SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL SITE SELECTION USING

BOOLEAN LOGIC

FACULTY OF GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE, ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS

Student Name : Febriani Ayuningsih

Student ID : S6036376
Course name : Data integration: Principles, approaches, and
user perspectives.
Case study : Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection Using
Boolean Logic
Month, Year : December, 2017
 FEBRIANI AYUNINGSIH+SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL LOCATION SELECTION USING BOOLEAN LOGIC

Contents

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Backgrounds .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3. Available Data........................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Method ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
2.1. Methodology .......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.2. Preparation ............................................................................................................................................. 2
2.3. Spatial Analysis...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1. Slope Binary Map .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.2. Landslide Binary Map ................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.3. Land Use Binary Map ................................................................................................................... 5
2.3.4. Proximity From The Built-Up Area Binary Map .......................................................................... 5
2.3.5. Geological Binary Map ................................................................................................................. 5
2.3.6. Intersect Binary Map ..................................................................................................................... 6
2.4. Decision Making .................................................................................................................................... 7
3. Results............................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.1. Maps....................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1.1. Slope Binary Map (1st criteria) ...................................................................................................... 9
3.1.2. Landslide Binary Map (2nd criteria)............................................................................................. 10
3.1.3. Land Use Binary Map (3rd and 4a criteria) .................................................................................. 11
3.1.4. Proximity From Built-Up Area Binary Map (4b criteria)............................................................ 12
3.1.5. Geological Binary Map (5th criteria) ........................................................................................... 13
3.1.6. Intersect Binary Map / Candidate Location (1st – 5th criteria) ..................................................... 14
3.1.7. Candidate Location Comply With The Area Capacity More Than 1 Ha Map (1 st - 6th criteria) .. 15
3.1.8. Candidate Location Comply With All Of Criteria Map (1 st – 7th criteria) ................................... 16
3.2. Result Quality ...................................................................................................................................... 18
4. Conclusions................................................................................................................................................... 19
References ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
Answers to questions: ............................................................................................................................................ 21

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Table List
Table 1 Available data of Chinchina Municipality .................................................................................................. 1
Table 2 Boolean logic for multiple criteria of the analysis ...................................................................................... 4
Table 3 Boolean logic matrix of land use layer ....................................................................................................... 5
Table 4 Boolean logic matrix of proximity from the built-up area. ......................................................................... 5
Table 5 The drillholes value assigned to lithology polygon based on the worse case. ............................................ 5

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Image List
Figure 1 Flow chart of solid waste disposal location selection analysis by Boolean logic. ..................................... 3
Figure 2 Query for select the suitable area. ............................................................................................................. 4
Figure 3 Join based on spatial location of drillhole to lithology layer. .................................................................... 6
Figure 4 The query for selecting candidate area that fulfilled criteria number 1 – 5. .............................................. 6
Figure 5 Slope binary map ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 6 Landslide binary map. ............................................................................................................................. 10
Figure 7 Land use binary map. .............................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8 Proximity from built-up area binary map. ............................................................................................... 12
Figure 9 Geological binary map. ........................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 10 Solid waste disposal candidate location. ............................................................................................... 14
Figure 11 Candidate location comply with the area capacity more than 1 Ha map. .............................................. 15
Figure 12 Solid waste disposal candidate location with the road accessibility ...................................................... 16
Figure 13 Solid waste disposal candidate location with the road in bigger scale. ................................................. 17

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1. Introduction
1.1. Backgrounds

Chinchina is a municipality located in Central Southern District of Caldas, Colombia South America (“Wikipedia,”
n.d.). This city is known as a coffee grower and is inhabited by about 150,000 people. As the economic and
population growth the garbage of the city become a problem because the river and ravine in this city become a
dump place of it and potentially gave an environmental problem. As the increase of environmental problem
awareness, the Chinchina Municipality has decided to develop a solid waste landfill.
For this purpose, a team of specialist in geology, geomorphology, hydrology, civil engineering and regional
planning was established to define the criteria of the suitable area for solid waste landfills location. This team has
prepared multiple criteria based on economic and geological parameter that has to be considered to select the
suitable area for solid waste disposal location (Kingma, 2014).

