluid travels. operating temperature and pressure requirements
Because there are many types of fluids in varying of the system. Thickness for pipe is indicated most
siurations (pressure, acidity, temperature, etc.), commonly by two standards. The American Na-
ilHe are just as many varieties of pipe. Galvanized, tional Standards lnstitute (ANSI) classifies by
roopper, mild steel, cast iron, stainless steel, plastic, schedule numbers (Sch. 40, Sch. 80, etc.).
lfrerglass, concrete, clay, and wood are the basic whereas the American Society of Mechanical
tpes. They range in nominal size from 1 12 in. to Engineers (ASME) and the American Society for
36 h- in diameter. Specific situations may call for Testing and Materials (ASTM) uses the designations
srrder or larger sizes, or material of a specialtype. "STD" (standard), "XS" (extra strong), and "XXS"
-a (double-extra strong)
PIPE SIZING AND SPECIFICATIONS Always subtract the pipe wallthickhess from the
OD to find the lD. Stronger pipe may have an lD less
]II(IMINAL PIPE SIZE, or NPS, is a common term. than the NPS. Fol example, 8 in. schedule 8O pipe
Af pipe is referred to by the NPS. This size is not has a wallthickness of .5OO in. The OD of 8 in. pipe
-rapthe same as the internalpipe bore. Sizes up is 8.625 in. By subtracting one inch from 8.625
b ild including 12 in..in diameter have internal in., ure see that the lD is onty 7.625 in. This is a
bac6 fmside diameter or lDl equalto their NPS. See good example of why "Nominal Pipe Size" {NPS}
f* 2-1- Pipe that is 14 in. in diameter and above is used.
lrc an NPS equal to the outside diameter (OD). Fittings are also classified according to pressure
ilrerufore, a 6 in. pipe would have an lD of 6 in., rating (PSl). Common ratings for buttwelded fittings
rd a 24in. pipe would have'an OD of 24 in. and flanges are 15O# to 600#, and for screwed
fre wall thicknesses vary according to the steel 2OOO# to 6O0O#. The strength of pipe and
fittings is determined by the conditions (pressure,
temperature) under which it will be used.

METHODS OF JOINING PIPE

There are many ways that pipe can be joined. This

text deals with welded and screwed piping, the
most frequently used methods in industry.
The type of connection used depends on the type
and size of pipe. The principle methods include
welded, screwed, socketweld, glued, soldered,
flanged, and mechanical. Let's take a brief look at
a few of the most popular methods of joining pipe.

ttQ BUTTWELDED
lz" To
la . N.?,b,
The BUTTWELD is the mo$tcommon type of con-
Et 2-1- Nominal pipe size (NPS) measurements are based nection found in industry. lt is also the most
r pi- irside diameter (lD! up to 12 in.and on pipe out- economical and leak-proof method of joining larger
sirk diameter (OD) lor 14 in. and larger. diameter piping. Lines that are two inch and larger

17
 process pipe Drafting

usually are buttwelded. Fig. 2-2 is a chart of the aspects of each. One aspect of considerable imppr-
four principaljoining methods. Take time to become tance to the drafter is the pipe break. So let's check
familiar with these symbols. We'll use some of ihem out the appearance of pipe . . . whole and broken.
later.

SOCKETWELDED +
PIPE JOINING METHODS 7#L-
The difference between socketwelding and butt-
ff'1
SINGLE LINE DOUBLE LlNE
welding is that in SOCKETWELDING, the pipe is
inserted into a socket in the fitting and then welded. ._8
ln BUTTWELDING, pipe and fittings are "butted"
together and then welded. Socketwelding is used
primarily on lines smaller than 2 in. when the J -- .!1" iil
absence of leaks is critical. Socketwelded joints are
used on - but not restricted to - toxic, flam-
mable, or radioactive materials.
BUTTWELDED
fifrnrtlrw l

SCREWED
ffid lG{
The familiar, time-tested method of SCREWED tflIlflM
pipe and fittings can be seen in your house plumb- j 1-r, r
ffft
ing. ln industry. it is used for service lines, utility
piping, and occasionally for small process piping. m mr aI
Forged steel fittings are used more than cast iron SCREWED ! rur.sr "l
because of their greater mechanical strength. Make t llltilrdm
note of the symbol for screwed piping in Fig. 2-2. t@ mr,m

Some companies use the screwed symbol to in- hqg: I.

dicate socketwelded pipe, while others use the butt-
weld symbol. lt always pays to be familiar with your
company standards or the job specifications for the
project you're working on. SOCKETWELDED

FLANGED

Flanges bolted face-to-face (F to F) with a gasket

between the two faces comprise the FLANGED
JOINT. A flange basically is a circular piece of steel FLANGED
plate with a machined face and equally spaced bolt
holes drilled through it. The large hole through the
center of the flange matches the pipe diameter for
Fig. 2-2. Chart shows various pipe joining methods in single
which it is designed. Iine and double line drawings.
Several types of flanges exist, but we'll discuss
those a little later in this chapter. Flanges serve to
attach valves (and some instruments) to welded
pipe or to create removable sections of rvelded pipe. DOUBLE LINE PIPING

Fig. 2-3 gives you a glimpse of this easily

PIPE BEPRESENTATION understood DOUBLE LINE method of drawing pipe.
It looks real. That's why many people would rather
Pipe can be illustrated two ways: as a double line draw it or read blueprints employing it. However,
or as a single line. Single line drawing is faster, done it takes longer to draw manually. Some firms show
manually, but the advent of computer drafting has new piping in single line and existing pipe as dou-
seen the emergence of more double line piping ble line. Others use double line for pipe over 12in.
drawings. Both methods are used in industry, and NPS. Then there are companies that use double line
you should become familiar with the fundamental for most everything.
t
18
[
IL
L
 Pipe and Fittings

-:
:-
A

2-3- Simple double line piping drawing gives realistic

pipe representation.

interpretation becomes difficult when

B
lLayers are involved. See Fig. 2-4. Note how
sections have been handled. ln view A,
Fig. 2-5. Double line pipe break symbols are illustrated.
2-4, the valving is shown as hidden lines and A - Side view. B - End view.
pleasing to the eye. lt would not be shown that
a piping drawing. Then, in view B, Fig.2-4,
irst "eliminated" the piping in front to reveal
hlden valves. View B illustrates the common methods of show-
breaks can be handy things. Use them. View ing a broken pipe from the end view; a view often
tg- 2-5 is a sampling of double line pipe breaks. seen in piping elevations. The first example in view

+12"

2-4. Pipe and fittings are shown in double line draw-

A - Hidden lines indicate hidden section. B piping
in front is cut away. Note pipe breaks.
-

19

-,j
 Process Pipe Drafting

B, Fig. 2-5, uses the standard sectioning lines'

The tify vertical runs of pipe. A RISER is a vertical pipe
.""ond example should be f amiliar to you in which the fluid is flowing up. A DOWNCOMER
"mystics." lt resembles the Yin and Yang symbol is a vertical pipe in which the fluid is flowing down'
of ancient Chinese philosophy' The third example The third term is used in conjunction with an
is a cross between the other two' assembly of fittings and is FITTING TO FITTING'
This means that an assembly has no straight pipe,
only fittings. So if you see a note that reads "Fit-
SINGLE LINE PIPING
ting to fitting riser," you will know what it means'
The SINGLE LINE method of pipe illustrationa
utilizes the centerline of the piping' Fig' 2-6
is PtPE FITTINGS ES- Z-g- t
i"trn of Fig.2-3, but is shown in single line' Pipe han ptpe
t"a". u*uf and fittings suddenly aren't asNot distinc- Pipe comes in straight sections, normally 20
ft'
tive as they were on double line drawings' quite lengths. But pipe - like humans - can't go
to read is it? Fear not; just keep referring .tri"igl'tt forever- lt must change direction' change
"rlitv
to the single line fitting symbols in Figs' 2-33 and size,ir branch out. Enter fittings, which permit the
2-34 and You'll catch on.
While we're comparing methods, let's look at the
single line version of Fig. 2-4. Note how uncluttered
anJ cleaner the piping looks in Fig' 2-7' This
becomes an attractive aspect because single
line requires less drawing time and provides
more
open space for dimensions and notations'
'Take
note of the PIPE BREAKS in Fig' 2-7 ' They
are drawn as a shallow "S" and are actually
one
half of the double line symbol' Proper construction
of Ureat< symbols is important' Many a blueprint
sym-
reader has cursed the improper usage of break
line break
bols. Fig. 2-B illustrates single and double
symbols.
Remember, the break symbol is drawn on the
nearest pipe. Which pipe is closer to you in Fig' 2-9?
lf a lower pipe is obstructed by a higher one' it
pipe
would appear as shown in Fig' 2-1O' Which
is lowest in Fig. 2-1O?

