BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION

 SPIRIT LEVEL or bubble level– Instrument or tool capable of vertical and horizontal line check

 PLUMP BOMB – Uses for vertical line check

 PLASTIC HOSE FILLED WITH WATER – A method of leveling (horizontal) batter boards
without transit

 3-4-5 MULTIPLES WITH THE USE OF STEEL TAPE MEASURE – A manual method of squaring
the corners of building lines in building layout
 SHEET PILLING - A barrier formed to prevent the movement of soil to stabilize foundation

 WALE – Horizontal member that holds individual pieces of shoring in place

LAYOUT AND EXCAVATION

- Also called Staking Out
- The process of relocating the point of boundaries and property line of the site where the
building is to be constructed

Page 1 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

- It includes the clearing, staking, batter boards and establishes the exact location of the
building foundation and wall line on the ground

 STAKE – are wooden sticks used as posts sharpened at one end driven into the ground to
serve as boundaries or supports of the batter boards
 BATTER BOARDB – wood stick or board nailed horizontally at the stake which serve as the
horizontal plane where the reference point of the building measurements are established
 STRING – either plastic chord or galvanized wire across the batter boards used to indicate
the outline of the building wall and foundation

LAYOUT METHODS AND PROCEDURES

1. Building permit must be secured first from the local authorities.

2. Relocate the boundaries of the construction site. Done by Geodetic Engineer especially for
those lots without existing reference points or adjoining structures.
3. Clear the site of any existing structure, trees, and other elements that will obstruct the
construction works
4. Construct and allocate a space for laborers’ quarters, construction of office, bodega for the
materials and working tools and temporary waste disposal.
5. Apply for temporary connections of electric and water supply. Electric current is important
for the power needs of the tools and equipment and is necessary on overtime schedules
especially in the time of concreting. Water is also a prime need in construction.
6. Construct a temporary fence around the construction.
7. Verify the measurement in the plan if the distances indicated are form:
a. Center to Center c. Outer to Outer
b. Outer to Center d. Inside to Inside
8. Fix the batter board to its horizontal position with the aid of level instrument preferably
plastic hose with water.
9. After establishing the reference point and line of the footing, transfer the intersecting points
of the string on the ground by the aid of plumb bob and indicate the size and width to be
excavated.

EXCAVATION
 MINOR EXCAVATION
o Construction having independent footing and hollow block wall footing
where the digging of the soil for the footing extend to a depth from 1.00 to
1.50 meter and about 0.50 meter depth for the wall footing.
 MAJOR EXCAVATION
o Building construction that requires wide excavation or total extraction of the
soil

Page 2 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

o Building construction on a busy commercial center with adjacent existing

structure is considered to the most complicated among the various
construction works since this requires careful study and analysis

FOUNDATION AND FOOTING

FOUNDATION
o its function is to transfer the structural loads from a building safely into the
ground
o portion of the structural elements that carry or support the superstructure of
the building

FOOTING
o is the lower partition of the foundation of the structure which directly transmits
the column load to the underlying soil or rock

PILE
o a structural member of small cross-sectional area with reasonable length driven
down the ground by means of hammers or vibratory generator
o pile is distinguished from a caisson by being driven into a place rather than
drilled and poured
o Generally driven closely together in clusters containing from two to twenty-five
piles. Each cluster is later joined at the top by a reinforced concrete pile cap

PILE CAP
o Distributes the load of the column or wall equally among the piles

CAISSONS
o similar to a column footing in that it spreads the load from a column over a large
enough area of soil

Page 3 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

3 MAJOR PARTS OF A BUILDING

1. Superstructure – which is the above ground of the partition
2. Substructure - which is the habitable below-ground portion
a. Slab on Fill
b. Crawlspace
c. Basement
3. Foundation –component of the building that transfer its load into the soil
a. Shallow Foundation – transfers the load to the earth at the base of the
column or wall of the substructure
b. Deep Foundation – transfer the load at a point far below the substructure
FOUNDATION WALL
o Part of the building foundation which forms the permanent retaining wall of the
structure below grade
GRADE BEAM
o Part of the foundation system which supports the exterior wall of the
superstructure and bears directly on the column footing
RETAINING WALL
o A wall or laterally braced that bears against an earth or other fill surface and
resists lateral and other forces
CANTILIVER WALL
o A reinforced concrete wall which resist overturning by the use of cantilever
footing
GRAVITY WALL
o A massive concrete wall that resist overturning by virtue of its own weight
BEARING WALL
o A wall capable of supporting an imposed load