1.2. Objectives
The objectives of this activity were to analyse the suitable area for solid waste disposal location using Boolean
logic in Chinchina city based on multiple criteria set by the expert team.

1.3. Available Data

The Chinchina Municipality has provided some data of the study area to support the analysis of solid waste disposal
location selection and was mentioned in Table 1.
No Name Description Form
1 slide Vector layer of landslide distribution with four landslide Polygon
categories: No landslide, Stable, Dormant and Active.
2 slope Raster layer of slope and slope units is degree. Raster
3 landuse Vector layer of Chinchina Land use and indication whether Polygon
the area belongs to Chinchina city or not.
4 lithology Vector layer of lithological units in study area Polygon
5 drillhole A list of drillhole location and the value of the percentage of Table
the clay, the thickness is in meter and the permeability is in
meter/day
6 road Old vector layer of road Line
Table 1 Available data of Chinchina Municipality

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2. Method
2.1. Methodology
Selection of the suitable area for the solid waste disposal location uses the Boolean logic operation. “Boolean logic
is a form of algebra in which all values are reduced to either TRUE (1) or FALSE (0)” (Cheng & Thompson,
2016). The Boolean logic operation will be executed based on following multiple criteria (Kingma, 2014):
1. The waste disposal should not be built on landslides which active or which may become active in the
future.
2. The waste disposal site should be located on a terrain with a slope less than 20 degrees, to prevent erosion
and to assure accessibility.
3. The waste disposal site should only be constructed in areas which do not have an important economic or
ecological value. The Chinchina area is one of the most important coffee producing regions in Colombia.
The site should therefore not be built on areas where coffee is grown, nor on forested areas.
4. Proximity from built-up area
a. Of course, also built-up areas are excluded.
b. The waste disposal sites should be located within 2 km distance from the city centre of
Chinchina, but further than 300 meters from any existing built-up area.
5. The waste disposal site should be constructed on soils, with more than 50% clay, equal or more than 5m
thickness and the permeability lower than 5 meters/day.
Moreover, the suitable location should comply criteria below:
6. The waste disposal site should have an area of at least 1 hectare.
7. Easily accessible from a road.
Generaly there were three steps to do the analysis the first is preparation where the data quality was checked to
make sure the input data is good. Second is the spatial analysis to generate the binary maps of the main criteria
(1-5) was mentioned above and intersect it to produce candidate location. The last one is the decision making
based on the additional criteria (6,7) and the visualisation. The detailed step of the analysis is shown in Figure 1
and describe here part per part.

2.2. Preparation
The quality of data integration result is defined by the quality of the input data and the analysis process. The
geometric aspect and the uncertainty and accuracy of the input data have to be considered. To know that
information we can check the metadata or check the data one by one for its accuracy(Dinand, Wietske, Ali, Zoltan,
& Wouter, 2013). This preparation step has to be done to make sure that the quality of input data is good. Here
some mistakes that have been found and repaired in the preparation step:
1. All of the given data didn’t have metadata.
2. The given data doesn’t have a proper coordinate system (UTM Zone 18N WGS 1984 EPSG: 32618) later
the data were projected into MAGNA Colombia Bogota coordinate system with EPSG: 3116(“MAGNA-
SIRGAS EPSG:3116,” n.d.).
3. The attribute of the landuse was buil-up area, it should be built-up area.
4. Drill hole Bhnr 43 and Bhnr 145 were not proper because it has different value between the “GEOL”
attribute in the Drillhole layer and Lithology layer. Both of the points will be neglected in the analysis
process.
5. Drill hole data wasn’t cover all of the lithology polygon.
6. Road layer is out of date and then was updated based on the imagery basemap of ArcGIS.
The analysis of the solid waste disposal location selection was using spatial analysis in ArcGIS and can be started
if the data is in the same form (spatial) and the same coordinate system. Drillholes data has different form with the
other layers. The first thing to do is convert drillholes data to a vector map by converting the table into points.
After the drillholes data become a spatial data then the next step in the prepararion step was transforming the
coordinate system of all given data into MAGNA Colombia Bogota coordinate system EPSG: 3116 (“MAGNA-
SIRGAS EPSG:3116,” n.d.).

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Preparation

Spatial Analysis

Decision making

Figure 1 Flow chart of solid waste disposal location selection analysis by Boolean logic.

