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Research Article Volume 7 Issue No.4

Underground Cable Fault Detection using Arduino

T.Nandhini1 , J.Shalini2 , T. Sai Sangeeetha 3 , D.Gnanaprakasam4
Student1, 2, 3 , Assistant Professor4
Depart ment of EEE
Dr. Mahalingam Co llege of Engineering and Technology , NPT - MCET Campus, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract:
The project is intended to detect the location of fault in underground cable lines from the base station to exact location in kilometers
using an Arduino micro controller kit. In the urban areas, the electrical cab le runs in undergrounds instead of overhead line s.
Whenever the fault occurs in underground cable it is difficult to detect the exact location of the fault for process of repairing that
particular cable. The proposed system finds the exact location of the fault. This system uses an Arduino microcontroller kit and a
rectified power supply. Here the current sensing circuits made with a co mbination of resistors are interfaced to Arduino micro
controller kit to help of the internal ADC device for p roviding digital data to the microcontroller representing the cable le ngth in
kilo meters. The fault creation is made by the set of switches. The relays are controlled by the relay driver. A 16x2 LCD display
connected to the microcontroller to display the informat ion. In case of short circuit the voltage across series resistors cha nges
accordingly, wh ich is then fed to an ADC to develop precise digital data to a programmed Ardu ino micro controller kit that fu rther
displays exact fault location fro m base station in kilo meters. Whenever a fault occurs in a cable the buzzer produce the alar m to alert
and to take an immed iate action by field wo rkers.

I. INTRODUCTION TYPES OF FAULTS

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of Generally there are different types of faults. Frequently occurring
underground cable fault fro m base station in kilo meters using an faults are given below
Arduino board. Generally we use overhead lines. We can easily
identify the faults but in rushed places or familiar cities we  Short Circu it Fault
couldn’t use overhead lines. So, we are moving to underground
cables. Underground cables used largely in urban area instead of  Open Circu it Fault
overhead lines. We can’t easily identify the faults in the
underground cables. This project deals with arduino  Earth Fault
microcontroller, buzzer and LCD. Th is proposes greatly reduces
the time and operates effectively. The underground cabling Short Circuit Fault
system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. A short circuit fault occurs when there is an insulation failure
Many time faults occur due to construction works and other between phase conductors or between phase conductor(s) and
reasons. At that time it is difficu lt to dig out cable due to not earth or both. An insulation failure results into formation of a
knowing the exact location of the cable fau lt. arduino short circuit path that triggers a short-circuit conditions in the
microcontroller, buzzer and LCD. Th is proposes greatly reduces circuit.
the time and operates effectively. The underground cabling
system is a common practice followed in many urban areas. Open Circuit Fault
Many time faults occur due to construction works and other An open-circuit fault occurs if a circuit is interrupted by some
reasons. At that time it is difficu lt to dig out cable due to not failure. If the circu it is not closed that is called open circuit fault.
knowing the exact location of the cable fau lt.
Earth Fault
II. RELATED WORK An earth fault is an inadvertent contact between an energized
conductor and earth or equipment frame. The return path of the
Programs uploaded in Arduino UNO kit to detect faults from the fault current is through the grounding system and any personnel
underground cables. When a faultoccur in the underground or equipment that becomes part of that system.
cables, we can find out faults through Arduino controller kit.
LCD display which d isplays the faults in Kilo metre. In this III PROPOS ED S YSTEM
project we created faults manually. Cable has many types. Every
cable has different resistance which depends upon the material Underground fault detection deals with finding the exact fault
used. The value of the resistance is depends upon the length of location fro m the base station .Cables have some resistance. We
the cable. In here resistance is the leading role of the pro ject. If are mainly focusing that resistance. Resistance can vary with
any deviation occurs in the resistance, the value of the voltage respect to the length of the cable. If the length of the cable
will be changed that particular point is called FAULT. We are increases, the value of the resistance will also increase. If any
finding out those faults.

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2017 6460 http://ijesc.org/
deviation occurs in the resistance value, we call that as fault SIMULATION DIAGRAM WITH FAULT
point and that point can be identified with the help of arduino
technology. That fault point represents the standard of distance
(kilo metre) fro m the base station and the value is displayed by
the display unit.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure.3.Simulation Di agram with Fault

IV. SOFTWARE DES CRIPTION

PROTEUS S IMULATOR

Figure.1.Block Diagram Proteus is software for microprocessor simulation, schematic

