UNIT 15 TEACHING GRAMMAR- I

Structure

Objectives
Introduction
What is Grammar?
Why Study Grammar?
Approaches to Teaching Grammar
Current Trends in Teaching Grammar
Let Us Sum Up
Key Words
Suggested Readings
Answers

15.0 OBJECTIVES
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After going through this unit, you should be able to:

Understand the place of grammar in the teaching of a language

o Understand the different meanings of the word 'Grammar' as used in
different contexts
o What is involved in grammar teaching
a Become familiar with current trends in teaching grammar
e Organize grammar teaching in a systematic and meaningful manner in the
classroom.

-- - -

15.1 INTRODUCTION

What is grammar? Is there only one grammar? Is it compulsory that we should teach
grammar? If so, how should we go about it? If not, why not? What is the role of
grammar in language teaching? These are some of the questions that worry every
English teacher.

The ultimate aim of every language learner is to acquire the ability to speak and write
the language correctly. In order to do this, slhe requires knowledge of grammar in
some form or the other. Hence any course in language teaching assigns an important
role to grammar. As teachers of English we need to know:

a) What is grammar?
b) How should we teach grammar?

There are a handful of people who are fascinated by the magic of grammar, But most
of us generally feel 'bored' with it; nor do we have any pleasant recollections of our
grammar classes - either as teachers or as learners. We would rather teach 'poetry'
than 'grammar'.

This unit will help you to examine some of the prevailing misconceptions in grammar
teaching and enable you to make your grammar classes livelier and more interesting.
We do hope, that at the end of this unit, you would have developed a balanced
attitude to grammar.
Ttaclrirzg Writing ~ n t i Clieck Your Progress 1
Gramninr
Think of a grammar class you taught recently or a class where you were taught
grammar. What feelings do you associate with it? What caused those feelings?
Would you attribute this to the teacher, the learner or the subject? Why? 8

15.2 WHAT IS GRAMMAR?

The LONGMAN DICTIONARY OF CONTEMPORARY ENGLISH defines grammar

as 'the study and practice of the rules by which words change their forms and are
combined into sentences.' There are two basic elements in this definition: the rules of
grammar; and the study and practice of the rules. Here grammar constitutes a subset
of rules relating to word formation (morphology) and sentence formation (syntax).
According to modern linguistics, grammar is a device that specifies the infinite set of
well-formed sentences and assigns to each of them one or more structural
descriptions. In other words, grammar tells us what the possible sentences of a
language are and provides a description of them.
1. All of us are able to speak our mother tongue correctly. We do not make any
grammatical mistakes. If someone else speaks our mother tongue incorrectly,
we are able to identify the mistakes and correct them. Even an illiterate
native speaker is able to do this in spite of the fact slhe has not learnt
grammar formally at school. Slhe knows the grammar of herlhis mother
tongue instinctively. Grammar, in this sense refers to the total mechanism of
the language, which enables its users to communicate with each other. Let us
call this Grammar 1, or GI.
2. Consider the following sentence:
He going to school every day,
Even an illiterate English speaker knows that this sentence is wrong. S h e is even
able to correct it for you as "He is going to school every day". However, if you ask
himher why it is wrong, s h e is not able to tell you. On the other hand, an educated
native speaker or a grammarian would say: This sentence is wrong because the 'ing'
form of the verb is used without the auxiliary 'be'. The progressive verb phrase in
English always takes the form: be + ing. Such an ability to think about language
consciously and attempt a formal analysis and description of what one knows
intuitively (GI) is also referred to as grammar. We can distinguish this from G1 by
referring to this as Grainmar 2 or G2.
3. Grammar' also refers to the rules for correct use of language, which may be Teaching Grammar-I
prescribed for its users; for example words beginning with a vowel sound are
preceded by 'an' whereas words beginning with a consonant sound are
preceded by 'a'. Text books on grammar written by Wren and Martin, or
Nesfield consist of such rules, which prescribe what learners should/should
not do. Hence they are also referred to as prescriptive grammars. In contrast
to this, Grammars of the G2 type merely 'describe' the facts of the language.
Hence they are known as descriptive grammars. Let us call this third type
Grammar 3 or G3.