2 TYPES OF FOOTING
1. Wall Footing or Strip Footing
- A strip of reinforced concrete wider than the wall which distributes the load to the
soil
- A steel percentage equals of 0.20 to 0.30% of the cross sectional area of concrete is
said to be adequate except on unusual cases.
2. Column Footing
Isolated or Independent Footing
- Represents the simplest and most economical type in the form of:
o Square Block Footing
o Square Slope Footing
o Square Stepped Footings
Page 4 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Combined Footing
- Is used when two types or more columns are spaced closely to each other
that their footing will almost or completely merge, it is either rectangular or
trapezoidal
Continuous Footing
- Sometimes classified as wall footing which support several columns in a row.
o Inverted Slab Footing
o Inverted Tee Footing
Raft or Mat Footing
- It occupies the entire area beneath the structure and carries the wall and
the column loads.
o Uniform Slab
o Thickened Slab
o Beam Girder

CONCRETE
Concrete
- is an artificial stone made out from the mixture of cement, sand, gravel and
water
- known as solid mass or plain concrete
- Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in tension, thus adding
reinforcement increases the strength in tension.
Reinforced Concrete
- concrete in which reinforcement is embedded in such a manner that the
two materials act together in resisting forces
- It was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and patented in
1867.
- The term Ferro Concrete refers only to concrete that is reinforced with iron
or steel.
- The failure strain of concrete in tension is so low that the reinforcement has
to hold the cracked sections together.
- For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement shall have
the following properties:
o High strength
o High tensile strain
o Good bond to the concrete
o Thermal compatibility
o Durability in the concrete environment
 SLUMP TEST – determining the consistency of freshly mixed concrete;
- water-cement ratio
- Standard Cone Size – 30cm high x 20cm dia. at the bottom and
0.30m height
 CYLINDRICAL TEST – Compressive Strength Test
- Quality-Control test based on 7 and 28 day curing period
 Designing of Concrete mixture is based on the Water-Cement Ratio
o 0.68 lb. of water / lb. of cement will produce concrete capable of
developing 2,500 PSI in 28 days
o Less Water = Stronger Concrete
o More Water = Weaker Concrete
 Admixture – accelerates (speeds up) or retards (delays) concrete setting
Page 5 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 Sizes of Measuring Box (inside dimension)

o 40kg Cement – 300mm x 300mm x 300mm
o 50kg Cement – 320mm x 320mm x 330mm

CEMENTS
 PORTLAND CEMENT – Made from materials which contain a proper proportion of
lime, silica, alumina, and iron components.
- 40 or 50kg or bulk into cement trucks
 SPECIAL CEMENTS
o WHITE PORTLAND CEMENT – same as normal Portland but differs in color
- the manufacturing process is controlled to produce a pure white,
non-staining cement
- for architectural purposes;
 curtain wall or facing panels
 decorative concrete stucco
 tile grout
o MASONRY CEMENT OR TILE ADHESIVES
- Designed to produce better mortar than the normal Portland
cement or lime-cements
- Good plasticity, workability, adhesion, and bond
o WATERPROOFED TILE CEMENT
- Normally produced by adding a small amount of stearate, usually
calcium or aluminum to the cement clinker during final grinding.
INERT MATERIALS – Sand, Crushed Stones, Burnt Clay
SAND – found in riverbeds, free of salt and must be washed
AGGREGATES – artificial stone made by binding together particles of some inert material
with a paste made of cement and water
FINE AGGREGATE – ¼” and smaller diameter stones
COARSE AGGREGATE – bigger than ¼” diameter stones

CONCRETE MIXTURE
Class Mixture 40kg 50kg Sand Gravel Use
AA 1:1½:3 12 9.5 0.50 cu. M 1.00 cu. M Concrete under water retaining walls
A 1:2:4 9 7 0.50 cu. M 1.00 cu. M Footing, Columns, Beams, R.C. Slabs
B 1 : 2 ½ : 5 7.5 6 0.50 cu. M 1.00 cu. M Slab on Fill, Non-Load Bearing Walls
C 1:3:6 6 5 0.50 cu. M 1.00 cu. M Concrete Plant Box

MORTAR MIXTURE
Class Mixture 40kg 50kg Sand
A 1:2 18 14.5 1.00 cu. M
B 1:3 12 9.5 1.00 cu. M
C 1:4 9 7 1.00 cu. M
D 1:5 7.5 6 1.00 cu. M

POST AND COLUMN

 Post – piece of timber of either cylindrical, square or other geometric cross section placed
vertically to support a building

Page 6 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 Column – vertical structure use to support a building made of stone, concrete, steel or
combination of the above materials
 Storey – space in the building between floor levels or between a floor and a roof above.