TERMINOLOGY

At this point in your study of piping' a few terms

to iden-
should be introduced' Two of them are used

Fig. 2-7 . This is a single line version of double line dra

Ing, pru."nted in Fig- 2-4. Note use of pipe breaks'

SINGLE LINE DOUELE LINE

of sym- Fig. 2-8. Drawings show proper construction of

Fig. 2-6. Single line drawing of pipingmakes use symbols.
bols (sie Fig' 2-33) and centerline of piping'
 Pipe and Fittings

R
n.
an

Fig. 2'12' 45o elbow' (lTT Grinnell)

Pipe run A is closer to You
fig. 2-9. Visualization exercise: left of closer pipe
p,;; ,un a- Note bieat<-svmbol at far
o
45 o ELBOW: A close o relative of the 90 ell' this
pipe run'
titting allows for a 45 change in the the NPS'
A;;;;, in" "unt"ttine radius is 1 1/2 times

Pipe run B is closer to you

ffi4 2-1O. Visualization exercise:
at far left of closer pipe
pfrre run n' rtroiu J'"uk symbol
-tiltlsr* run B-
Fig. 2-13' Beducing elbow' (lTT Grinnell)

of the charac-
rilote changes' Let's examine some
frErtstics of PiPe fittings' REDUCING ELBOW: Not only does this fitting
line
create a 90 bend, but in the process changes
o

BUTTWELDED FITTINGS
.i.u. H"tu, too, the centerline radius is 1 1/2 times
the NPS of the larger end'

Fig. 2-14. 1 8O o return' (lTT Grinnell)

(lTT Grinnell)
F\g.2-11. 90o elbow'

180o RETURN: This fitting produces a 180o

common "ell" in
9Oo ELBOW: This is the most permits a 90 o nenO. The centerline-to-centerline dimension
is 3
d;;ed familv of lt 180 o
"lbo*t'
pipe run' The most widely ;;"r the NPS of 3t4 in. and larger pipe' The
stacks or for
dtsrge ol direction in the (LR)' return is often used on tank vent
ffi*i=ion is ,"rei'"a io'as "long 1361ir'r5" pipe ;;;,i;g and cooling coils' Two 90
o LR ells are often

fhcenterline radius is 1 l lztimesthe

nominal
used in Place of a return'
AIPSf of 3t4 in' and larger PtPe'

21
 Process Pipe Drafting

used: CONCENTRIC and ECCENTBIC' The eccen-

tric reducer is flat on one side. lt is used when the
top or bottom of the pipe must remain level' The
drafter must use care when calculating dimensions
or elevations involving eccentric reducers, because
thecenterlinesofeachendareoffset.Toobtainthis
offset, use the formula given in Fig' 2-18'

Fig. 2-15. 9Oo elbow (short radius). (lTT Grinnell)

I

Y
o X
SHORT RADIUS 90 ELL: The
,i*""n this fitting and the 90 o LR
only difference
is the centerline -T_-
dius, which is equal to the NPS' These ells are
;ed where sPace is limited.

x= 1/2 (A-B)

Fig. 2-1 8. Eccentric reducer offset

Fig. 2-16. Straight tee. (lTT Grinnell)

o Fig. 2-19. 45 o lateral. (lTT Grinnell)

STRAIGHT TEE: A 9O branch from the main run
' pipe can be created with a tee' The branch
is the
rme size as the run when a straight tee is used'
ut a REDUCING TEE produces a branch smaller LATERAL: The straight lateral fitting permits 45 "
ran the run PiPe. entry into the run pipe where the least amount of
flow resistance is desirable. The branch diameter
is equal to the run diameter. The REDUCING
LATERAL has a smaller branch diameter than the
run pipe.

I S. 2-17. Reducers: A - Eccentric' B - Concentric'

l (lTT Grinnell)
i

REDUCER: This fitting joins pipe of differing sizes.

: can also be referred to as an increaser, de-
Fig. 2-2O. Cross. (lTT Grinnell)
ending on the direction of flow. Two types are
22
 Pipe and Fittings

3u-:S5 This fitting provides two 9O o branches. Therefore, a full size stub-in on a 6 in. pipe would
Itr[ms ar': stner branching methods are preferred, be a branch of 6 in. in diameter.
smrc r:ssss are expensive and seldom used ex-
uesr m*€'e space is restricted.

Fig. 2-23. Welded saddle. (lTT Grinnett)

Cap. (lTT Grinnell)

A piece of shaped metal is often welded over the

-:e cap is used to seal the end of the pipe. stub-in joint for extra strength. This creates a
r ,q *s.:: ,.t'nere the seal will be permanent, such WELDED SADDLE as shown in Fig. Z-23. The sad-
i*i :-€ :^i of manifolds and headers. dle is a purchased fitting. A PAD can be manufac-
tured at the job site and is often used in place of
SUTTWELDED BRANCH FITTINGS a saddle.
A little group of buttwelded fittings known as the
:,r:-:-lines are often required on the run pipe. O'LET family are handy for producing branches at
5;a-a=': flttings, such as the tee, cross, and lateral, various points. A hole of the required size is drilled
rs1.-: ::nain size and angle branches. However, or cut into the run pipe, and the O'let branch fit-
tm1Err :ss expensive methods and fittings exist to ting is welded on. The O'let family is not of lrish
re:fi: ::anches smaller than the pipe run. descent. A few introductions are in order:

--+"P cTt)r-'tq +',0 brub-t]N l

__:+,,

Fig. 2-22. Stub-in.

S--3-llrl: This term describes a branch pipe weld-

Fig- 2-24. Weldolet. (Bonney Division, Gulf + Western)
a =::i'rg, but takes the place of expensive fittings
$Jr es a tee. The stub-in is used frequently and
aec s known as a "nozzle weld" because it is a
xr-r:nor-r method of producing tank nozzles. Stub- WELDOLET@ : This fitting makes a gO o branch
m$ used on 2 in. pipe and larger. Full size pipe on run pipe. The branch carr be full size or smaller.
=re The weldolet has threaded and socketwelded
rc s.-naller can be welded or "stubbed-in" to the
rnr,Bn "un. When the term "full size" is used in pip- counterparts. They are known as
it - "threadolet@ " and "sockolet@ - you guessed
rnE : refers to the diameter of the main pipe run' ."
23
 Process PiPe Drafting

(lTT Grinnell)
F\g. 2-27. Weldlng neck flange'

WELDING NECK: Uses of this f lange include

tank
of valves placed
and equipment nozzles and bolt-up
at iittings. When used in the latter situation'
""r.f""g neck-provides strength in the assembly and
in1
space for the welding oPeration'

Division' Gulf + Western)

Fig. 2-25. Elbolet' (Bonney

ELBOLET@ : This strange member of the O'leto

tangent to 9O
clan provides reducing branches
elbows.
Fig.2-28' Slip-on flange- (lTT Grinnell)

SLIP-ON: These are used to flange pipe' Valves

located in a pipe run would be mounted with a slip-
on ftung". These flanges are so named because they
actuallI slip over the end of the pipe' Two welds
are required on the slip-on as compared to one on
the weld-neck.

Fig. 2-26. Latrolet. (Bonney Division' Gulf

+ Western)

LATROLET@ :This fitting makes a 45" branch

on straight PiPe. The branch will be smaller than the
run pipe"

FLANGES

wide
Two basic types of flanges have received
NECK'
popularity. They are SLIP-ON and WELDING
FLANGE'
btoru relations to these are the REDUCING
JOINT' Flanges are
ripaNf oEn FLANGE, and LAP
pipe' tank
piir"tirv used to bolt valves to and as
a.n asbestos or
and equipment nozzles' A gasket of
ir[u"t compound is always placedseal' between two (Tube Turns)
Fig. 2-29. Expander flange'
tfunge faces to insure a leak-proof
24
 Pipe and Fittings

=: lJClNG AND EXPANDER: These two flanges LAP JOINT: Also known as a "Van Stone" flange,
:,-: -sed in place of a flange and a reducer, but not this hybrid is normally used on expensive pipe such
:s : -ule. Always check the project specifications as stainless steel. lt is composed of two parts, the
:€':-e using these flanges and any other odd "stub end" and the flange. Only the stub end need
:-. - J>.
-^ be stainless. The flange can be carbon steel. NOTE:
"Stub end" should not be confused with "stub-in."

Fig. 2-3O. Lap joint flange- (lTT Grinnell)

Fig. 2-32- Blind flange. (lTT Grinnell)

BLIND FLANGE: This flange creates a temporary

seal on the end of the pipe. lt is used where future
expansion is anticipated.

SCREWED FITTINGS

Screwed pipe and fittings are available in sizes

= : 2-31 . Lap joint flange, stub end. (lTT Grinnell) from 1/B in. to 4 in., but the maximum size normally
used is 2 in. Most of the fittings previously de-
scribed have their threaded cousins. Fig. 2-34 pro-
vides the symbols used for screwed fittings.

Socketweld and threaded fittings. (Bonney Forge Div., Gulf & Western Co.)
25
 Process Pipe Drafting

SINGLE LINE
DOUBLE LINE
NAME LEFT SIDE FRONT BIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE FBONT RIGHT SIDE

900 ELBOW
r -) ? ffi \- fi-
45 0 ELBOW
t \ t fr $ ft
rEE
t F + # tr w
LATER,AL
b .'. b w & w
CBOSS
+ .t. + + # + #
CONCENTRIC REDUCEB
@ -{- @ @ R @
ECCENTRIC REDUCER
@ -+- @ @ # 1%
@M
WELDOLET
@ A A
-w @ --,,__{}_=-
ml
,, @
ELBOLET
--o- -?- I Y &
@
ml

LATROLET
b b & _n__
/><

&
+
______l_

SWEEPOLET
@ h c-+-r
@ E:_l-
r @
yU
COUPLING
-
4, F + _Er_
U] &
CAP __,
+ D +
FLANGES
T[_ rkt
SLIP.ON
@ -+- @ @ ffi @
lnM

m
WELD NECK
@ -+-- @ @ ffi @ eE{
ltu
BLIND
@ -{ @ @ .4 .@
FrE. 2-33. This chart shows three views
of single line and double line buttwelded pipe fitting symbols.
3-;
26
 Pipe and Fittings

SINGLE L]NE DOUBLE LINE

re LEFT SIDE FRONT RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE FRONT RIGHT SIDE

fio B:ltIW
? 1 ? @ B ft
ffl. Etltw
+ \ t & s n
m
+ + + @ ffi ffi
EOU.,IiIMAL
@
Cb
I @
@ N @
I
ffi
I

@ss
? @ @ @
Gr" E_ s
iliir;ffi-flTllc
MEB @ @ E*
@rrc
mtm @ @ h
mll ---{ | r-- #
i@nG-f,G
---fF t_u:
Fig.2-34. This chart illustrates single line and double line screwed pipe fitting symbols.

REVIEW OUESTIONS between two flanges.

4. Explain briefly the pros and cons of double line
1m_ tdentify the following abbreviations: and single line piping
u)
OD
s6
E:f,aforthe difference between buttwelded and
soctetwelded PiPe. 5. W
thickness?