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2.3. Spatial Analysis

In Boolean logic operation standardize the weight of every criteria is a must and from the multiple criteria above
the Table 2 below is describe the suitable value which equal to the TRUE value (1) and unsuitable value which
equal to FALSE (0) of every criteria. This value in Table 2 will be used as a reference to build the binary maps.
The binary maps were built for every criteria number 1 to number 5. There will be five binary maps for the main
criteria and one binary map of its intersection results.
No Name of the Data Used Suitable (1) Unsuitable (0)
binary map
Main Criteria
1 Slope binary Slope Less than 20 degrees More than 20 degrees
map
2 Landslide Slide No Landslide or Stable Active Landslide or Dormant
binary map
3 Land use Landuse Bare, Shrub or Pasture Area that has economic and
binary map ecological value (coffee, forest,
built-up area, lake, riverbed)
4 Proximity Landuse a. Not in built-up area The other area
binary map b. Within 2 km from
chinchina city
c. 300 m away from any built-
up area
5 Geological Lithology and a. Consist of more than 50% The other area
binary map Drillhole clay
b. The thickness is equal or
more than 5 m
c. The permeability is less
than 5 m / day
Additional
Criteria
6 Areal Capacity Minimum area of the location is
1 Ha
7 Accessibility Road Easily accessible from a road
Table 2 Boolean logic for multiple criteria of the analysis

2.3.1. Slope Binary Map

Slope binary map was produced by Reclassify the slope raster map into two class consist of suitable area and
unsuitable area according to Table 2. The result of the reclassify slope was converted into vector map (polygon)
because the slope map is the only raster map so it should be changed into vector map and the intersect analysis
will be held in the vector format. The final result the slope binary map was in the vector format and every polygon
have value between 1 or 0 in the “gridcode” attribute.

2.3.2. Landslide Binary Map

Landslide binary map was produced from slide data by added “landslide_suitability” attribute and give the value
of 1 for the suitable area or 0 for the unsuitable area based on Table 2. The first step was selecting the “No
Landslide” and “Stable” like shown in Figure 2 and then define the value of the landslide suitability as 1 for the
selected area. After that switch the selection into “Active” and “Dormant” and define the landslide suitability
value as 0.

Figure 2 Query for select the suitable area.

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2.3.3. Land Use Binary Map

The land use binary map was produced from landuse layer based on the criteria number 3 and 4a. Based on that
criteria lake and riverbed will be suitable area, but consider the reason of this analysis then both of the land use
was defined as unsuitable area like shown in Table 3. The value then added to the “landuse_suitability” attribute
at the landuse layer

Land use Suitable (1) Unsuitable (0)

Coffee False True
Forest False True
Lake False True
Riverbed False True
Built-up area False True
Shrub True False
Pasteur True False
Bare True False
Table 3 Boolean logic matrix of land use layer

2.3.4. Proximity From The Built-Up Area Binary Map

There were two criteria that have to be fulfilled for this binary map. By selected Chinchina city from landuse layer
and then create a buffer or 2 Km from it the first criteria (the location of solid waste disposal is within 2 km from
the Chinchina city) were solved. And the second criteria (the location should be farther than 300 m from every
built-up area) done by selected the built-up area from landuse layer and create a buffer of 300 m from the selected
area. The proximity from built-up area binary map was done by erasing 2 km buffer by 300 m buffer with the
Boolean value like shown in Table 4. “True” value means it is suitable area (0) and ”False” value means unsuitable
area (0)

Buffer Inside Buffer 300 m Outside Buffer 300 m

Inside Buffer 2km False True
Outside Buffer 2km False False
Table 4 Boolean logic matrix of proximity from the built-up area.

2.3.5. Geological Binary Map

Lithology layer didn’t have the soil characteristic but the drillhole layer had it. To get the characteristic of the soil,
the lithology layer was combined with the drillhole layer using Join by Spatial Location. After that the minimum
and maximum value of the drillholes within the polygon had to be defined as the soil characteristics of the polygon
as shown in Figure 3. Here the worse situation was considered and was used to define the value of the soil
characteristics of the polygon shown in Table 5.