Classification of Reinforced Concrete

1. Short Column – when the unsupported height is not greater than ten times the
shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.
2. Long Column – when the unsupported height is more than ten times the shortest
lateral dimension of the cross section.

Types of Column
1. Tied Column – has reinforcement consisting of vertical or longitudinal bars held in
position by lateral reinforcement called lateral ties.

2. Spiral Column – is the term given where a circular concrete core are enclosed by
spirals with vertical or longitudinal bars. The vertical reinforcement is provided with
evenly spaced continuous spiral held firmly in position by at least three vertical bar
spacers.
3. Composite Column – where structural steel column are embedded into the concrete
core of a spiral column.
4. Combined Column – with structural steel encased in concrete of at least 7cm thick
with wire mess surrounding the column at a distance of 3cm inside the outer surface
of the concrete covering.
5. Lally Column – is a fabricated steel pipe provided with a flat steel bars or plate
which hold a girder, girts or beam. The steel pipe is sometimes filled with grout or
concrete for corrosion.

Page 7 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

METAL REINFORCEMENT

 REINFORCEMENT need to provide on beam to response to positive and negative

bending which may cause failure or collapse of the structure.
 REINFORCED CONCRETE – combination of concrete and steel.
 CONCRETE – is strong in supporting compression load but weak in resisting tension
forces
 STEEL – possesses the strength to resist both compression and tension.
 BALANCE BEAM – when the area of the concrete and steel are just enough to carry
the compression and tension forces simultaneously.
 INFLECTION POINTS – refer to the portion of a beam where bending moment
changes from positive to negative.
 NO BENT BARS – when bars are not bent up, an additional straight reinforcing bar
are placed on the top of the beam across the supports extended to the required
length.
 BENT REINFORCING BARS – are bent up on or near the inflection point and are
extended at the top of the beam across the support towards the adjacent span.
 4cm – allowance protective covering of steel bars from the outside of the main
reinforcement
ADVANTAGE OF THE BEND BAR: resists the diagonal tension
Building Code required that a balance beam shall provide, that the cross sectional area
of steel reinforcement shall be equal to 0.005 times the cross sectional product of the
width and the depth of the beam

Used lateral ties

10mm dia. If longitudinal bars 32mm SMALLER
12mm dia. If longitudinal bars 36mm BIGGER

FACTORS FOR SPACING OF THE LATERAL TIES

1. Should not be more than 16 times the diameter of the longitudinal or main
reinforcing bars.
2. Should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the lateral ties
3. Not more than the shortest dimension of the column.

WOOD CONSTRUCTION

 SCAB – A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted nailed or screwed o two butting pieces in
order to splice them together.
- A short, flat piece of lumber that is used to splice two pieces of wood set at right angles to
each other

Page 8 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 FISH PLATE – A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails
or bolts.

 SPLICE PLATE – A metal plate used for fastening two or more member together.

 COGGED JOINT – A carpentry joint by two uneven timbers. Each of which is notched at the place
where they meet.

 NOTCHING – Joining of timbers, usually meeting or crossing at right angles by cutting dap in one
or both pieces
Page 9 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

- A notch is defined as a concave or V-shaped cut or indentation in an edge or across a

surface. There were six basic methods of producing a true corner-timbered joint: saddle
notching, V-notching, diamond notching, full dovetailing, half dovetailing, and square
notching.
- Corner notching on log structures can be used to specify nationalities within a
geographic perimeter.
- Saddle notching is achieved by cutting a U-shaped groove in the top and/or bottom of a
log such that they fit together like Lincoln logs. This notch takes minimal skill and logs
are usually unhewn.
- V-notching is created by cutting an inverted V whose ridge is parallel to the length of the
log at the top end. A similar but perpendicular inverted V is notched into the underside.
- Diamond notching, the least popular notch, is created by clipping the ‘corners’ off the
log, leaving a diamond-shaped end.
- Full dovetail, the tightest and most time-consuming notch, resembles the dovetail joints
in furniture. The log’s end is a splayed tenon.
- Half dovetail is similar to the full dovetail except that only the top portion is splayed.
- Square notching is created by merely re
the log, thus forming a tenon.