A is alwaYs Placed

27
 Process PiPe Dralting

Sketch the following fittings:

12. Threaded tee
DOUBLE LINE SINGLE LINE
Welded tee

'13. Flanged concentric reducer

Threaded 90 o ell

lr

14. Welded eccentric reducer

,i B. Welded eccentric reducer

i
15. Stub-in

.9. Welded 45 o ell

I
!

16. O'let fittings are handy for producinn M

i

ri to. Flanged lateral

at various points in the pipe run.
l 17. How do slip-on and weld neck flanges differ?
l
i
I

1 1. Union

18. A P(9€a is a vertical pipe in which the

fluid is flowino uo.
19. A dd-lJn Grtl% a verticat pipe in which the
fluid is flowing down.
28
 Pipe and Fittings

PROBLEMS Prob. 2-1. Show all centertines

section lines (where necessary).
2-1- Draw the four orthographic views of
the double line fittings shown in Fig.

lrFl

l#l

Fig. Prob. 2-1

29
 Process PiPe Drafting

)8. 2-2. Draw the four missing views of each tings. Clean and mount. Use for class-
of the single line fittings shown in Fig. room reference'
Prob.2-2. PROB. 2-4. Write to companies in your area and ask
for fitting catalogs and price lists. Use
)B. 2-3. Visit a construction company and ask
for a donation of old or defective fit- these in classroom exercises.

\-
r'1 I
I

+J=-r-
-1
fr t--$-1
I

Fig. Prob. 2-2

30
 PiPe and Fittings

B to n. A dimension for 24 in' LR ell

2-5. Use the fitting chart in Appendixin this
obtain the dimensions required
exercise:
. WELDING FITTINGS
WELDING FLANGES
a. A dimension for 4 in' LR ell 4 in' 150#
o. O dimension for SO
Flange
b. B dimension for 8 in' 45o ell

p. Y dimension for 6 in' 150# WN

D dimension for 6 in' 9O o ell
c. Flange

d. Wall thickness of Schedule 40 q. Y dimension for 16 in. 1 50# SO

I in. PiPe Flange

e. OD of 12 in' PiPe r. C dimension for 8 in. 4OO# WN

Flange

f . E dimension of 10 in' caP

s. B.C. of 1O in. 3OO# SO Flange

g. Wall thickness of Schedule 140

16 in. PiPe t. Bore of 8 in. Schedule 8O# WN
Flange

h. H dimension of 6 x4 concentrtc
reducer u. Boft hob size of 24 in. 400i
Flange

C dimension af 4 x 3 straight tee

v. Number of bolt holes in 4 in'
15OO# Flange
i. M dimension of 1O x B reducing
tee
w. C dimension of 12 in. 9OO# BF

k. H dimension of 1 2 x 6 eccentric
reducer x. Y dimension of 18 in. 1 50# WN
Flange

l. lD of 6 in. Schedule 8O PiPe

PBOB. 2-6. Draw the required four views of each
of the pipe assemblies in Figs' Prob'
m. lD of 1 112 in' light wall PiPe
2-6A, Prob' 2-68, Prob" 2-6C, and
Prob. 2-6D

31
 Process Pipe Drafting

Fig. Prob. 2-6A Fig. Prob. 2-68

Fi!. Prob. 2-6D

32
 Pipe and Fittings

,--'&Eaii

g
H
rt{
n
T
I
T
I
}J ------tjg-8 a
E{x.-. :-i'I -' -:- '' Lu-
=E*r.s'

.l,_!
".,,_:

panel in right foreground is located at

"dry end" of a paper machine
-:-'-:ol (Dominion Engineering Works' Ltd')

33
 Process PiPe Drafting

ot

b-

€r
.et
'i-

panel in a liquified natural gas plant'

operator checks instrumentation built lnto a control
(CBl lndustries, lnc')

34
L
 Ghapter 3

VALVES AND INSTRUMENTATION

,.''ithin a piping system need to be con-

greatly with respect to temperature, pressure,
= - :: the need for volume, acidity, etc. The job of detecting and sens-
a,r,: ;': ':gulated, and dlrected; hence
a gate ing these variables falls on pieces of equipment
** =: Si Fig. 3-1. Simply put, a VALVE islook termed "instruments'" This chapter explores the
*= r: :cnt;l the flow of a fluid' we'llhow they at
straightforward method in which instrumentation
sri-; ,.'ations on that gate directly' and
is re[resented on drawings and examines several
rr'i :-: ,.,:; on piping drawings' examples of their use'
rri :- - an\/ procesi piping system, the fluids vary

-'
Fig. 3-1. ManY tYPes of valves are used in process piping.
(Crane Co')

35
 Process Pipe Drafting

VALVES is turned. A "knife gate" version, Fig. 3-3, is tr

available for use in areas of limited space. lt costs d
VALVES are used to turn something on or off. less and is lighter in weight. I
They also can be adjusted to vary the rate of flow, Gate valves may be operated in several ways. The q
permit flow in one direction only, switch flow along most common way is by means of a handwheel. q
different routes, or discharge fluid from a system. .ildld

Fig. 3-2 shows the basic valve symbol used on pip- Ol

ing drawings. Variations on this theme indicate the
special type of valve or the method of operation'
NOTE: Fig. 3-14 illustrates the drawing symbols
used to represent the basic valve types discussed
in this chapter.

Fig. Basic valve symbol is shown. Also see Fig. 3-'l 4.

Fig. 3-4. Chainwheel operator. (Rovang, lnc')

ru=
;-
Fig. 3-3. Gate valve. (Crane Co.)

r i,'
T:
GATE VALVE: This is the most common type of
valve used by plants and mills. lt is designed for
. il
open or shut operation only. lt is often manually con-
r

trolled. A "gate" rises and falls as the handwheel Fig. 3-5. Gear operator. (Crane Co.)

36
 Valves and lnstrumentation

rff ffllrc ,nauve is overhead out of reach, a "chain-

ffimrr@E-'" Fig. 3-4, may be used. A handwheel "ex-
lm@trr ' can be used for gate valves located below
W@liimrg fievel or platform level. For gate valves re-
mufimlllmq ess operating torque, "gear" operators, Fig.
$',6 m employed. A handwheel is still used, but
n @un JEer or bevel gear is added.

Fig. 3-7. Relief valve. (Kunkle Valve Co., lnc.)

RELIEF AND SAFETY VALVES: These valves are

the insurance in a piping system. When the pressure
in the pipe or vessel goes beyond a specified limit,
the relief valve, Fig.3-7, opens and releases the gas
or fluid until the pressure falls below the critical
point. The important part of a typical relief valve is
the spring which is designed to "give" at a point
termed the "set pressure." Your home hot water
heater has a relief valve.

ffim $4 Feguiating valve. (The Wm. Powell Co.)

M..rlLrLT;l'tG {THBOTTLING) VALVE: The prin-

'@ilmt
fiummicn of a regulating valve, Fig. 3-6, is to
llrmfl@ :r-€ flow. Faucets on your home
rffmfrtummmrs are good examples of this valve. Liquid
iffi:lm4 Umrcq.r'ghr a regulating valve must change
dmrm, ;f'ereby creating a flow resistance that
tmmm res€r regulation of the fluid. Regulating
uflu rrc -unnnally considered efficient up to 6 in.
ffimGL A tr*u nnembers of this family are "globe,"
Wtg, '' -batr"" and "needle" valves. Regulating
ffi rrrc'.rsr,ally shown with a dot in the center
,dllfi hmir...........f, Bd. Fig. 3-8. Safety valve. (Kunkle Valve Co., lnc.)

37
 Process Pipe Drafting

Safety valves, Fig. 3-8, are a rapid-opening valves usually are sized smaller than line size for
specimen often referred to as "pop-off,, valves. positive regulation and to avoid excessive wear of
Safety valves permit momentary fullflow of steam the seat.
and other gases, while relief valves release only a
small volume of liquid.
BUTTERFLY VALVE: These valves are of the
rotating stem type, Fig. 3-1O. The flat plate (similar
to that of the gate valve) rotates in place and re_
quires only a quarter turn for opening and closing.
This valve is useful in tight places because of its
compactness. lt can also be used for positive flow
control.

3"F \

fit'
,t,
Fig. 3-9. Control valve. (The Wm. powell Co.)
;i &uu: Tlrri

!Ehr:..ri Tt''rlrt

CONTROL VALVE: Control valves, Fig. 3-g, do

just that: control. Pressure and flow rate can be 6, t_.::- r,i! i,r,rJuulut

regulated by hydraulic, pneumatic, or electrically

operated control valves. Some of the variables that
r u L{
ililuuii-ri* lt:

flow valves can react to are temperature, pressure,

level, and flow rate. Sensors placed within a tank
or vessel, or upstream of the control valve, transmit
signals to the valve. The valve responds by open_
ing or closing according to preset limits. Control

Fig. 3-1 1. Top and Bottom. Check valve.

(The Wm. Poweil Co.)

CHECK VALVE: Flow is allowed to go in one

direction only in lines that employ check valves. See
Fig. 3-10. Butterfly valve. (Crane Co.)
Fig.'3-1 i. Variations of this valve are numerous, -:.:":
dtlr,,Ef3"r
38
 Valves and lnstrumentation
ze tor
,ear of them without releasing steam. See Fig. 3-13. lt is
also used in air lines to trap water. Note the sym-
bol used for this valve in Fig. 3-14.
rf the
;imilar INSTRUMENTS
nd re-
rsing. The dashboard of your automobile houses several
of its instruments similar to those used in industry. One
r flow instrument measures the rate of movement, another
reads the oil pressure, and still another indicates the
temperature of the coolant. All of these variables
and more must be monitored in modern industrial
processes, and it must be done quickly and
accurately.