Soil characteristics Drillhole Value assign

to lithology polygon
Percentage of clay Minimum value
Thickness Minimum value
Permeability Maximum value
Table 5 The drillholes value assigned to lithology polygon based on the worse case.

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Figure 3 Join based on spatial location of drillhole to lithology layer.

2.3.6. Intersect Binary Map

Candidate location was the result of binary maps intersection which the suitability value is suitable or has value
“1” in every binary map. The union tool was used to intersect the slope binary map, the landslide binary map, the
land use binary map, the proximity from built-up area binary map and the geological binary map. The query for
selected the candidate location for solid waste disposal is shown in Figure 4.

gridcode : Slope suitability attribute

landslide_suit : Landslide suitability attribute
landuse_suit : Land use suitability attribute
prox_suit : Proximity from built-up area suitability attribute
geol_suit : Geological characteristic suitability attribute
Figure 4 The query for selecting candidate area that fulfilled criteria number 1 – 5.

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2.4. Decision Making

The decision making of the solid waste location was applied to the candidate location based on the additional
criteria (number 6 and 7). Calculate geometry tool was used to get the area capacity of the candidate location in
hectare and then select the candidate locations which have area capacity more than one hectare. The selected area
then checked once again based on the accessibility by comparing it with the updated road layer. The selected area
which complies with all main criteria and additional criteria than can be the candidate location of the solid waste
disposal location.

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3. Results
3.1. Maps
The result is shown in a couple of binary maps and candidate area based on the additional criteria. Here is the list
of the result of the analysis:
1. Slope binary map (1st criteria)
2. Landslide binary map (2nd criteria)
3. Land use binary map (3rd and 4a criteria)
4. Proximity from built-up area binary map (4b criteria)
5. Geological binary map (5th criteria)
6. Intersect binary map / Candidate location (1st – 5th criteria)
7. Candidate location comply with the area capacity more than 1 Ha map (1st - 6th criteria)
8. Candidate location comply with all of criteria map (1st – 7th criteria)

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3.1.1. Slope Binary Map (1st criteria)

Figure 5 Slope binary map

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3.1.2. Landslide Binary Map (2nd criteria)

Figure 6 Landslide binary map.

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3.1.3. Land Use Binary Map (3rd and 4a criteria)

Figure 7 Land use binary map.

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3.1.4. Proximity From Built-Up Area Binary Map (4b criteria)

Figure 8 Proximity from built-up area binary map.

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3.1.5. Geological Binary Map (5th criteria)

Figure 9 Geological binary map.

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3.1.6. Intersect Binary Map / Candidate Location (1st – 5th criteria)

Figure 10 Solid waste disposal candidate location.

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3.1.7. Candidate Location Comply With The Area Capacity More Than 1 Ha Map (1st - 6th criteria)

Figure 11 Candidate location comply with the area capacity more than 1 Ha map.

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3.1.8. Candidate Location Comply With All Of Criteria Map (1st – 7th criteria)

Figure 12 Solid waste disposal candidate location with the road accessibility

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Figure 13 Solid waste disposal candidate location with the road in bigger scale.

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3.2. Result Quality

The final map as shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13 show that there is only one candidate location based on the 1st
– 7th criteria. But the reliability level of the data can’t be assured because of lacking information of the input data.
The given data is not accompanied by metadata which means that the quality, the scale and other information of
the input data is not available. Additional measurement is needed to verify and validate this information,
furthermore to increase the reliability of this information. It is recommended to have more detail measurement on
the candidate location. For example: the candidate location was not covered by the drill hole data then soil
measurement is needed for more convincing geological barrier information.

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4. Conclusions
The result of the solid waste disposal location uses Boolean logic operation is done in the ArcGIS and use vector
analysis. There were 18 candidate locations based on the main criteria and it decreases when the additional criteria
are added to the analysis. Only one candidate location has the area capacity more than one hectare and that area is
accessible because there was road to acces the area. But the road is not a main road and based on imagery basemap
of ArcGIS, it isn’t a pavement road so to build the appropriate road for access the candidate location should become
Chinchina government concern.
Consider the damage and pollution that waste can bring, there was three barriers that should be considered to build
a waste disposal location: the waste, man-made barrier (liner and drainage system) and the geological barrier. The
waste barrier consists of the analysis of the expected amount of the waste, the waste flows and composition also
the possibility to treat and sort the waste. The man-made barrier is about planning the liner and drainage and
leakage that can happen in the futer and the last is the geological barrier which analysis the characteristic of the
soil in the solid waste location(Dörhöfer & Siebert, 1998). The criteria of the analysis in this report doesn’t consider
the waste barrier and the man-made barrier yet. Furthermore, hydrological data such as water supply catchment
area, river map, ground water map is needed to make sure the waste won’t disrupt the water supply of Chinchina
city.