 CROSSLAP JOINT – A joint connecting two wood members which cross each other. Half of the
thickness of each is cut so that the thickness will be the same as that of each member.

Page 10 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 SQUARE SPLICE – A type of half lapped used to resist tension

 BRIDLE JOINT – A joint in which two tongues project from the sides of the tenoned member,
these tongues fit into corresponding slots in the mortised member.

 TENON – the projecting end of a piece of wood, or other materials which is reduced in cross
section, so that it may be inserted in a corresponding cavity in another piece in order to form a
secure joint.

 YACAL – A lumber preferred when in contact with a concrete.

 BOARD FOOT – The volume of a piece of wood 1” thick, 1’ wide and 1’ long.
 BOLIDEN SALT – treatment in wolmanized lumber.
 DAP – a notch in a timber for receiving another timber or into which the head of a pile is fitted.
 DADO – a rectangular groove cut across the full width of a piece of wood to receive the end of
another piece.

Figure 1 (A) rabbet, (B) dado, (C) end flap, (D) middle lap, I lapped miter, (F) notched, and (G) combination dado and rabbet (good for
box corners).

 SOLIGNUM – trade name for anti-termite surface application on wood.

 MOISTURE METER – measures the moisture of wood

FLOOR STRUCTURE
WOOD FLOOR SYSTEM

Page 11 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Platform structure of the building which is suspended by posts, columns, walls and beams.
CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Live Load
2. Dead Load
3. Types of Materials to be Used
4. Sizing and Spacing of the Structural Members
5. Span of the Supports – distances between posts, columns, or supporting walls

CLASSIFICATION OF PLATFORM
1. Plank and Beam Floor Type
2. Panelized Floor System
3. Conventional Floor Framing System

 GIRDER –is a principal beam extending from wall to wall of a building supporting the floor joists
of floor beams
- A large main supporting beam, commonly of steel or reinforced concrete, which carries
a heavy transverse (crosswise) load. In a floor system, beams and joists transfer their
loads to the girders, which in turn frame into the columns.
- Español (Spanish)
n. – viga, soporte, puntal

 GIRDER POST- any column or post which supports a girder.

 SILL – part of the side of a house that rests horizontally upon the foundation

Page 12 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 FLOOR JOIST – part of the floor system placed on the girders where the floor boards are
fastened
 HEADER AND TRIMMER
- Header is a short transverse joists that supports the end of the cut-off joist at a stairwell
hole.
- A framing member which crosses and supports the ends of joists, rafters, etc.,
transferring the weight of the latter to parallel joists, rafters, etc.
- Trimmer is a timber or metal beam (joist) used to create an opening around a stairwell,
skylight, chimney, and the like. Trimmers are installed parallel to floor or ceiling joists
and support perpendicular headers.

 FLOORING – Any material used as the finish surface of a floor, such as boards, bricks, planks, or
tile.
 TAIL BEAM OR TAIL PIECE – A short beam, joist, or rafter, which is supported by a header joist at
one end and a wall at the other; also called a tail beam or tail joist.

Page 13 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 LEDGER STRIP – a strip of a lumber which is nailed to the side of the beam, forming a seat for
the joists

 DRAFTSTOP PLATE – a piece of lumber uses to dress up the edge of the joists

 SOLE PLATE – a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition.
 SILL PLATE - A heavy horizontal timber at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure; the
timber rests directly on a foundation; same as sill
 TOP PLATE – he top horizontal member of a building frame to which the rafters are fastened.
The horizontal member of a building frame at the top of the partition studs.

 CRIPPLE STUD – In a building frame, a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud
above a door opening or below a windowsill
 BLOCK OR SOLID BRIDGING – or Solid Strutting. Short members (boards) which are fixed
vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists.

Page 14 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 CROSS BRIDGING – Diagonal bracing (in pairs) between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists
from twisting.

 HANGER OR STIRRUP
- A bent rod, usually U-shaped or W-shaped; used in reinforced brick or concrete
construction.
- A reinforcing device to resist shear and diagonal tension stresses in a beam.
- A metal seat, attached to a wall beam or post or hung from a girder, to receive and
support a beam or joist.

 BALLOON FRAMING – Construction has studs continuous to roof supporting second floor joist.
- A system of framing a wooden building; all vertical structural elements of the exterior
bearing walls and partitions consist of single studs which extend the full height of the
frame, from the top of the sole-plate to the roof plate; all floor joists are fastened by
nails to studs.