capture, etc. It is developed by Labcentre Electronics.
BLOCK DIAGRAM DES CRIPTION:
We uploaded the program in the kit . Program was written and if The following are the system co mponents of proteus
any fault occurs in the cable, immediately it will open the relay
terminal and disconnect that faulty line only. Rest of the other  ISIS Schemat ic Capture – a tool for entering designs.
lines operates normally. Arduino is the advanced version of
 PROSPICE Mixed mode SPICE simu lation – industry
embedded system. These Arduino has ample types but we
standard SPICE3F5 simu lator co mbined with a digital
selected Arduino UNO. It easily adapts to other devices using
simu lator.
serial port. Relay is nothing but an electrical device that acts as a
switch; if any fault occurs in the line it will disconnect the line  VSM – Virtual System Modelling lets co simulate
using relay. The connector of the relay moves fro m normally embedded software for popular micro-controllers
closed conduct to normally open conduct. we can easily find the alongside hardware design.
fault and disconnect the faulty line. Display unit is connected to
the Arduino kit which is used to display where the fau lt occurs.  System Benefits Integrated package with common user
Once faults occur in the cable, the display unit displays the exact interface and fully context sensitive help.
fault location and also displays which phase is affected in the
cable and how long it’s affected and buzzer system is used to Proteus Virtual System Modelling combines mixed mode SPICE
create an alerting signal. Buzzer systems create an alerting sound circuit Simu lation, animated components and microprocessor
signal, once the fault occurs in the underground cable. models to facilitate co-simulat ion of co mplete microcontroller
based designs. This is very useful and user friendly to handle the
SIMULATION DIAGRAM: components. The version used for project design is Proteus
Professional 7.0. Proteus Professional Software for auto mated
SIMULATION DIAGRAM WITHOUT FAULT design of electronic circuits. The package is a system of circuit
simu lation, based on the models of electronic components in
PSpice. A distinctive feature of the package Proteus Professional
is the possibility of modelling of the programmable devices:
Microcontrollers, Microprocessor, DSP and others. Additionally,
the package of Proteus Professional is a system design of printed
circuit boards. Proteus Professional can simulate the following
microcontrollers: 8051, A RM7, A VR, Motorola, PIC, Basic
Stamp. The library contains the components of data Co-
simu lation of microprocessor software within a mixed mode
SPICE simulator.

ARDUINO SOFTWARE
The Arduino Integrated Development Environ ment - or Arduino
Software (IDE) - contains a text editor for writ ing code, a
Figure.2.Simulation Di agram without Fault message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for common

International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2017 6461 http://ijesc.org/
functions and a series of menus. It connects to the Arduino and RELAY
Genuino hardware to upload programs and communicate with
them. Programs written using Arduino Software (IDE) are called A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an
sketches. The message area gives feedback while saving and electro magnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other
exporting and also displays errors. The console displays text operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays.
output by the Arduino Software (IDE), including co mplete error Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
messages and other information. The bottom right hand corner of separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be
the window displays the configured board and serial port. The controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long
toolbar buttons allow you to verify and upload programs, create, distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal
open, and save sketches, and open the serial monitor. coming in fro m one circuit and re-trans mitted it on another
circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and
CALCULATION OF UNDERGROUND CAB LE early co mputers to perform logical operations. A type of relay
RES ISTANCE: that can handle the high power required to directly control an
electric motor or other loads is called a contractor. Solid-state
The ac cable resistance can be calculated by using the constants, relays control power circu its with no moving parts, instead using
skin effect pro ximity effect a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with
calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes mult iple
Rac=Rdc(1+Ys +Yp) operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits fro m
overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these
The dc cable resistance can be calculated by using the constants, functions are performed by digital instruments still called
resistivity temperature coefficient cross-sectional area “protective relays”.

Rdc=((1.02* 10^6* ρ)(1+α(θ-20)))/s B UZZER

SKIN EFFECT: A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be

The tendency of an ac current to become distributed within a mechanical, electro mechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of
conductor such that the current density is nearer the surface of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and
the conductor and decreases with greater depth in the conductor. confirmat ion of user input such as mouse click or keystroke.

PROXIMITY EFFECT: VI.RES ULT AND DISCUSS ION

Pro ximity effect is the tendency for current to flow in other
undesirable patterns-loops or concentrated distributions -due to Underground cables offer an affordable and justifiab le solution
the presence of magnetic fields generated by nearby conductors. for critical parts and in some cases the entire length of overhead
high voltage power lines. With appropriate technology used in
V.HARDWARE DES CRIPTION appropriate places, the environmental impact of underground
cables can be minimized.
POWER S UPPLY UNIT
VII.CONCLUS ION
Power supply is a very important part of electronic circu it. Th is
circuit requires fixed +5 V supply so to fix this voltage we need This project is intended to detect the exact location of circuit
voltage regulator. In this work we used IC7805 as voltage fault in the underground cables from the feeder end in km by
regulator. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of using an arduino microcontroller. The arduino microcontroller
a preset magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to works based on the output of the cable resistance. Relay helps to
its input voltage or load conditions. There are two types of separate the faulty line fro m healthy line.
voltage regulators: linear and switching. Here we make use of a
linear regulator employs an active pass device (series or shunt) VIII.FUTURE S COPE
controlled by a high gain differential amplifier. It co mpares the
output voltage with a passive reference voltage with a precise The project detects only the location of the circuit fault in
reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to maintain a underground cable line, but it can also be extended to detect the
constant output voltage. location of an open circu it fault. To detect an open circuit fau lt,
capacitor is used in ac circuits which measures the change in
LCD DISPLAY impedance and calculate the distance of the fault.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is an Alphabetic Display it means IX.REFERENCES

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display is that seven segment is robust display and can be [2]. B. Clegg, Underground Cable Fault Location. New York:
visualized fro m a longer distance as compared to LCD. Here we McGraw- Hill, 1993.
have used 16 x 2 alphanumeric displays.

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International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, April 2017 6463 http://ijesc.org/