INSTRUMENT FUNCTIONS
tank valve' (The Wm' Powell Co') lnstruments are seldom, if ever, shown on pip-
re- 3-12. Flush-bottom ing drawings. However, instrument functions are
always indicated within a symbol. Often the pipe
drafter will show only the connection fitting fo.1

ffii lm*t the basic PrinciPle still applies. The pipe the instrument (usually a coupling or half coupling),
and then the symbol containing the function- See
fre€omes a one-way street-
Fis. 3-1 5.
H-t-,SH-BOTTOM TANK VALVE: This is usually The majority of instruments are of four basic
:6 oobe type valve located at the low point of a tank types: flow, level, pressure, and temperature. The
jobs they perform are few even though they may
,6; m +acilitate easy discharge of fluids, slurries, etc'
Mmae the unique shape of this valve in Fig' 3-12' be used for a varietY of PurPoses.
I (,' The basic functions of instruments are:
1 . To sense one of the process variables, usual-
!(''
L,.
ly flow rate, level, pressure, or temperature.
2. To transmil the measurement of a variable
from the instrument to a secondary location,
such as a control Panel.
3. To indicate the measurement of a variable.
This can occur at the control panel or at the
instrument by means of paper roll and pen,
digital display, or dial indicator. Flashing lights
and alarms are also means of indicating critical
levels or Points.
4. To record the measurement.
5. To controlthe variable. A valve is most often
used to perform this final function'

PROCESS VABIABLES
A "variable" is a characteristic of a fluid under
certain conditions. Temperature and pressure are
two common variables, and these are measured by
instrumentation. There are others, but they are best
shown in a standard established by the lnstrument
Society of America. lt is known as ISA standard
Fq- 3-13. Steam trap' (Armstrong Machine Works)
S5.1 and is shown in Fig. 3-16. This coding is
r one used internationally although most companies alter
;- See it somewhat to fit their requirements. Therefore,
rous, TRAP: This is an automatic valve that collects air, become familiar with your company standards
mter, and gases in steam lines- and discharges before drawing or labeling instruments.

39

I
,)
 Process PiPe Drafting

VALVE SYMBOLS

PIPING DRAWING
FLOW DIAGRAM (FLANGED)
TYPE

GATE

REGULATING
(BALL)
(GLOBE}

CHECK

BUTTERFLY

RELIEF

CONTROL

FLUSH BOTTOM

ff*' Yt'-'i|,^.a
!

bedaS'
TRAP

Fig.3.l4.chartshowsvalvesymbolsusedonflowdiagramsandpipingdrawings'
40
 Valves and lnstrumentation

r!'
I
'L 1J t+ vu
o

7-"/+' LTL1

Fig. 3-15. lnstrument symbol and connection fitting are

illustrated.

INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION TABLE

(ISA 55.1 CODING)

UPPER FIRST LETTER SECOND LETTER THIRD LEfiER

CASE process variable type of reading additional function
LETTER or lunction

A ALARM ALARM

c CONDUCTIVITY CONTROL CONTROL

D DENSITY DIFFERENTIAL

E ELEMENT

F FLOW RATIO

G GLASS

H HAND HIGH

CURRENT (electric) INDICATING

L LEVEL LOW

M MOISTURE INTERMEDIATE

t o ORIFICE

P PRESSURE

R BECORDER

s SPEED SAFETY SAFETY

T TEMPERATURE TRANSMITTER

v vrscoslTY VALVE VALVE

w WEIGHT WELL

x TRANSMIfiER
'tlot ryx ., da ,t&rrt
tSA S5.1. Oilih.l ry.

Fig. 3-16. lnstrument identification table is based on lnstrument Society of America standard.

41
 Process Pipe Drafting

INSTRUMENT REPRESENTATION pearance of instruments on flow diagrams and pip-

. As stated earlier, instruments are seldom, if ever, ing drawings. Note that the instrument itself is the
shown on a piping drawing. A symbol is used and same on both. Take some time to study these ex-
a connection fitting may be shown on the piping. amples and become familiar with the more common-
The symbol used is a circle, and it appears the same ly used instruments and how they are applied.
on flow diagrams and piping drawings. Figs. 3-17
through 3-22 otfer a few examples of the ap-

FLOW DIAGRAM

FLOW DIAGRAM

PIPING DRAWNG

Fig. 3-17. Pressure indicator.

PIPING DRAWING

Fig. 3-1 9. Level indicating controller.

FLOW DIAGRAM

e o
l

I
l1

HIH
I I

HIf--{ **
PIPING DRAWING
FLOW DIAGRAM PIPING DRAWNG

Fig. 3-I 8. Temperature controller.

Fig. 3-2O. Flow indicator.

42

- .l

*I;=;*; .
 Valves and lnstrumentation

E-OW D]AGRAM PIPING DRAWING

Fig. 3-21. Temperature indicator.

LOCAL MOUNT

FLOW DIAGRAM

" L?LG.

PIPING DRAWINb PANEL MOUNT

Ftg. 3-22. Pressurd recorder. Fig. 3-23. lnstrument mounting symbols.

ELECTRIC

HYDRAULIC

PNEUMATIC

,-=:gv^
ELECTROMAGNETIC

- Fig. 3-24. lnstrument signal leads.

43
 Process Pipe Drafting

The instrument symbol is composed of three

parts. The symbol itself is a circle. The circle may
8. What are the four basic types of instruments? u
u[
be open, indicating a locally mounted instrument,
or it may have a horizontal line through it, represent-
ing panelmounting. See Fig. g-23. A pressure gage c.
mounted on the pipe would be local mounting and d.
a pressure gage in an instrument panel of a control 9. What is process variable?
room would be panel mounting.
The second part of the symbol is the instrument
identification, Fig. 3-23. This is the information ob- 1O. What is most often used to control a process
tained from ISA S5.1. The third part is the instru- variable?
ment "loop number." A LOOP is an interconnected
group of instruments. Many instrument loops are
found in any industrial system, and each one must
11 . Sketch the difference between a panel and
local mounted instrument.
be tagged with a number.

SIGNAL LEADS
The final aspect of instrument identification we 12. What is a loop?
need to discuss is the method of operation. How
, is each instrument activated? Some are operated
13. On which two drawings will instruments be
, by electrical impulses, others by pneumatics. A found?
complete list of symbols for instrument signal leads
is shown in Fig. 3-24. a.
b.
14. Sketch and label the symbols for four types
REVIEW OUESTION,S
of instrument signal leads.
1. Name three functions of valves: a. b.
a.
b.
c.
2. What is the most common valve used in
industry?
3. A valve located above reach is operated by
means of a
4. Sketch the symbol for a globe valve.

5. What is the difference between relief and safe- d.

ty valves?

6. Sketch the symbol for the tyf" of ,"lve that

allows flow in one direction only.

FROB
7. What are the uses of a trap?

44

L
 Valves and lnstrumentation

cnEL6 4ON-TKOL
l/ALVE VALVe

7-tz
LEVEL ---,
INPt4ATOF
coNTRou (LoctL)
Fig. Prob. 3-1A
V
Ttr'4 TF-frATuRE
ELIEF INPICATOK (FANEL)
VALVE

'-qLAb=
VALVE
,*-a\eLk
VALVE
qaTE
VALVE
"\r
I

-6 --LEVEL
bwt\(H (Lo6aL) l

Fig. Prob. 3-18

PROBLEMS PROB. 3-2. Fig. Prob. 3-2 gives verbaldescriptions

of five different instruments and shows
3-1. Figs. Prob. 3-1A and Prob. 3-18 are their connection points on a pipe.
portions of a flow diagram with miss- . Sketch the instrument symbol for each,
ing valves and instruments. Sketch in letter the correct designation and loop
the correct valves and instruments as number, and indicate whether it is locat
indicated in the notes. or panel mounted. l

45
 Process Pipe Drafting

FLOW LEVEL TEMPERATURE LEVEL

INDICATOR ALARM
INDICATOB RECORDER
CONTROL
PANEL PANEL
LOCAL
LOCAL .

LOOP #490 LOOP #3712 LOOP #5032

LOOP #437

Fig. Prob. 3-2

PROB. 3-3. Use the manufacturer's valve specifica- FABRI.VALVE

tions in Appendix C to find the required
B.C. of 6 in. Fig. 45
dimensions in this exercise.

m. Weight of 48 in. Fig. 134

JENKINS

a. F-F of 4 in. Fig. 2325 ga'te n. F-F of 1 6 in. Fig. 71

b. Flange diameter of 2 112 in. Fig. o. Bolt hole size of 8 in. Fig. 1 1

1325 gate
p. Handwheeldiameter of 2O in. Fi
c. Center to spindle top of 8 in. Fig. 78
2325 gate
q. Number of bolts in g6 in. Fig.
d. F-F of 6 in. Fig. 1317-A globe

pnoa(6-hDraw the four orthographic views

r=---lthe pipe and fitting assemblies in Fig
CRANE Prob. 3-4A and Prob. 3-48 in
spaces provided.
e. Weight of 1O in. #461 gate

t. F-F of 5 in. #465 gate

g. Center to top of 20 in. #464 112

OS & Y gate

f-
i. Weight of 3 in. #372

t. End to end of 2 112 in. #373

k. Center to top of 14 in. #383

Fig. Prob. 3-4A

46
 Valves and lnstrumentation

IN

1
7' Fig. Prob. 3-4
{
t
\?
\-.
a---/

Corrtact companies in your local area

supply valves and ask f or
bochures, catalogs, and price lists.
[ilse this information in classroom
-,ercises.
photographs of all types of
dues and make a wall chart. Group
dues according to basic types. Show
rt Cutaway view of each type and
ryeral examples around each

Grrvertthe isometric in Fig. Prob. 3-7

a single line and double line draw-
Ltg in the spaces provided. Your view
dnuld be in the direction the arrow is
Fifing, Fig. Prob. 3-7

\'

SINGLE LINE DOUBLE LINE

47
 Chapter 4
PUMPS, TANKS, AND EQUIPMENT

Pipe drafting does not deal exclusively with the

drawing of pipes. The pipes must have an origin and
a termination point. Usually, these origins and ter-
minus points are pieces of equipment. Pumps and
tanks, for example, are the most common things
that pipes connect. However, there also exists a
wide range of equipment that must be drawn or
"piped" by the drafter.