 WESTERN FRAMING – has subfloor extended to the outer edge of the frame and provides a flat
work surface at each other.
- A system of framing a building of wood construction in which all studs are only one
storey in height; the floor joists for each storey rest on the top plates, 2 of the storey
below, except for the first storey, which rests on the groundsill. The bearing walls and
partitions rest on the subfloor. Same as platform framing

Page 15 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEM

BEAM – structural member that supports a transverse load and which usually rests on support at its
end
GIRDER – a beam that supports one or more smaller beam
SIMPLE BEAM – or Simply Supported Beam; a beam having a single span supported at its end
CONTINUOUS BEAM – a beam that rests on more than two supports
SEMI-CONTINUOUS BEAM – a beam with two spans with or without restrain at the two extreme
ends

WEB REINFORCEMENT
- serves to resist diagonal tension and counteract he shear action on the structure
- Vertical Stirrup – should encircle the main reinforcement and hook bent with a diameter
not less than 5x the diameter of the stirrups at its end. It must be secured properly to prevent
slipping of the main reinforcement in the concrete.

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB

CLASSIFICATIONS:
1. One Way Solid Slab and Beam
2. Two Way Solid Slab Beam
3. Ribbed Floors
4. Flat Slab or Girderless Floors Solid or Ribbed
ADVANTAGE in application
1. Spacing of the Columns
2. The Magnitude of the Loads to be Supported
3. Length of the Span
4. The Cost of the Construction

 ONE WAY SLAB – common type of reinforced concrete floor system which is supported by two
parallel beams. Reinforcements run only in one direction
- Suitable for Medium to Heavy Live Loads on Short Span (2.00 to 3.50m long).
- Temperature Bar is usually No. 3 steel bar; to counteract the effect of shrinkage and
changes in temperature.
 TWO WAY SLAB - A concrete floor slab in which the main reinforcement runs in two directions
and is supported on four sides.
- A rectangular, reinforced concrete slab having a span on the long side that is less than
twice the span on the short side.
- The thickness of the slab shall not be less than 4” or 10cm nor less than the perimeter of
the slab divided by 180. The spacing of the reinforcement shall not be more than 3x the
slab thickness.
 RIBBED FLOOR SLAB – for medium span length with light or medium load
- Consists of small adjacent T-beam wherein the open spaces between the ribs are filled
with clay tiles, gypsum tiles or steel forms.
- Temperature Bars used are either No. 2 bar or 6mm or Wire Mesh which runs at right
angle with the ribs

Page 16 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 FLAT SLAB – A concrete slab which is reinforced in two or more directions, usually without
beams or girders to transfer the loads to supporting members

 CONSTRUCTION JOINT – A joint where two successive placement of concrete meet

- A separation provided in a building which allows its component parts to move with
respect to each other. The cause of such movement may be thermal, seismic, or wind
loading.

Page 17 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 CONTRACTION JOINT or EXPANSION JOINT – A joint between adjacent parts of a structure

which permits movement between them.

 CONTROL JOINTS – Employed to reduce restraint by accommodating movement of masonry wall

 BLOCK-OUT – A Space where concrete is not to be placed
 CREEP – A permanent deformation of a material under a sustain load
 CAMBER – Convex curvature in beam or Truss
LAYING OUT OF STAIRS

1. Determine the clear height of the Rise in meter. Ordinarily, the Rise per Step is 17-
18cm and the Minimum Thread width s 25cm.
2. Divide the rise (height in meter) by 0.17 or 0.18 to determine the number of steps.
3. Divide the run distance in meter by 0.25 or 0.30m

Page 18 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

4. If the result found in Step#3 is less than the number found in Step#2, the Run Length
has to be extended.
5. There should be no functional value of a riser. Adjust a functional value in equal
proportion to the number of riser height, but the Rise per Step shall not be greater
than 19cm or less than 17cm.

TYPE OF STRINGERS according to the method of attaching the riser and the thread

1. CUT
2. CLEATED
3. BUILT-UP
4. RABBETED

STAIR TERMINOLOGIES

 PARTS OF STAIRS
 BALUSTER – the vertical member, plain or decorative, that acts as the infill between the
handrail and baserail
- used to support a stair handrail

 BALUSTRADE – an entire railing system including a top rail, vertical members and bottom
rail

 BULL-NOSED STEP – a step usually lowest in a flight, having one or both ends rounded to a
semi-circle and projection beyond the face of the stair string/s

Page 19 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 BANISTER – handrail for a staircase

