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Experiment No. 7: Ecx-212 Analog Communication Systems Laboratory

This document describes an experiment measuring the noise figure of an analog communication system using a noise generator. It involves measuring the signal and noise power at the input and output of an AM transmitter and receiver. The noise figure is calculated as the ratio of signal-to-noise ratios at the input and output. The measured noise figure of the given system was 1.83.

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Jaspreet Singh Sidhu
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39 views

Experiment No. 7: Ecx-212 Analog Communication Systems Laboratory

This document describes an experiment measuring the noise figure of an analog communication system using a noise generator. It involves measuring the signal and noise power at the input and output of an AM transmitter and receiver. The noise figure is calculated as the ratio of signal-to-noise ratios at the input and output. The measured noise figure of the given system was 1.83.

Uploaded by

Jaspreet Singh Sidhu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECX-212 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO. 7

AIM: MEASURMENT OF NOISE FIGURE USING NOISE GENERATOR

KIT USED:

SCIENTECH TECHBOOK 2201&2202 AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND

DEMODULATION TECHNIQUES

THEORY:

Scientech TechBook 2201 & 2202 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulations a


comprehensive learning solution specifically designed to study basic operation,
having Technical Specifications: Audio Oscillator- With Adjustable Amplitude
and Frequency, Speaker for Output, 1MHz Carrier Generator, 2 Balanced
Modulators with Band Pass Filter, Output Amplifier with Adjustable Gain ,
Antenna for transmission for 2201 and RF amplifier, Mixer, Local Oscillator,
Beat Frequency Oscillator, IF amplifiers (2), Diode Detector, Product Detector,
Ganged Capacitor tunung, Antenna for 2202.

NOISE FIGURE:

Noise figure (NF) is measure of degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), caused by
components in a radio-frequency (RF) signal chain. It is a number by which the
performance of an amplifier or a radio receiver can be specified, with lower values
indicating better performance.

The noise figure is the difference in decibels (dB) between the noise output of the actual
receiver to the noise output of an “ideal” receiver with the same overall gain and
bandwidth when the receivers are connected to matched sources at the standard noise
temperature T0 (usually 290 K). The noise power from a simple load is equal to kTB,
where k is Boltzmann's constant, T is the absolute temperature of the load (for example a
resistor), and B is the measurement bandwidth.

Department of Elect. and Comm. Engg., Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
ECX-212 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

The Total noise and Signal Power at input of AM Transmitter and Receiver end is
Observed, Then Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) is Found and Noise Figure is
Calculated from Above Given Formula. To observe noise and signal power
Output at transmitter and receiver is taken on DSO and we perform Fourier
transform of signals. To find Noise and signal power: We check signal power by
moving cursor at position equal to signal actual frequency and measure
amplitude which represents power in db, To Observe Noise Power we add all
fluctuation powers. Same I done for both ends and SNR ratio calculated and
Hence Noise Figure.

OBSERVATIONS:

Message Signal Frequency: 2KHz

Signal Power at Input = 12.77 * 105 W

Total Noise Power at Input: 7.68 * 104 W

Signal Power at Output = 8.058 * 105 W

Total Noise Power at Output: 8.89 * 104 W

CALCULATIONS:

(SNR)input = 12.77*105 / 7.68*104 = 16.627 W

(SNR)output =8.058*105 / 8.89*104 = 9.064 W

Noise Figure F = (SNR)input / (SNR)output

Department of Elect. and Comm. Engg., Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
ECX-212 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

F = 16.627/9.064

F = 1.83

Result:

The Noise Figure of the given system has been measured as 1.83

Department of Elect. and Comm. Engg., Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
ECX-212 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

EXPERIMENT NO. 8

AIM: STUDY FUNCTIONING OF SUPERHETRODYNE AM RECIEVER.

THEORY:
Signals enter the receiver from the antenna and are applied to the RF amplifier where they are
tuned to remove the image signal and also reduce the general level of unwanted signals on other
frequencies that are not required.

There are some key circuit blocks that form the basic superheterodyne receiver. Although more
complicated receivers can be made, the basic circuit is widely used – further blocks can add
improved performance or additional functionality and their operation within the whole receiver
is normally easy to determine once the basic block diagram is understood.

 RF tuning & amplification: This RF stage within the overall block diagram for the receiver
provides initial tuning to remove the image signal. It also provides some amplification. If
noise performance for the receiver is important, then this stage will be designed for optimum
noise performance. This RF amplifier circuit block will also increase the signal level so that
the noise introduced by later stages is at a lower level in comparison to the wanted signal.
 Local oscillator: The local oscillator circuit block can take a variety of forms. Early
receivers used free running local oscillators. Today most receivers use frequency

Department of Elect. and Comm. Engg., Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar
ECX-212 ANALOG COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS LABORATORY

synthesizers, normally based around phase locked loops. These provide much greater levels
of stability and enable frequencies to be programmed in a variety of ways.
 Mixer: Both the local oscillator and incoming signal enter this block within the
superheterodyne receiver. The wanted signal is converted to the intermediate frequency.
 IF amplifier & filter: This superheterodyne receiver block provides the majority of gain
and selectivity. High performance filters like crystal filters may be used, although LC or
ceramic filters may be used within domestic radios.
 Demodulator: The superheterodyne receiver block diagram only shows one demodulator,
but in reality radios may have one or more demodulators dependent upon the type of signals
being receiver.
 Audio amplifier: Once demodulated, the recovered audio is applied to an audio amplifier
block to be amplified to the required level for loudspeakers or headphones. Alternatively the
recovered modulation may be used for other applications whereupon it is processed in the
required way by a specific circuit block.

The diagram above shows a very basic version of the superhet or superheterodyne receiver.
Many sets these days are far more complicated. Some superhet radios have more than one
frequency conversion, and other areas of additional circuitry to provide the required levels of
performance.

However the basic superheterodyne concept remains the same, using the idea of mixing the
incoming signal with a locally generated oscillation to convert the signals to a new frequency.

Result:
The Functioning of Super Heterodyne AM has been studied.

Department of Elect. and Comm. Engg., Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar

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