PUMPS

PUMPS are the workhorses of any process plant,

and the centrifugal pump is the type most frequently
used. This pump operates at a constant rate and
will supply a steady flow of fluid for the process.
Pumps are the most common pieces of equipment
in the plant, and they are represented simply on pro-
cess pipe drawings. Familiarize yourself with the
methods of representation because you will be
drawing many of them.
Fig. 4-1. General arrangement drawing features a
PumP sYmbol-
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT SYMBOL

The GENERAL ARRANGEMENT is one of the first

drawings that is completed. lt is basically a
background drawing, and equipment shown on a
general arrangement is usually depicted by simple
symbols. A centerline is often allthat wiil be drawn.
I
This is normally the case with pumps. However, the
pump pad or foundation should show, as well H
as the pump centerline. Fig. 4-1 illustrates a com- fit
mon method used on general arrangements. Note F
that the pump has been labeled and dimensions #
have been given from the nearest steel columns. -
Most pumps should be drawn in the manner F
shown in Fig. 4-1. However, some pumps and their
motors may be quite large and, therefore, an outline
of the equipment should be drawn. This outline, Fig.
4-2, may serve as a reference for clearances on
future drawings. Fig.4-2. A large pump is outlined on a general arr

48
 ' PumPs, Tanks, and Equipment

they show as an edge view. These dimensions are

M]D$, DIAGRAM SYMBOLS
from a pump dimension sheet and are normally
labeled as reference o( "tef ."
SYMBOLS are simple graphic representations of
The elevation view shows the axis centerline, and
rbrcalthing, and nowhere are pumps shown more it is labeled with both the pump number and its
than on flow diagrams. Some. companies
-ply as the symbol' Others elevation. The elevation is the pump centerline
Fie; to use a circle height off the floor. Note again the reference dimen-
Ltaliuh the circle with various projections and sion given to the discharge flange in Fig. 4-4.
None the less, the circle is the basis for the
dagram pump symbol, Fig. 4-3' Company GASKET SYMBOL
hdsr"ry on the size of the pump symbol, but
is normally from 3/8 in- to 3/4 in' in
The little symbol that represents a gasket is
shown in Fig. 4-5. This L-shaped symbol rests on

Fig. 4-3. A sampling of pump symbols is presented.

tov;' lo'ti
(RE F, )

Fig. 4-5. Gasket symbols: A - L-shaped symbol projects

from right extension line. B - Another gasket symbol
parallels extension line.
T
sv'zco*X
I '--jo"v-zbo
o.Y- t14*t7
-TC-r-r
'*ig'J the extension line of the flange, and it indicates if
aElerj-aa'
-?uu? 47 ; lo\A ecc. REq 6'L. the gasket is included in the dimension or omitted'
gNze eLL bu??ORT The example at A in Fig. 4-5 informs us that the
gasket is nof included in the dimension. Remember
io draw this little symbol because the thickness of
the gasket may make a difference when calculatinq
Ftry,.4-4. Plan view and elevation view of a centrifugal pump
are shown.
dimensions and lengths of pipe and fittings' The ex'
ample at B in Fig. 4-5 shows another form of the
gasket symbol.
PIPING DRAWING SYMBOL ISOMETBIC PUMP SYMBOL
PIPING DRAWINGS contain all the details of the
piping system. The pump representation on this Pumps drawn in isometric should be shown with
type of drawing is a bit more involved than on most, if not all, of the information given on the pip-
previous ones. Piping drawings are composed of ing drawings. Fig. 4-6 is an isometric drawing of
plans, sections, and details - Fig. 4'4 shows an ex- the pump shown in Fig. 4-4. Note that the pump
lmpte of a plan and elevation of a typical centrifugal is labeled, dimensioned, and has a centerline
elevation.
-
pump.
Tl-re CENTEBLINE of the pump is the most impor-
VENDOR PUMP DATA
tant line on the plan view. Crossing the axis of the
pump is the discharge centerline. The centerline of
pump and motor is always dimensioned' See Fig' Line drawings of two variations of the centrifugal
purnp are shown at A and B in Fig' 4-7 'The drafter
4-4.-Note that the suction and/or discharge flanges
must be able to use vendors' catalogs to find the
must be dimensioned from the pump centerline if
49
 Process Pipe Drafting

L p r
ab0
l't'
av.

i
u
& ''ru"e';tl"or'
ob"

Fig. 4-6. lsometric pump symbol on piping drawing contains

full information for connection into piping system.

c
correct pump for the given application, and the R
o
N
dimensions required to draw it. For example, dimen- E
sions relating to the height of the pump centerline L
L

and the location of the flange faces are frequently

$ used. Therefore, it often is the responsibility of the
drafter to locate these dimensior.:s in brochures or
h
catalogs provided by the pump manufacturer or ven-
dor. Fig. 4-8 is an example of the type of informa-
tion provided.

ffi
TANKS

TANKS are containers that come in a great variety

of shapes and sizes. They are used to store almost
everything. Tanks are not difficult to draw, but often
the attachments and embellishments are detailed.
Let's take a look at some characteristics of these
ponderous pieces of equipment.
Fig. 4-7 . Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in process
plants. A
SHAPES AND STYLES - Horizontal centrifugal pump. B _ Vertical
centrifugal pump. (Cornell pump Company)
Tanks can be built to any specifications that the
client requires: square, cyiindrical, or spherical. They
can be erected vertically, horizontally, or at an angte. flow diagram unless specifically required. These
Some basic tank shapes are shown in Fig. 4-5. details usually are reserved for the.piping drawings
and tank drawings.
FLOW DIAGRAM TANK SYMBOLS
PIPING DRAWINGS
The shapes drawn in Fig. 4-g are used to depict
tanks on flow diagrams. Atso see Fig. 4-1O. The A more detailed view of the tank is shown on the
basic shape is shown, and inlet and or-itlet pipes are piping drawing. All pipes connected to the tank are
joined to the tank. No tank details are given on the drawn, as are the manholes, ladders, and platformi.

50
 Pumps, Tanks, and Equipment

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51
 Process Pipe Drafting

OPEN FLOATING ROOF CONE ROOF ELLIPTICAL ROOF

Fig. 4-9. These basic tank shapes are used in process pipe drafting.

TAN K
"o+ +luxr

f'""
P-tts O-1*.,=.
Fig. 4-1O. Tank symbol is shown in use in a typical flow
diagram.
Fig. 4-1'l . Tank symbol is more detailed in this piping
elevation.

Fig. 4-1'l shows how a tank is represented on a pip-

ing drawing. Note, however, that the basic shape
is the same as on the flow diagram in Fig. 4-1O. Some other items shown on a tank drawing are
NOZZLES and MANHOLES. Nozzles are impoitant
because they are the points at which pipes are con_
TANK DRAWINGS rrected. When drawing nozzles, it is important that
you measure correctly and give accurate dimen_
The most detailed view of the tank is shown on sions. Fig. 4-13 is an example of a nozzle projec_
the TANK DR,AWING. This drawing is created by tion chart used as a reference for piping drafier.
the drafter after the tank has been designed. Com- Miscellaneous features such as instrument con-
plete in every detail, the drawing is sent to the tank nections, bracing, lifting eyes and hooks, davits, lad-
fabricator who builds the tank and ships it to the ders, and cages may also appear on the tank
construction site. lf the tank is too Iarge to ship, it drawing.
is built at the site or shipped there in parts and
assembled.
BILL OF MATEHIAL
DRAWING DETAILS
The BILL OF MATERTAL is a table that normally
appears on the right side of the drawing. Basically
.The
tank drawing normally does not rely on any it is a shopping list for the tank- All maierials needed
other drawing for reference information. you might for construction of the tank are shown on the
consider it an assembly drawing. All constructi-on "B.O.M." A minimum of four columns is needed
details are shown as are all the materials used to in this table. The first is the ,,item,, number, or iden_
build it. Welding symbols may appear on the draw_
tifying mark. This number is shown on the draw-
ing, so you need to be famil'iar with them. Study
ing and points to the part. The other three columns
the drawing in Fig. 4-12 and try to pick out the are "size," "description," and ,,quantity.,, Some
details as we discuss them. companies may add a column for material specifica_

52
 Pumps, Tanks, and Equipment

NOTES:
ras oEs'cRIprIo{ :TY
r. lqlg@ql (nrE)fi^rroN oF AL!
PulP slrctlotl
-{Mb e
FITTINOIi 3€E PIJX VIET.
2. rErn PL^IE [2f CE\rEnED
I Rlup flJdrtfl
OI{ IN-ET J c FtM fffIN
a q4pofrY LEos ro
8E t.x,tx5. LB- o P(.!f slrcllil
IIIH E'XE'X{'PLATE ITTH - E I^x{o(r
r' , AoLT l.l(n-E $r 2.-0. BoLT
CIFCLE. I OVEFFLOI
4. FAI'IAL I€ZZJ PROJECIION IS MU e DPAIil I
ca{EnLlr€ of TAlt( TO FACE OF H l/ENf . ffi t
FL.ANGE.
g J Iil-ET 5'
ALL EOLT HOI-ES tN FLAI{G€S SI{U
sIR^ooLE vEniic^L em' xoiriiiirilu ( llr_ET
CENTENLINES IJ}I-ESS
NOIED 0N ote
OTHBiISE t II{L.EI
ta AOtTAT@
N LEI,/EL O6/IE ) l'-6'
o outg. $Fr[ I
? dJTL€T, COT(L I
@13. FoR LEV6L 0u a
oE
rt' R

SPECIFICATIONS
EUIPIGNT ,{o.; 28S-OS|
2 SEFVIC€: CoHT. B-Or OoIN
? c^p^c tTY:
a coo€! As olv. I.sca
5 O€SIN PES.: B Pslc
6 OESId TBP- | ,s.F
7 mFmSION lll6r-r l/lt'
E LINIE
I lMX.r-Jlr ION. 3'
to IATENIAL: A S.
t. CPLG. FON LEVEL 6UAG€ ti
t2
SIEAI SUPPLY OISTNTzuTION
BASIC TAT{< '.OTTENSIONS
8oILEn SLOll 0orN IANK

h$ 4-12. Tank drawing provides full details of tank construction. Note nozzle schedule at right.
(Sandwell lnternational, lnc.)