 CLOSED STRING - a string with the face housed/trenched to accommodate treads and risers
so their profile cannot be seen.
 CONTINUOUS HANDRAIL - using straight lengths of handrail connected to handrail fittings
and ramps, the handrail flows over the tops of newel turnings creating a continuous run of
handrail.
 CURTAIL STEP - a decorative shaped step at the bottom of the stairs usually accommodating
the volute and volute newel turning of the Continuous Handrail System.
 CUT OR OPEN STRING - a string with the upper edge cut away to the shape of the treads and
risers so that their profile can be seen from the side.
 GOING - the going of a flight of stairs is the horizontal distance between the face of the first
and last risers. The individual going of a step is measured from face of riser to face of riser
and for domestic use should be a minimum of 220mm.
 KICKER PLATE – stair anchor to concrete
 NEWEL - accommodates the strings, handrails and treads/risers of stairs.
 NOSING - the edge of the tread projecting beyond the face of the riser and the face of a cut
string.
 PITCH - the angle between the pitch line and the horizontal.
 PITCH LINE - the notional line connecting the nosing of all treads in a flight of stairs.
 RAKE - the pitch of the stairs.
 RISE - the rise of a flight is the vertical distance between the floors or landings connected by
the flight. The individual rise is the vertical measurement from top of tread to top of tread.
 Riser - the board that forms the face of the step. The maximum individual rise for domestic
flights is 220mm.
 STAIRCASE - the entire structure relating to a stair, comprising steps, treads, risers, strings,
balustrading, landings etc.
 STAIRWAY/STAIRWELL - the space/void provided for the stairs.
 STEP - the tread and riser combined.
 STRING MARGIN - the distance between the top of the string and the pitch line measured at
90° to the pitch line.
 TREAD - the top or horizontal surface of a step.
 WALL STRING - the string of a staircase fixed flush with a wall.
 WINDERS - are radiating steps narrower at one end that are used to change the direction of
a stairs through 90° or 180°.

 TYPES OF STAIRS
o STRAIGHT-RUN STAIR –a stair extending from one level to another without turns or winders

o QUARTER-TURN STAIR – or L-Stair; a stair making a right-angled turn, consisting of two

straight flights connected by an intervening landing or a series of winders.

o HALF-TURN STAIR – a stair that turns 180 ° or through two right angles at an intervening
landing
Page 20 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 HALFSPACE LANDING – or halfpace landing; a landing connecting two flights of a

half-turn stair
o DOG-LEG STAIR – a half-return stair consisting of two straight flights immediately side by
side and connected by an intervening landing
o DOUBLE – L STAIR – a half-turn stair having two or intermediate landings, each offering a 90°
change of direction
o THREE-QUARTER-TURN STAIR – a stair requiring a three-quarter turn for continued ascent
or descent
o DOUBLE RETURN STAIR – a stair having one wide flight from the main floor to an
intermediate landing, and two side flights from that landing to the floor above
o WINDING STAIR – any stair constructed chiefly with winders, as a geometric or spiral stair
 CIRCULAR STAIR – a winding stair having a circular plan
 SPIRAL STAIR – a circular stair having wedge-shaped treads winding around and
supported by a central post (Newel).

o ELLIPTICAL STAIR – a winding stair having an elliptically shaped well

o GEOMETRICAL STAIR – a winding stair constructed around a circular or elliptical well
without the use of newels and often no landings between floors.

ROOF

HIP JACKS – Jack Rafters framed between Hip Rafters and girts
VALLEY JACKS – Frame between the Ridge and Valley Rafter
CRIPPLE JACKS – Frames between the Hip and the Valley Rafter

TRUSS – a built-up frame commonly employed on a long span roof unsupported by

intermediate columns or partitions.
- Series of triangles used to distribute load, stiffens the structure and flexibility for
the interior spacing as well as strength and rigidity

PURLINS – structural member placed on top of a rafter or top chord of a truss that supports
the roof sheathing
Page 21 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

