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Evolution of Cell Signaling

The document discusses cell signaling and communication. It covers: 1) How yeast cells locate each other via secreted factors and have similar signal transduction pathways to mammals. 2) Local signaling in multicellular organisms through direct cell contact or short-range messenger molecules. 3) Long-distance signaling through hormones that travel through the circulatory system in animals. 4) The three main stages of cell signaling - reception, transduction, and response.

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katakan
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136 views

Evolution of Cell Signaling

The document discusses cell signaling and communication. It covers: 1) How yeast cells locate each other via secreted factors and have similar signal transduction pathways to mammals. 2) Local signaling in multicellular organisms through direct cell contact or short-range messenger molecules. 3) Long-distance signaling through hormones that travel through the circulatory system in animals. 4) The three main stages of cell signaling - reception, transduction, and response.

Uploaded by

katakan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EVOLUTION OF CELL SIGNALING

- The yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, has two mating type, a dan A

- cells of different mating types locate each other via secreted factors specific to each type

- signal transduction pathways convert signals received a a cell's surface into celluler responses

- the molecular details of signal transduction in yeast and mammals are strikingly similar
local and long distance signalling

- cells in a multicellular organisms communicate via signaling molecules

- in local signaling, animal cells may communicate by direct contact

local signaling

-Animal and plant cells have cell junction that directly connect the cytoplasms if adjacent cells. ,

- signaling substances in the cytosol can pass freely between adjacent cells

- in many other cases, animal cells communicate using secreted messenger molecules that travel
only short distances

- growth factors, which stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide, are one class of such local
regulator in animal

- this type of local signaling in animals is called paracrine signaling

Long distance signaling

- in long-distance signaling, plants and animals use chemicals calles hormones

- hormonal signaling in animals is called endocrine signalling; specialized cells release hormones.
which travel to target cells via the circulatory system

- the ability of a cell to respond to a signal depends on whether or not it has a receptor specific to
that signal

the three stages of cell signaling review

- earl W. sutherland discovered how the hormone epinephrine acts on cells

- sutherland

sutherland suggested that cells receiving signals went through three processes

1. reception

2. transduction

3. response
1. reception

in reception, the target cell detects a signaling molecules that binds to a receptor protein on the
cell surface

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-the binding between a signal molecule (ligand) and receptor is highly specific

- a shape change in receptor is often the initial transduction of the signal

- most signal receptors are plasma membrane proteins

- there are three main types of membran receptors

1. G protein-coupled receptors

2. receptor tyrosine kinases

3. ion channel receptors

- G protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs) are cell surface transmembrane receptors that work with
help of a G protein

- G protein bind the energy rich GTP

intracellular receptors

- intracellular receptor proteins are found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cells

- small or hydrophobic chemical messengers can readily cross the membrane and activate receptor

-Examples of hydrophobic messengers are the steroid and thyroid hormones of animals

- An activated hormone-receptor complex can act as atranscription factor, turning on specific genes

2. Transduction

in transduction, the binding of the signaling molecule alters the receptor and initiates a signal
transduction pathway; transduction often occurs in a series of steps

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transduction

Cascade of molecular interpraction relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
- signal transduction usually involves multiple steps

- multistep pathways can greatly amplifyy a signal

- multistep pathways provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation of the cellular
response

PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSHPHORYLATION

- phosphorylation and desphosphorylation of proteins is a widespread cellular mechanisms for


regulating protein activity

- protein kinase transfer phoshpate from atp to protein, a process called phosphorylation

-many relay molecules in signal transduction pathways are protein kinases, creating a
phosphorylation cascade

small molecules and lons as second messenger

- many signaling pathways involve second messengers

- second messengers are small, non protein, water-soluble molecules or ions that spread throught a
cell by diffusion

- second messengers participate in pathways initiated by GPCRs and RTKs

- cyclic amp and calcius ions are common second messenger

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