4. According to modern linguistics there is a fourth meaning for the term

'grammar' - 'Grammar' is regarded as the innate capacity which all human
beings possess; it allows them to acquire language. In this sense grammar is
a property of the human brain, rather than that of any language. This may be
termed Grammar 4 or G4.

What is Grammatical?

Consider the following dialogues:

a) i> Who's there?

ii) It's me!

b) i) Would you like some coffee?

ii) No, coffee has been drunk by me.

Traditional grammar teachers, brought up on the Wren and Martin tradition would
say that It's me is wrong; the correct Ibr~nis It's I. With regard to (b) they would
happily accept Coffee has been drunk by nze as correct, being the passive
transformation of I have drunk cofee. However we notice that almost every native
speaker uses It's nze and hardly any native speaker used Coflie hns been rlrurlk by
me. Does this mean that native speakers are often ungrammatical? Not at all. In fact,
grammar is described as the set of conventions used by native speakers. Hence we
add another dimension to language - that of appropriacy - a (ii) is appropriate but
b(ii) is inappropriate even though ii is grammatically correct. To cite another
example, traditional grammarians approve of WIzom did you see? This shows that
one cannot be too rigid regarding grammatical correctness, since language keeps
changing.

Check Your Progress 2

1. Summarise the four nleanings of Grammar in the table below:

Type Meaning

To which type of grammar would you attribute the following statement:

i) Every human child acquires a language but no animal does so.
ii) In English, a sentence should not end with a preposition.
iii) There are no articles in Tamil.
iv) I know that it is wrong to say I didn 't went there. I'm sorry I can't
explain why it is wrong.

Discuss whether the following sentences are grammatical and appropriate:

Teachirtg Writing ~ n d i) Everyone gave their share.
Grammar ii) Grammar is the most wonderful subject on earth
iii) Where you are going?
iv) We gave no one nothing.
v) Did you visit the Taj?
Yes, the Taj has been visited by me.

15.3 WHY STUDY GRAMMAR?

Traditional teachers of English considered grammar as an integral part of the

language curriculum. They felt that it was not possible for a learner to speak or write
English correctly if s h e did not know the grammar of English. Hence students were
taught all about articles, prepositions, conditional clauses, etc.

In the early years of the Communicative Approach it was felt that a knowledge of
grammar may not be necessary for one to communicate in a language. As evidence,
they cite the example of a child acquiring its first language. The child is able to
speak the language grammatically by the age of five, even though no one has taught
him/her the grammar of the language. So they argue that a second language learner
can also acquire a language without learning grammar.

The other arguments they gave against the teaching of grammar were:

e Much input produces little output. What is learnt is not applied.

Grammatical analysis breaks up the unity of thought by its focus on detail
and fails to relate the details to the whole.
Grammatical rules may be thoroughly understood and learned and yet not
applied in practice.
The best way of imparting even grammatical competence is through use and
not usage.

In recent years there has been a re-thinking about grammar teaching. While as a
reaction to the Structural Approach, the learners in a communicative classroom were
expected not 'puzzle their heads with grammar', it is being increasingly accepted that
"language learning is essentially learning how grammar functions in the achievement
of meaning.'' (Widdowson: 1990:97). But instead of isolated sentences which were
mostly used for drill and practice in the Structural Approach, the emphasis is now on
providing suitable contexts to make the "learners realize the communicative value of
grammar in the very achievement of meaning."

In other words, the focus has moved away from the teachers covering grammar to the
learners discovering grammar. Learners are first exposed to a new language in a
comprehensible context, so that they are able to understand its function and meaning.
Only then is their attention turned to examining the grammatical forms that have been
used to convey that meaning. The discussion of grammar is explicit, but it is the
learners who do most of the discussing or working out of rules, with guidance from
the teacher.

What should English teachers do then? Should they teach grammar or not? We feel ,
that grammar has an important place in the English curriculum and it has to be taught,
for the foIlowing reasons:

'Because it is there. We are constantly curious about the world we live in,
and wish to understand it and master it. Grammar is no different from any
 other domain of knowledge, in this respect. It is the fundamental organising Teaching Grammar-I
principle of language.
e We encounter ambiguity, imprecision, unintelligible speech or writing. To
deal with these problems, we need grammar to work out what went wrong.
e After studying grammar, we are more alert to the strength, flexibility and
variety of our language and thus are in a better position to use it and to
evaluate other's use of it.
e An intelligent study of grammar reveals surprising and interesting things
'"
about the orderliness of what the child has learned in a disorderly way. Thus
there is an intellectual appeal, aside from practical benefits.