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References
1. Cheng, C., & Thompson, R. G. (2016). Application of boolean logic and GIS for determining suitable
locations for Temporary Disaster Waste Management Sites. International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 20, 78–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJDRR.2016.10.011
2. Dinand, A., Wietske, B., Ali, S., Zoltan, V., & Wouter, V. (2013). Data Integration. The Core of
GIScience, 373–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385889-4.00013-2
3. Dörhöfer, G., & Siebert, H. (1998). The search for landfill sites - requirements and implementation in
Lower Saxony, Germany. Environmental Geology, 35(1), 55–65.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050292
4. Kingma, N. C. (2014). Case Study 5: Solid Waste Disposal Site Selection Using Boolean Logic.
Retrieved from https://blackboard.utwente.nl/bbcswebdav/pid-796629-dt-content-rid-1410778_2/xid-
1410778_2
5. MAGNA-SIRGAS EPSG:3116. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2017, from https://epsg.io/3116
6. Wikipedia. (n.d.). Retrieved December 1, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchiná,_Caldas

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Answers to questions:
Question1: For the case study: What are the basic elements of the system you are doing your research on? How
are they and their interrelationships defined by the goal of the study?
Answer1:
There were four elements as follow:
- The geological element which contains lithology and soil characteristics.
- The social element which is proximity from built-up area (distance from the city and built-up area) centre
areas.
- The economic element which considers the coffee grown and the accessibility from road
- The ecological element which considers the forest as unsuitable area and the area capacity of the solid
waste disposal candidate location.
These elements are connected and were described in the multiple criteria for solid waste disposal location. The
geological criteria were there to avoid negative impact on the ecological element. Because when the environment
is polluted, it will affect the health of Chinchina city inhabitants (social elements) and can inhibit the coffee grown
(economic element). The location accessibility is to confirm that the diposal site will be built with minimum cost.
All of those elements and criteria are connected in the GIS analysis to select the candidate location of solid waste
disposal location.

Question 2: For the case study: What is the purpose (i.e. what are the prospective uses) and who would be the
users and stakeholders of the resulting geoinformation product under study? How would you obtain optimal
usability of this geoinformation product / tool?
Answer 2:
Purpose : the purpose of the case study is to get candidate location for solid waste disposal site that will
reduce or substitute the environmental problem of river and river basin as the existing dump
place.
Users : the government of Chinchina city and Chinchina city inhabitant.
Stakeholders : The government of Chinchina city, Chinchina city inhabitant, the team of specialist in geology,
geomorphology, hydrology, civil engineering and regional planning.
To obtain the optimal usability of the case study the government of the Chinchina city should share this information
via SDI or geoportal and make the resident of Chinchina city involve in this plan. It will bring the feels of belonging
to the resident and they can give feedback to this plan.

Question 3: Which data is needed within the SDI environment of your information system? What challenges and
limitations do you face in the process of data integration? You could think of issues related to scale and
resolution, projection, timing and thematic content, as well as data formats. If relevant, which method of change
detection or integration of multi-temporal data is the most appropriate for your application?
Answer 3:
Data for SDI environment:
1. Data in WFS:
a. Geological map and soil e. Slope map
characteristic f. Satellite Imagery
b. Road map g. Administrative Boundary if
c. Land use map available
d. Landslide map
2. web processing service of the analysis process to help people do the analysis.
Challenge and Limitation

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1. No metadata available for the given data

2. No information about map scale
3. The quality issue of the given data such as :
a. The completeness of the road network compares to recent satellite imagery.
b. The thematic quality of the drill holes, the information about lithology is a mismatch between
the lithology layer and drillholes layer.
4. The reliability level of the data can’t be assured because of lacking information of the input data.
Additional measurement is needed to increase the reliability of this data.

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