PURLINS SIZE AND SPACING

SPAN SIZE
2.00 50mm x 75mm
3.00 50mm x 100mm
3.50 50mm x 150mm
4.50 50mm x 200mm

ROOF AND ROOFING MATERIAL

 ROOFING CLASSIFICATION according to the material used:

o FIBER o REINFORCED CONCRETE
o FIBERGLASS o SLATE
o METAL o TILES
o PLASTICS o WOOD

 METAL ROOFING – most common

o CLASSIFICATION
 ALUMINUM
 COPPER
 GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)
 LEAD
 STAINLESS STEEL
 TIN

 GALVANIZED IRON SHEET (G.I. SHEET) - most commonly specified

- Either Plain or Corrugated
- Gauge – unit for thickness (ga.14 to ga.30; ga.26 –usually used)
- Standard Commercial size: 0.80m (Width) x 1.50~3.60m (Length)
- Plain G.I. Sheet Standard Commercial size: 0.90m x 2.40m
 Used for roofing, gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls,
downspout, and strap for riveting
- Corrugated G.I. Roofing Fasteners
 Nailing
 Riveting

o PAN TILE – S-shape

o MISSION TILE – alternately up and down

Page 22 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

o ROMAN TILE – Channel shaped, tapered, single lap roofing tile

o GALVANIZED – Zinc Coated

o TERRA COTTA – Fired Earth
- A clay product which has been used for architectural decorative
purposes since ancient Greece and Rome.
- Also referred as Ceramic Veneer
o A FRAME – 3 piece rigid structural frame in the shape of the upright capital “A”

o CHORD – principal member of a truss that resists bending

o BATTEN – wood strips to support roof tiles
o SPLIT RING – chord splice connectors for trusses
o ROOFING FELT – Roofing paper which are used in making a built – up roof and
are usually produced in 91cm wide rolls.

Page 23 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Figure 2 BELGIAN TRUSS

Figure 3 SCISSORS TRUSS

Page 24 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

WOOD MATERIALS

WOOD – has durability and beauty.

- absorbs shocks from sudden load; light in weight

CLASSIFICATION
1. SOFTWOOD – for general construction
- Conifers – trees that have needles rather than leaves and that bear their
seeds in cones
2. HARDWOOD – for flooring, stairs, paneling, furniture and interior trim
- Deciduous – trees that have broad leaves which are normally shed in winter

PROPERTIES OF WOOD
 HARDNESS – measured by the compression
 FLEXIBILITY – will bend before breaking
 STRENGTH – to the grain
 DURABILITY – lifespan of wood

DEFECTS OF LUMBER

 DECAY – caused by attacked of Fungi

o Fungi attack timber when these conditions are all present:
 The timber moisture content is above 25% on a dry-weight basis
 The environment is warm enough
 Air is present
o Wood with less than 25% moisture (dry weight basis) can remain free of
decay for centuries. Similarly, wood submerged in water may not be
attacked by fungi if the amount of oxygen is inadequate.
o Fungi timber defects:
 Blue stain  Sap stain
 Brown rot  Wet rot
 Dry rot  White rot
 Heart rot
 CHECKS – cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual rings of growth
Page 25 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

 KNOTS – irregular growths in the body which interrupts smooth curve

 PITCH POCKETS – well refined opening between annual rings containing solid or
liquid pitch
 WANE – is the lack of wood on the edge or corner of a piece

TYPES OF WARPING

 CUPPING - distortion of the board in which the face is convex/concave across the
board
 BOWING – the face is convex / concave longitudinally
 TWISTING – one corner is raised
 CROOK - a warp along the length of the edge of the wood
 KINK - a localized crook, often due to a knot
 CUP - a warp across the width of the face, in which the edges are higher or lower
than the center of the wood
 SHAKE – most affects the lumber strength

Page 26 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 STRIPS – pieces less than 2” thick and less than 8” wide
 BOARDS – pieces less than 2’ thick and at least 8” wide
 DIMENSION LUMBER – pieces more than 2’ thick and less than 5” in any dimension
- Term used for lumber that is finished/planed and cut to standardized width
and depth specified in inches. Examples of common sizes are 2×4, 2×6, and
4×4
 TIMBER – pieces 4” or more on the smallest dimension
 LOG- pieces 12” or more on the smallest dimension

CATEGORIES OF LUMBERB
 YARD LUMBER – For ordinary light construction and finishing work
 SHOP LUMBER – intended for use in shops or in mills making sash, doors, and
cabinets
 STRUCTURAL LUMBER – intended for use in heavy construction for load-bearing
purposes and is cut into timbers of larger size

WOOD GRAIN
 EDGE GRAIN – Annual rings run approximately at right angle to the face
 FLAT GRAIN – Annual rings run more or less parallel to the surface
 ANGLE GRAIN – Annual rings are at about 45 deg. to the face

SEASONING OF LUMBER
 AIR DRYING – lumber is strip-pilled at slope on a solid foundation.
- Allows air to circulate around every piece while the sloping allows water
to run off quickly. This drying may take month.
 KILN DRYING – more expensive lumber such as those used for furniture
- Dried on an airtight structure heated by steam pipes in which lumber is
artificially dried to the correct moisture.