Check Your Progress 3

1. Trace the history of grammar teaching from the structuralist to the post
,I
communicative approach.

15.4 APPROACHES TO TEACHING GRAMMAR

Language [earning is a complex phenomenon, it would be foolish to reduce it to

simplistic terms and say that "this is the best way to teach grammar". What works for
, one context may not work for another. As teachers of English, it is necessary for us
to be familiar with various approaches to teaching grammar. Let us look at some of
these approaches:

a) Formal explanation of grammatical rules

I
b) Practice of common grammatical patterns,
c) Providing opportunities for students to use English in realistic situations.
d) Discovery method
Let us look at each of them in detail,

a) Formal presentations of grammatical rules

Traditional teachers o f English followed this approach to grammar teaching. There

are several grammar books which present the rules of English grammar, e.g. Wren
and Martin, Nesfield, etc. These rules are prescriptive; while they have their own
value, we should be careful not to exaggerate their importance. Some of these rules
are no longer valid; if we continue to follow them, our English would sound quite
funny.

The mastery of the rules of grammar will surely make our learners veterans in
grammar; they will be able to answer the questions on grammar well and secure full
 Writing nntl
Tenclti~~g marks in the grammar section of the paper. But when they speak or write they are
Grnrnmnr likely to forget the rules they have learned and commit numerous mistakes. Hence
they will not be able to communicate effectively in English, outside the classroom.

b) Practice of common grammatical patterns

In this approach students are not taught the rules of grammar; they are merely asked
to practice the structures of language. They are given substitution tables which drill
them in the correct use of structures. It is thus impossible for them to come out with
an ungrammatical sentence. (e.g.)

Look at the substitution table given below. How many sentences can a learner
generate from this table?
-

~yiend wants a new camera

Rajesh has an exercising cycle
Pushpa needs a large basket -

Such drilling helps students to become familiar with the basic sentence patterns in
English. However, it does not tell them when to use these patterns. There is also the
danger that they may mechanically repeat the sentences without understanding the
grammatical rules involved.

c) Providing opportunities to use English in realistic situations

In this approach, the teacher is not concerned with teaching grammar - either in the
form of rules or drills. Hislher major objective is to create opportunities for the
learners to communicate in English. It is believed that by engaging in the process of
communication, the students will implicitly master the rules of grammar. Hence, the
more opportunities learners get for communication, the better their proficiency.

The difference between the first and third approaches could be represented as
follows;

Approach (a): Grammar Communication

We learn grammar rules now so that we will be able to communicate later

Approach (c): Coinmunication Communication

Implicit understanding of grammar. Learners are given opportunities to engage in the
process of communication; this will enable them to acquire the proficiency to
communicate (which includes grammatical competence as well).

These two approaches represent two extremes - the one focusing totally on grammar
and the other completely on communication, to the exclusion of grammar.

d) Discovery Techniques

There is yet another approach which makes use of discovery techniques. Here the
students are given examples of language and told to find out how they works- to
discover the grammar rules rather than be told about them. Students can be asked to
look at some sentences and say how the meaning is expressed and what the
differences are between the sentences. As the students puzzle through the information
and solve the problem in front of them, they find out how grammar is 'used in the text
and are actually acquiring a grammar rule. The advantages of this approach are clear.
By involving the students' reasoning processes in the task of grammar acquisition, we
make sure that they are concentrating hlly, using their cognitive powers. We are also
ensuring that our approach is more student-centered: it's not just the teacher telling
the students what the grammar is. They are actually discovering information for
themselves.
42
 We now outline a practical way of following a rather eclectic approach suggested by Teaching Grammar-I
Celce Murcia and Hilles.