NOZZLE PROJECTION
(SEE TABLE BELOW}

I are
rtant
con-
: that
rnen-
oiec-
fter.
STIFFENER PLATE
corF PER API COOE
,la+
tank

ON TOP OF TANKS

mally
ically
reded crdraw- SIZE 1 1t2" 2" 4" 6" a" 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20"
I tfle to.n stan-
At*p,and PROJECTION 6" 6" 7" 7" a" a" 9" 9" 10" 10" 11" 11"
eded faf Gr. 2,
iden- *sto
har- NOZZLE PROJECTION IUNLESS NOTED ON ORAW|NGS}

Jlnn6
iorrE fLr /l.f 3- Tank nozzle projection chart lists nozzle sizes and amount of prolection.
tfica-
53
 Process Pipe Drafting

tion, while others include this with the description. MISCELLANEOUS EOUTPMENT
Note the similar information given in the nozzle
schedule in Fig. 4-12. Pumps and tanks are common to almost all
dustrial processes. However, the types of sp
NOZZLE SCHEDULE ized equipment may vary considerably from one
dustry to another. Petroleum, petrochemical,
Some tanks may be "brimming,, with nozzles, and paper, food processing, brewing, and
Fig. 4-12. Chaos would result if each one had to plants employ some of the following pieces
be dimensioned. Therefore, a NOZZLE SCHEDULE equipment.
is often employed to list all the necessary dimen-
sions. This table has a column for the NpS of the AGITATOR
nozzle, and then columns for each dimension. The
dimensions usually are identified by a letter located This little AGITATOR (mixer) is common to
along the top or side of the table. A typical nozzle industries and it is used to do just that: mix. lt
may be illustrated on the drawing by the letter code be permanently attached to a tank or it can be
in place of the dimension numbers. Drawings using table. Basically it is a propeller attached to a
a nozzle schedule are shown in Figs. 4-12 and 4-14. and motor.
Note letter code at left.
BOILER

The BOILER basically is a heater fired by

natural gas, or even wood chips. Condensate (
that has condensed from steam) is collected in
mill and piped back to the boiler where it is
and converted to steam.

CLARIFIER

The CLABIFIEB is a large, open tank into wh

wastewater and effluent is piped or drained.
bottom of the clarifier is sloped to the center, a
a rake slowly scrapes the settled material to
center where it is pumped off. The "clear"
clarified liquid flows off the top, over a weir (da
SPECIFICATIONS
Then it is piped elsewhere for further trea

COLUMN

A FRACTIONATION COLUMN is common to

petroleum industry. lt is used to distill various
ucts. Basically it is a still. A preheated feed, in
case crude oil, is fed into the column. Several
ucts can be distilled from the crude as it
through the column, and these are termed "fr
tions" or "cuts." A few of the common distillat
are heating oil, gasoline, fuel gases, naptha,
paraffin.

CONDENSER

The CONDENSER is a piece of equipment

does exactly what its name implies: it cond
Fig. 4- I 4. Tank drawing nozzle schedule
uses a letter code
Gases enter one side and are cooled by cold w
instead of dimensioning nozzles. or a refrigerator. This causes the gases to
(Sandwell lnternational, lnc.) and exit the other side as a liquid.

54
 Pumps, Tanks, and Equipment

EVAPORATOR

>! c ll{tr Jullrrr,ll6 E : :,Jmp increases the pressure of a liquid, The EVAPORATOR (concentrator) used in the
sce=,milI rlfl increases the pressure of a gas or
L---T"1lqtflillFlcEs.SCR pulp and paper industry is similar in function to a
1 c,ii: ilrm- nnufi@fl ]tl ,nr *rr-!igSSUFe vapor enters the compressor, condenser, but the process is reversed. Water is
la:,:-lupl iilrt rilui ffirrr:,'=ssed, then discharged at a higher removed or evaporated from a liquid chemical com_
J n: ,u,qffi titilll]IlmimlEir,trB pound through steam heating. The liquid eventually
eces mffi becomes concentrated and can then be reused
;*lfffi;lliltE within the process or sold.
"l"mm
nr:i:,:-- rside the CYCLONE (piece of separa- FILTER
4r1rJtrr-.::t is similar to a storm. solids and/or
'flllilItililllr'

Io i'--3'w ifllmilflflIlrws H-n"f --:e cyclone at an angle that creates a The FILTER (rotary drum) separates solids from
. L: -,frlp, murqnil,uliflr.4 ::.:::- ?r motion inside. The heavier materi- tiquids by means of a vacuum on the drum. Solids
3r€ !,Imn- ,lttilllrx :tu -i: :-: nottom and lighter materials exit at adhere to a perforated belt on the rotating drum due
fiiilufl rrufl --€ :- c and paper and the wood products to the vacuum inside. As the drum rotates, a scraper
,*I -=<.e extensive use of cyclones.
tfiIfl]lilurilfi]lr,rlL:u:i removes the solids or "cake" from the belt. A
conveyor may be used to remove the cake. Mean_
while, the liquid within the filter is piped elsewhere
for further treatment.
I illu,p,
Jr'inr IF " I:
rotary kiln) is a Iong, slightly inclined,
,illililllllIlilflll[ tube used to dry substances, notably
Iirffi'I-E:=: REFII\iER
illllllttilrlrifi :T :-a :ulp and paper industry. The wet

lrmmttlilflmimsrilffi
=:: ,:-ed from the process enters one end,
ffiil1r*rurilr,r,r i rtE:j
REFINERS are high-speed grinders used in the
= :ng the rotating kiln, where it is dried food processing and pulp and paper industries. See
Iuilllu, tr rffin :,_--sr. The lime is reclaimed and reused. Fig. 4-16. Coarse material is fed between two grind-
ilfili1q1;,, ,,r-"i : :::res a rotary ing plates spinning rapidly in opposite directions,
sludge kiln in operation
tltrlfl r]llr I[m{e' ::-r'Dany. and a fine material is discharged from the refiner.

l/- il

ia- ffi

i-t
ta _-E i['
E.l
.l---- )=:;-7$

tr '1
. ):-- *
a,'
t,ia:=;
e =-C

]t :'rfi:
'* a:3r
tC3-l$8
='E: 1-15. Rotary lime sludge.kiln is used in drying operations. (Fuller Company,
Bethlehem, pA)

55
r
Process Pipe Drafting

Fig.4-16. Refiners at a paper mill grind coarse material into fine particles, (Beloit Corporation)

VESSEL
FLOW DIAGRAM ISOMETRIC PIPING PLAN
A VESSEL is a tank with ,,innards.,, Something
is usually happening within a vessel, whereas the
Iiquid within a tank just sits there. The activity in-
side a vessel may be a chemical reaction (reactor),
separation, distillation, or accumulation.

EOUIPMENT STANDARDS
2. Why are centrifugal pumps the most popular
Keep in mind that all companies possess stan-
for use in industrial process systems?
dards that specify all of the drawing conventions )ul
and techniques to be used by the drafter. Most firms 3. What is the difference between a tank and a
illustrate equipment with fairly universal symbols, vessel ?
by, there always are exceptions. Therefore,
whenever you are drawing a new piece of equip-
ment, always look to the standards for the correct
symbol or drawing method.
4. Sketch three common tank shapes used on 3uil
flow diagrams.
REVIEW OUESTIONS

1. f\gtcir the pump symbot for each of the

roilowing types of drawings:

56

*,€i*{,4**;#L&r-,
 Pumps, Tanks, and Equipment

5. What.is the purpose of the tank drawing, and PROBLEMS

who will use it?
PROB. 4-1. Redraw the plan view shown in Fig.
4-1, using the scale of 318" = 1' - Q"
on B size vellum. Use the pump shown
6- The piece of equipment that dllows solids to in Fig. 4-4.
PROB. 4-2. Draw a plan view of Fig. 4-11 . Locate
the pump discharge on the pump
t- What is a "fraction, " and what piece of equip- centerline. Locate line 4" - EA - 12 otf
center 1' - O" from the centerline of
ment produces it?
the pump. Use B size vellum.
PROB. 4-3. Draw the following pieces of equipment
t- The drafter must often obtain pump data from on a sheet of B size vellum:
what sources? a. Column
b. Rotary kiln
is found on the Bill of c. Blower
t- What information d. Cyclone
Material? e. Bucket conveyor
f. Clarifier
PROB. 4-4. Complete the drawing in Fig. Prob.4-4
&iefly compare and contrast pumps and com- by inserting the correct fittings and
nozzle. Provide elevation 6T nozzle on
I!Essors. tank. Use the appendix to find the
types of valves specified.
PROB. 4-5. Calculate the needed dimensions and
elevations in drawings A and B in Fig.
Prob. 4-5. Gaskets are 1116 in. thick.
All flanges are 15O#. The dimension
mst piece of equipment is used to mix a with the asterisk involves trigonometric
dgtance within a tank? calculations (refer to Chapter 8, which
discusses this type of calculation in
detail).

U
L IQUAR
VE___ TANK NO,7
IO,FAFRIVALVE
Fra. ll
@rJ.r<.=*r,,
tO. FAANIVALVA
7lcr,7l
n" tb>

o" x b" EcL. 3e?,

Fig. Prob. 4-4
57
 Process Pipe Drafting

lott x b" EI l-,

L-

-.._ro,,x 6,, KEp.