MANUFACTURE BOARDS
- Made of wood but does not appear on their natural state.

TYPE OF BOARDS
o PLYWOOD – made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with grains
running at right angle to each other
- light in weight and strong; screw or nail can be driven close to the edges
 TYPES OF PLYWOOD
 SOFT PLYWOOD – for structural use
 HARDWOOD PLYWOOD – for paneling and finishing where
one face is usually hard finished
 EXTERIOR or MARINE PLYWOOD – for external use
o HARDBOARD – made from wood chips which are exploded into fibers under stream
of high pressure, the cellulose and liquid are separated from the unwanted elements
and then mixed into a homogeneous mass and formed into a uniform, hard grainless
sheets in heated process
- the lining in the wood binds pressed wood together with no fillers or
artificial adhesive
- Pressed Wood is equally strong in all directions but very brittle

Page 27 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

- Light to Dark Brown

o TEMPERED HARDBOARD – a building board made by impregnated standard board
with a compounding of oils and resins and baking it to polymerize the material.
- Brittle and stiff
- Water resistant
o INSULATING FIBERBOARD – made from three types of fiber; wood, sugar, cane and
asbestos, and binder formed into a board
- Softened with live stem, sheared to break chips down into fibers
o CHIPBOARD – large class of building board made from wood and particles and a
binder, often faced with veneer
- Panels may be unsanded, sanded on one side or both.
- Patterned panels have one groove surface, either evenly spaced or random
o CORKBOARD – from the outer bark of an oak tree
- Granules is mixed with synthetic resin, compressed and formed into sheets
from 25mm to 150mm thick and baked under pressure into rigid boards
- Standard length is 0.91m (36”) and widths are 30, 45, 60, 75cm
- Exclusive for sound insulating material and vibration control
o PARTICLE BOARD – a hardboard made from relatively small materials
- Manufactures from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes, strands, shaving, silvers,
etc. bound together and pressed into sheets and other molded shaped.
- has equal strength in all direction of a given cross sectional area
- not brittle and can resist warping
- both surfaces are sanded
- for floor underlay and shelving common as a base for wood veneers and
plastic laminates

 GLUE LAMINATED LUMBER – wooden member built-up of several layers of wood whose grain
directions are all substantially parallel, and held together with glue as fastening
- Commonly used for beams, gardens, posts, columns, arches, bowstring truss chords
- Usually softwood
 TREATED LUMBER – when lumber is subjected to pressure and inject with chemicals or salts to
insure it from rots
 BUILDING BOARDS – a group of sheets of building materials often faced with paper or vinyl,
suitable for us as finished surface on walls, ceilings, etc.
- These are flat, relatively thin in section and have been made to standard sizes, usually
1.20m x 2.40m (4’ x 8’)
 STRUCTURAL INSULATION BOARDB – made from organic fiber-wood, cane, straw or cork
- Treated with waterproofing chemicals
- Strawboards and corkboards
 VAPOR-BARRIER PAPER – two thickness of paper laminated together with a film of asphalt.

PAINTS

DRY FILM THICKNESS (DFT) – more important than the number of coats.
- Multiple thin coats are more effective than a single thick coat
- 5 mil DFT = 2 coats of paint

PIGMENT – finely ground solids that provide the paints covering or hiding power or its color
VEHICLE –portion of paint that evaporates or dries
- Liquid medium to carry the pigment; consists of binders and solvents
Page 28 of 29
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

SOLVENT – the volatile component; provides workability

SEALERS – seals the substrate
- Sanding Sealer
- Masonry Sealer
VARN ISH – clear coating
- No pigment
- Solvent or Water Based
STAINS – little to no amount of pigment
- contains mostly of solvent
ALKYDS – for exterior paints
- Oil modified resins that hardens by oxidation and evaporation (Oil Based or Solvent Based)
- Common paint vehicle
- For steel or wood surfaces
- Fast drying
- lowers the gloss
- Durable and water-resistant
- Good color retention
- Odorless
- ENAMEL
WATER BASED PAINT – no latex present
- Water as solvent
- Good for Concrete
- Has odor
- Acrylic as its main ingredient
- LATEX
PINT – smallest unit of volume used of trading or selling paint products
ETHCING SOLUTION – removes rust
NITRO-CELLULOSE – used in films
- High volatile
- Good for Lacquer

Page 29 of 29