According to them a grammar lesson consists of four parts:

1. Presentation
The teacher selects a grammar structure relevant to student needs and introduces it.
The teacher could present the structure (e.g.) the passive in a natural context.
She could then elicit the rule for forming the passive.
2. Focused Practice
In this stage, students get practice in the use of the Passive, through various exercises,
(e.g,) filling in passive forms of verbs in the continuous paragraph. After they finish
the exercise, the teacher gives them the correct answers and also discusses their
errors.
3. Communicative Practice
Now, the learner engages in communicative activities to practice the structure that
has been learnt. These activities are similar to communication in real life. There is a
genuine information gap as in real life contexts. As in real life the learners have the
choice i.e., the freedom to say what they want. They also get feedback from their
peers regarding the effectiveness of their communication.
4. Teacher feedback and correction
Although it has been listed last, feedback and correction actually form an integral part
of all the three stages above. The teacher should not merely point out the error and
correct it; instead slhe should provide a cognitive cl~allengeto the learners and
provide them opportunities to discover their own mistakes.
The approach of Celce Murcia and Hilles, attempts a compromise among the
approaches discussed earlier.
Check Your Progress 4
1. Four approaches to grammar have been presented in this section, Which do
you prefer? Why?

I
2. Look through grammar books (both traditional and modern) and try to find a
sample exercise for each of the four approaches.

Choose any area of grammar and prepare a lesson plan for teaching it, based
on the plan of Celce Murcia and Hilles.
Teacliilig Writing and
Grnrnmnr

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15.5 CURRENT TRENDS IN TEACHING GRAMMAR

The teaching of grammar has undergone a sea-change in recent times. If a grammar

teacller in the year 1900 happens to visit a grammar class today, s h e may not
recognize that it is a grammar class. We shall briefly outline the basic principles
followed today:

a) Teach grammar for communication - not grammar for its own sake
Our aim in teaching is to help learners to communicate effectively. We are
not interested in producing grammarians. As we pointed out earlier, students
may be very good in grammar when they do isolated exercises on grammar;
but they often fumble and commit mistakes when they attempt to speak or
write independently.
We want our learners to acquire knowledge of language and not knowledge
about language. It is not necessary for them to know what a noun or a verb is;
they can still comlnunicate without such knowledge. Hence let us not frighten
our learners with excessive use of grammatical labels. An analogy might help
you to understand this better. If you want to learn driving, it is not necessary
for you to know everything about each part of the car. That is a mechanic's
duty. You can still drive a car without knowing, for example, what the
different parts of the engine are. Similarly you can still speaktwrite a
language without an explicit knowledge about grammar.

b) Teach grammar as discourse - not isolated sentences

The traditional grammar books present numerous exercises, which consist of
isolated sentences, unconnected with each other. This is artificial and
unrealistic. In real life we always speaklwrite in continuous stretches of
language (known as discourse). If our language classes should help our
learners to communicate effectively in real life, then we should also give
them practice in the use of continuous discourse.
c) Teach grammar in context
Most of our time-tables allocate a separate period for grammar. We select a
particular area of grammar and teach the various aspects. Most often
students feel bored with this, because they do not understand its relevance to
real life contexts. They are often puzzled and confused. After all, what is the
difference between saying "I ate a mango" and "A mango was eaten by me",
when they both mean the same thing? A little more planning will make the
class more interesting, For example, passives may be taught through the
context of laboratory reports or newspaper reports where the agent is not
important. The present continuous tense may be presented in the context of
running commentaries for cricket, tennis, etc.
d) Make grammar learning fun
Interactive games for grammar are very popular now. They motivate learners
and help them to shed inhibitions. Games also help learners to practice the
relevant structures without even being conscious of the fact that they are
learning grammar. We shall give you many ideas on grammar games in the
next unit.
 Focus on fluency first and accuracy later Teaching Grammar-I
We, English teachers, on the whole, feel very possessive about English
grammar. If anyone makes a grammatical mistake (whoever it may be), we
have to point it out immediately, otherwise our conscience troubles us! But
we should think of the effect of such correction on our learners who are just
beginning to struggle to communicate. The moment we point out a mistake,
they feel humiliated and inhibited. They feel it is better not to speak, rather
than speak ungrammatically. Hence it is advisable to pretend to ignore their
mistakes in the early stages of learning or point it out as a whole class
activity. After they gain some fluency and confidence, we could slowly
begin to emphasize the need for accuracy.

Check Your Progress 5

1. Think o f another analogy to bring out the difference between knowledge of

and knowledge about something.