I
EL. l4b'-7'/z' T- I
A _ CRANE NO. 465
B - CRANE NO. 373 Fun" z+o
+
I
-J
Fig. prob. 4_5A
Fig. Prob. 4-5B

58
 Chapter 5
FLOW DIAGRAMS

,::: '3presentation of the flow of fluids

i .ii,r:?-': is called a FLOW DIAGRAM. Sym-
:- '33r-esent equipment, and the draw-
.trstr.mil.G]:

:;:: e i cw diagrams enable nontechnical

'il :: -- ":hend the basic f unctions of com-
:;ri:-s. They may be used as just a
^g of a system, or they may con-
-r-= u,.
'f*::=s:r-)/ facts from which to construct
:tr :: -l :-3'rvlngS.
,ra . ary on their use of flow diagrams
rfm-ft E :-:, include on them. Some will use
Irut6ir;-3- :-,3t contains pipe specifications,
ilfllrlriiir,-.-:ation, and all of the equipment
'iii{ii':i*r- i:hers will create a simple flow
:iitri --- equipment, flow lines, a few
; nil
llr :r---:-is, and some temperatures,
," -,: ':... iine volumes. ln addition to this
"lill1llMu,,,u, :r :l-:-n, these companies will create
irmlrrrl':-: : 'P & l" diagram. This "piping and Fig. 5-1. A flow diagram begins as ideas are sketched on
:,- jiagram is the detailed version of
a chalkboard. (CBl lndustries, lnc.)
:tultufl rrs:-=sion of the techniques used to
*--!fiitu:i"* ---.'.,ingS, we'll use the term "flow
,( 'n mind that each company will
-- in the form of sketches, Fig. 5-1, and verbal descrip_
, rr" ir r - s of this type of drawing, but the tions. The person responsible usually is an engineer
:r=::-ted here will always apply. So or technician/designer. Once the ideas begin to jell,
'*i " :,'; diagram and see how it's put the engineer may reguest that a drafter convert the
sketches to a flow diagram. When this is ac_
complished, the system is there for the world to
fif,lillllilillflntll-*lli OF THE FLOW DIAGRAM see. .andchange.
The system, hence the flow diagram, will be
s 3re generally one of the first draw- altered and revised many times after it is put on
ur, i -:r, system or an addition to an ex- paper. This is an integral part of the design process
ruurrym 3-: why are they created in the first discussed in Chapter 1, and something every stu_
,rill{ttr{/trr s :^eir function?
dent in this field should realize. The system, as it
appears on the flow diagram, can be toyed with,
ffiErrTllFlCATION engineered, designed . . . and seen. The project
engineer will approve or disapprove; the client wilt
stem that supports an industrial
sr present his or her views; and the flow diagram
3s:houghts and ideas in someone's becomes the vehicle for feedback, discussion, and
a=:ansferred to paper or chalkboards revisions. See Fig. 5-2.

59
 Process Pipe Drafting

there are many equipment symbols that are com-

mon within certain industries. Basic shapes seldom
change, but company "A" may prefer to add a bit
fnore detail to a symbol that company "B." Refer
to Fig. 5-3 for a sampling of some flow diagram m
equipment symbols. There are no universal sizes to
draw the equipment. Drawing layout, company
standards, and client preference will determine that.
There is one important point to remember when
laying out a flow diagram. Equipment sizes should
appear in proportion to one another. The example
shown in Fig. 5-4 is indicative of good symbol sizes.
- --:- EOUIPMENT LABELING
I
LABELING should always be done last if you are
drawing manually. You will avoid smudging and ex-
cess erasing if you have to move slmbols or re-
Fig. 5-2. Engineers use flow diagrams to revise aspects of arrange your layout. When you do label, it should
a system's design before completion of the project. be done with care and forethought. lndiscriminate
(Courtesy CH2M HILL) labeling of equipment can result in a less-than-
pleasing appearance on your drawing.
The best location to place a label is within the
PIPING DRAWING REFERENCE symbol, slightly above center. See symbolA in Fig.
5-5. This may not be possible if there are other
lnformation given on the flow diagram is used to details within the symbol. The illustrations in Fig.
design the piping plans and elevations. This is one 5-5 indicate the preferred labeling sequence, with
of tne most important functions of the flow diagram. A being the first choice. The placement of labels
The drafter must be able to pick symbols, numbers, also depends on the amount of space available.
and sizes off the flow diagram and apply them to
the construction of piping drawings. EOUIPMENT NUMBERS
The ability to use a flow diagram to construct a
piping drawing is not something expected of a junior Each piece of equipment is assigned a number,
drafter. This is an ability that is picked up through chosen by the engineering firm or by the client. The
a learning process on the job. Once a drafter is able EOUIPMENT NUMBERS are always placed on the
to do this with accuracy and completeness, he or flow diagram with the label. See Fig. 5-4. fhe
she becomes an extremely valuable asset to the drafter must be certain that these numbers appear
company. The first step in achieving that goal is to on the flow diagram. They will be used when con-
understand the workings of a flow diagram. Let's structing the piping drawings and will also appear
begin. on equipment schedules.
EOUIPMENT FLOW LINES
The flow diagram is a schematic-type drawing
Two types of FLOW LINES exist: primary and
and, therefore, relies on symbols to represent ac-
secondary. These lines indicate major and minor
tual pieces of equipment. Symbols are a stylized flows. Major flows may be all lines above 14 in. in
representation of the realthing and are created with
diameter, but this will vary from one company to
two things in mind: simplicity and ease of interpreta-
another. Size not considered, the major or primary
I
tion. The equipment symbols that are used on flow
I

flow is always the main run of pipe.

i
diagrams adhere to these two requirements. A sim-
ple, basic outline portrays the shape of the equip-
LINE CROSSINGS AND CONNECTIONS
tu
ment and decreases drawing time.
TYPES AND SHAPES Ma1'or flow lines are thick and command atten-
tfl

tion on a flow diagram. Other flow lines and in-

Each company possess its own set of drawing strumentation signal lines may cross major flows,
standards for EOUIPMENT SHAPES. However, but they are always broken at the crossing. When

60
 Flow Diagrams

: OVERFLOW

REFINER
(DISC TYPE}
CLABIFIER

REFINER
(coNlcAL)

a DRUM FILTER

E
tr
COLUMN
(PLATE TYPE}
REJECTS

GOiIVEYOR FINES

HEAT EXCHANGER
(PLATE TYPE}

--+
SCREW CONVEYOR

Fig. 5-3. Some typical flow diagram equipment symbols are shown.

'61 li
 Process Pipe Drafting

r.to. u FooToox SESE waIEE_qErI p-t >

vto-+o >to-+t

Fig. 5-4. Proportional equipment sizes are evident on this

flow diagram.

Fig. 5-6. This flow diagram presents a good example of

rect line weights and proper flow line crossings
junctions.

T.ANK
1

\-,/ FLOW LINE DIRECTION

PUM r The direction of flow must be indicated on flow
-. B lines, and the best way to do it is with an ar-
rowhead. But where and in what form? A variety

Fuvrp I
of methods exist. ln Fig. 5-7, example A requires
that the arrows on major flows be larger than those

-O puMpe-
on minor flows. Example B has same-size arrows.

I Example C utilizes only a point on one end of the

pipe specification symbol.

PIPE SPECIFICATIONS

Pipes on the flow diagram, like equipment,

CONPEN'E.R be identified. Some companies use a specific sym-
bol in which to place this information. This is ter
i the PIPE SPECIF|CATION SYMBOL. Most often it
is located directly in the flow line. See Fig. S-7.
i
l Example C shows how the symbol may serve a sec-
I
ond purpose of indicating the direction of flow.
The amount and type of information given within
the pipe "spec" symbol will vary with the company.
E Basic information such as the pipe size, contents,
and an identification number are always shown. The
Fig. 5-5. Proper location of equipment labels is illustrated.
example in Fig. 5-8 reveals that the pipe size is 6
Best location is within symbol, as shown at A.
in. in diameter. The "\A/M" is a code established
by the engineering firm or the industry to identify
the contents of the pipe. The number "124" is a
two flow lines of the same size meet at right angles, tag number given to identify that specific pipe.
a common method is to break the horizontal line, The drafter uses this information when construct-
Fig. 5-6. ing the piping drawings. Specific information as to
When laying out a flow diagram, try to avoid line the type of pipe and fittings to be used on this tine
crossings whenever possible. Unfortunately, this is (WM) is found in the project specifications. An
seldom possible. engineer or designer normally assigns sizes to the
pipe, but it is up to the drafter to indicate the cor-
62
 Flow Diagrams

DRAIN SYMBOLS is given in Fig. 5-9. The symbols

represent discharge into either the atmosphere or a
sewer. Atmospheric vents are most often found on
the tops of tanks, but they can occur in a pipe run.
Discharge to sewer may be located anywhere along
a flow line, but the most common location is at the
bottom of tanks and after pumps.

of indicating flow: A - Larger arrows

B - Same size arrows. C - Point on end
of pipe specification symbol.

DRAINS

dpe specification symbol gives pipe size, con- Fig. 5-9. Vent and drain symbols indicate where system
rcnts, and identification number. vents to atmosphere and drains to a sewer.

on the flow diagrams and subsequent VALVE SYMBOLS

dngs. The drafter may also be required
rrumbers to each pipe. The shape of the basic valve symbol is much like
that of a bow tie. Variations of this symbol identify
SEWERS a specifib type of valve. See Fig. S-1O. Use of the
correct valve symbol on the flow diagram is impor_
often end abruptly at any number of tant because the drafter must use this information
A sampling of these VENT and when creating the piping plans.
 Process Pipe Drafting

GATEGATEcHEcKGLoBEcoNTRoLSAFETY
(NORMALLY {NORMALLY
oPEN) CLOSED)

Note method used to identify valves that are

are
ig. 5-1o. These are common valve symbols shown on flow diagrams.
closed.
normally closed.
normallY
]

SYMBOLS
INSTBUMENTSYMBoLSINSTRUMENTTYPESI
INSTBUMENT INSTRUMENT TYPES

INSTRUMENTATIoN is a vital aspect of any in- ln chapter 3 we discussed in detailthe classif,": I

custrial process, and it must be shown on the f low tions of instruments and their functions.
Now ,,"_,_:
I
diagram. Companies using just the flow diagram as brief ly examine the appearance of the blslc-^tr.r^::
show alt ol the of instruments on flow diagrams' Ther:^::: t"::t I
I
their only schematic of tn-e system
pressure, flow' and le.vel' t'9'
instrumentaiton. Other firms may use the flow types: temperature,
examples of each type of ,t"l,lT"^1!
I
diagram to show the basics of.Ihe system, and 5-1 1 provides
I
another drawing, the ptplNG AND lN- and brief descriptions of each are given. Also see I
STRUMENTATION DIAGdAM, to givethe complete Fig. 3-19 for instrument signal
"n.,ptoy leads- I
details (in schematic format) of the piping and I
instrumentation. I

%
F
lWrcR\l
I

l15 ll
Hi The control valve is operated bv a flow
indicating controiler (FlC) which receives
a pneumatic signal from the flow trans- --
!I
The liquid level of a tank is transmitted
I

I
I
I
A mitter. The transmitter is attached to a B to a panel mounted level recorder (LR) |

d"jj'o"-^'"^^")*'"'*-,
IA*AI n dr:"*'"*"o'..^*''*':";" I
I

;;:::il:
within the
r"#'Jii'1,ff1.',i$:'."il',;
Pressure
ter, operates the conttol valve.
- pipe or vessel is then
rt
n
remperature indicator controner (nc) is
an indicator and control valve combined
regulate temperature' Capillary tube
connects Tlc to pipe.
frrl
I
c ;;;ri;,"J. D

Fis' 5-1k:"il,':i#ffii:"ilil?:y*ft1r"-'?,:3r,:':::"ff;l; j'?L'ilx?1fi"::1i["-,Jl::T,Tfl"::,,',.

64

]
 ti
n
g
,
{z I lf\ {-i tI x
T , I _. I
,J
J
0
,) 6r E
J
U
o
F 0r
F
$ El
idi a
o
zE
I I
J

F
1, 0 rd I a
tt ill Z I
"l
(,
J| 7 .O Hl s a ,:il \,o oo
lr 5 l"t U 9 2 =
"lt o J: o
z o tr t- G
,- o o r;t u g$ z IlJ
;1 o :-l \(, z
<t o o q o
a.l l- I t1l ft 10 ia
I are 1l o d v
tt & > ) J flut
|ii rsi
U C;
U 0 )' ct a c
\, i. :) Y
o tr
;Y o
Gl
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C
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(,
c
.9
a
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oriqi
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(r'
c
(D

f+<-11r. c
fica- o
let's 'eY v tr ln !
3
o { Z o9 c
o
rpes F 4 rJ U)
# tr u
four 7. ul ) I tfl
4-:
U)
rs), 1- u od ;f
,Fig- l;l>
l,
il, o
lent, 9xt
(-o gF
r-o
C,

see d l1.- E
(o
o, !

ao \ o,
Q ocl .g
fio
rrl I
lJ
B
o
E
t -'15 -
o
o
o'l t /ott r
t,J
S (,
?l -dA{-. >o
;\, EE & o

iE;eF-- .--- o< Zrl 0

Zl oi
o,
o-
p I ,ltl €' r-
u
7 ,-\- Jr]l 5-
I'JJ )tI
,a9 --.J' +) o\, odl
E
((,

o
x
4
U,
,
tr -l) t. co

j
dg a, ut

it
(o
0
F
+
fiil .1.
o
tr
tt
Q)

iu etpl
t o)
o o
7 c
& o '=
-l t- o-

o
r E
s
Ia
7
3
o
3
J c
il 3
a \L
.io oi
o\
do
HiE=, ?tt-15- :q
,I' J
Lo

c;
@r:tii.6,' 7A iI

I r";,r_)
I- l=l
i r 'rl
i I
lo
'.)l
,, I
o
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a
oL/ t'l oo
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9r
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' a- ,- I
f-rt-' l.rl
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t
o ql; ;
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trli
r{ [l
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UO >lY o
4O
,t= '!-; ul
l
qie
Jo tri trlin f
 Process Pipe Drafting

FLOW DIAGRAM LAYOUT ble. This is called "information grouping."

specification symbols, for example, are good
Flow diagrams are not difficult to create if you to arrange together. Fig. 5-11 shows how this
adhere to some basic procedures. A well con- done.
structed flow diagram can be a pleasure to work Valves and instruments do nof have to be
with, but a hastily made, ill-conceived drawing can together, nor should they be. But you should
be confusing. Therefore, it's a good idea to sketch the time to locate them in the approximate positi
a preliminary equipment layout before putting any in which they will reside. For example, valves t
lines on your vellum, mylar, or video display screen. will be located near the pump should be shown
When you begin your manual drafting layout, your that position on the flow diagram.
lines should be drawn with a light blue, non-photo
pencil or a hard lead such as 6H. THE FINISHED DRAWING

EOUIPMENT LAYOUT Once your initial layout is complete, you

darken your lines. Begin at the top of the drawi
It is the responsibility of the pipe drafter to create and work down. Draw all of your lines, then go
a practical layout of the equipment with some sort and do the lettering. This, too, should be done fr
of continuity of flow. The flow of the process should top to bottom. Always keep a sheet of clean p
move from one side of the drawing to the other, under your hands as you letter, avoiding a
rather than zigzagging or jumping around. lf you smudges. Any crosshatching or shading that
determine that more than one level of equipment needed should always be done last. The less
is needed, then your first guidelines would be those is on the drawing to smudge, the fewer
indicating the ground levels of the equipment. there will be.
Equipment not situated at ground level can then be lf you are using a computer aided drafting sy
positioned in relation to the ground line, Fig. 5'12. you may want to employ a technique called "lay
The next step is to draw the equipment outlines ing." Your drawing can be composed of two
with light construction lines. Size of the outlines will more layers. One'layer might be the equipment
depend on the space available and the Wpe of equip- bols, another the flow lines, and another the
ment. Remember, too, that equipment sizes should ing. The following is a list of layers that you possib
be shown in correct proportion to each other. Also could use to construct a flow diagram.
be sure to allow open space between equipment for 1. Major equipment symbols.
flow lines, instrumentation, valves, and line 2. Pumps and valves.
specifications. Do not darken the equipment 3. lnstrumentation.
outlines yet. 4- FloW lines.
5. Line specification symbols.
FLOW LTNES 6. Labeling.
When you use the layering technique, it al
The primary flow lines should be drawn next, then you to work with only the information you
secondary flow lines. Try to group lines together, Hence, the screen can remain uncluttered e
but no closer than 1 l4 in.lt gives a neat, organized though your entire drawing may be quite com
appearance and also keeps long lines in one or two
areas of the drawing. This is shown clearly in Fig. REVIEW OUESTIONS
5-13.
Avoid line crossings and direction changes as 1. What is a flow diagram?
much as possible. The fewer the turns and in-
terferences, the easier it will be to interpret the 2. What is one of the most important uses of
drawing. Carefully study the two examples of the flow diagram?
same flow diagram in Fig. 5-13.

VALVES, INSTRUMENTATION, AND LINE SPECS

3. What should appear inside the equipment
VALVES, INSTRUMENTATION, and LINE SPECS bol on a flow diagram?
are three types of symbols that will appear within
the flow lines. The locations of these symbols need
to be considered early in your initial diagram layout. 4. What are the two types of flow lines?
Try to group similar information together if possi-

66
 Flow Diagrarns

try
WHITE WATER
?-tza TA|'Jl<

POOR LAYOUT

o, I aeLKZ

LOv.,/
WHITE WATER
TAN K

2uV? po.e,

-
B

GOOD LAYOUT

lw lines on a flow diagram should

present a n
line crossins.. e
--ini" gooo lrioui;;jf:t#H"":'ifl:l?:?iance. A - rhis poor tayorrt has too
rr routing and grouping many,
of flow lines.-
67
 Process PiPe Drafting

S. Why is the pipe specification so important? 8'

Briefly describe a good flow diagram layout se-
quence.

6. Sketch the following valve symbols:

How are normally closed valves represented?

Sketch two examples of vents and sewers'

RELIEF
GLOBE

CHECK

VENTS

GATE CONTROL
7. Sketch the following signal leads:

ELECTBIC CAPILLARY

D
SEWERS
11. Which drawing gives complete details of
piping system in schematic format?
PNEUMATIC HYDRAULIC

68
 Flow Diagrams

(fo .-o Cre,ec,)

FR.cpr 4-LAA'rFtk)

lg.an
1,.Lue-tFt?<'j
t
Irro _r__
z*tflH -
fLpcu

Eor,.<<
\'^*e
L FROH
Frt3C€ llr
Frurer?)
A.w.
B.C,

O.y.
I
, ?u4p
4w.fu,t.y.-

z<r.feu

t
l€vcv/
l{grcAroc-
a.epf lza\
AY.- GATE- VALVE
4.V..4,ONTKAL VALVE
LA.V,- LNE.A VALWE
5-2

PROBLEMS
tion, clarifier is 2OO ft. in diameter,
)}. Choose any process, sequence of oc- drum filter is approximately 6 ft. in
diameter, so be certain the filter is the
currences, or steps of production you
smaller symbol..
c6n think of and create a flow diagiam PROB. 5-3. Fig. piob. 5-3 shows a poor
for it. This can be a freehand sketch flow
diagram layout sketch. ln the space
with emphasis on creativity and layout. provided, neatly sketch a new layout,
2. Fig. Prob. 5-2 is a rough sketch of a using the suggestions mentioned in this
flow diagram. Much of the equipment, chapter. Redraw the sketch on a B size
valves, and instruments has been omit-
sheet of vellum.
ted. Redraw this flow diagrarn on a PBOB. 5-4. lnstructor: Obtain blueprints of
separate sheet of C size vellum and in- ftow
diagrams from local companies. Assign
sert the proper symbols for the miss-
different segments of the prints io
ing equipment. Notes in parenthesis are
students and have them redraw the
for your information onty. do not put segment with emphasis on improving
these on the drawing. place line the layout and presentation of data.-
specifications in each pipe. Sizes and PROB. 5-5. Create a flow diagram of the water
spaces are shown. Don',t forget flow and
sewer system in your horne. Boxes and
arrows. Lines above 14 in. diameter rectangles can be used for the various
are maior flows. Pumps should be 3/g fixtures. pipe fittings need not be
in. diameter and instruments 7t16 in. shown but indicate all valves, ap_
diameter. Draw equipment in some pliances, and use points.
degree of proportion. ln actual installa-