2. Write dialogue which you could use as a starting point for teaching 'if
clauses.

3. Choose any four areas of grammar. Now identify the contexts where they
are likely to be used frequently.

4. Discuss the concept of fluency vs. accuracy with your learners and
colleagues. Do you find any difference in their views? .

15.6 LET US SUM UP

In this unit we addressed the following concepts about grammar:

e Grammar is a theory of language. It consists of a set of rules which combine
words and sentences.
The words 'grammar' is understood in four different ways:
a. GI the total mechanism of the language, which enables
its users to communicate with each other.
T e n c l z i ~Writing
~ a~zd b. G2 a formal analysis and description of what a native speaker
Grnmmnr knows intuitively.
c. G3 prescriptive rules for correct use of language.
d. G4 the capacity that all human beings possess, which
enable them to acquire language.
e It is not enough if sentences are grammatical; they should also be
appropriate.
* There are four major approaches to teaching grammar:
a. Formal explanation of grammatical rules.
b. Practice of common graminatical patterns.
c, Providing oppol-tunities for students to use English in realistic
situations.
d. Using discovery methods which help students frame their own rules.
e The four parts of a grammar lesson are: Presentation; Focused Practice;
Communicative Practice; Teacher feedback and Correction.
o Recent trends in grammar teaching are:
Don't teach grammar far its own sake; Instead,
a. Teach grammar for communication.
b. Teach grammar as discourse - not isolated sentences.
c. Teach grammar in context.
d. Make grammar fun.
e. Focus on fluency first, accuracy later.
f. Let children discover the rules of grammar for themselves.

15.7 KEY WORDS

appropriacy: when producing an utterance, a speaker needs to

know what is grammatical, and also what is suitable
(appropriate) for that particular situation.
descriptive grammar: a grammar which describes how a language is
actually spoken or written, and does not prescribe
how it ought to be spoken or written.
fluency vs accuracy: fluency refers to the ability to produce spoken and
written language with ease. I-Iowever, it may be
pointed out that the vocabulary, grammar and
intonation need not be perfect,
Accuracy, in contrast, refers to the ability to produce
grammatically correct sentences, but may not
include the ability to speak or write fluently.
prescriptive grammar: Pedagogical grammar which states rules for the most
correct usage. Prescriptive grammars are often based
not on descriptions of actual usage but on the
grammarian's view of what is best.

15.8 SUGGESTED READINGS

Frank, C. & Rinovolucri, Mario (1983): Grammar in Action, Oxford; Pergamon

Press.
 i
Makey, Sandra L. (1985): Teaching Grammar, Oxford; Pergamon Institute of Teaching Grammar-I 1
English. j
,L
~involucri,Mario (1984): Grarnmar Games, Cambridge; Cambridge University
Press,
Ur. Penny (1988): Grammar Practice Activities, Cambridge; Cambridge University
Press.
Wright, Andrew, Betteridge, David & Buckby, Michael (1984): Games for
Language Learning, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.
Channel 1 - lO(1990):Madras; Orient Longman.

15.9 ANSWERS

Check Your Progress 1

Open ended.
Clieck Your Progress 2
1. Type Meaning
GI - Total mechanism of a language
G% - Formal analysis and description of a language
G3 - Rules for correct use of a language.
G4 - The innate capacity of human beings.

2. i. G4 ii. G3 iii. G2 iv.Gl

3. i. Not grammatical, but appropriate.

ii. Both grammatical and appropriate.
iii. Ungrammatical; appropriate in India.
iv. Ungrammatical; appropriate in a dialect.
v. Grammatical; inappropriate.
Check Your Progress 3
Structuralist Approach - Language Learning was considered to be habit formation.
Drills, teaching particular grammatical points were given for practice with the hope
that the children would master that particular item and be able to use it subsequently.
Communicative Approach - It is felt that children did not benefit from the knowledge
of grammar, because they are not able to transfer this knowledge for communicative
purposes. Grammar teaching merely incidental.
Post colnnlunicative - Discovery of the grammar rules by the children important -
Grainmar practice in cominunicative situations.
Check Your Progress 4
Open Ended
Check Your Progress 5
1. Swimming
2. Open-ended
3. (e.g.) Past tense: Narration of stories
Present tense: Universal truths
Future tense: Weather Forecasts
Modals-maylcan: Permission
4. Open ended