ESOL Nexus professional development

An introduction to teaching ESOL one-to-one

This project and its actions were made possible due to co-financing
by the European Fund for the Integration of Third Country Nationals

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ESOL Nexus professional development modules are intended to help

teachers to develop in their role in a range of contexts. They have been

written by expert practitioners and quality assured by a wider team. We

hope that you will find this module useful. For other professional

development opportunities, see

http://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/teachers/staff-room/
continuing-professional-development

The 2011 Census showed that 1.7% of people in England have either no

or poor spoken English; people who may have been held back by a range

of factors, such as classes in far off venues, formal, classroom-based

learning or a lack of childcare facilities.

The role of volunteers teaching one-to-one is an important one since

traditional English language classes are not always suited to the people

who need them the most – such as those who are often socially and

economically isolated by their lack of English and who have not engaged

with ESOL classes in the past. Teaching ESOL one-to-one can be a highly

rewarding experience.

The module has been prepared with the aim of supporting the needs of

volunteer teachers involved in teaching ESOL one-to-one. It will provide

Introduction

both an introduction for those working in this context that are new to

teaching ESOL to beginner or elementary level learners, as well as support

and reference to those with some experience of teaching groups but not

individual learners. The module outlines the importance of knowing your

learner, identifies ESOL teaching approaches and provides ideas for

planning and delivering lessons.

We would like to thank Frances Weinreich for her support in producing this

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• While you can work through the module on your own and at
your own pace, you will get greater benefits by working
through it together with colleagues.
• If you are looking at the pdf on your computer you can type
your reflections into the boxes provided, and save your
progress for the next time you return to the module.
• There are links to videos embedded in the activities and
suggested answers for activities at the end of the unit, as
appropriate. There is also list with further reading related to
the content.
Using this module

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Contents 3

Step 1 - Starting points 4

1A: Know you learner 6

1B: Learning as adults 8

1C: Assessing you learner’s needs 12

Step 2 - Speaking and listening 16

2A: Encouraging your learner to speak 18

2B: Building learner confidence through drills 21

2C: Using role play 23

Step 3 - Teaching reading and writing 25

3A: Language experience – a learner-centred approach to teaching basic

literacy 27

3B: Supporting learners to read a text 29

3C: Supporting learners tor write a text 32

Reflection 35

Stage 1: What? 35

Stage 2: So what? 35

Stage 3: Now what? 35

Contents

Suggested answers to activities 36

Glossary 38

Further reading 39

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Starting points

This step will help you to answer the following questions:

• Who is your learner?

• How can you help your learner to learn?

• How do you know what to teach first?

People learn English in the UK in order to participate more fully in aspects

of British society. Increasing fluency helps build relationships, develops

self-confidence and opens up opportunities for work and career.

In Step 1A you will consider the importance of knowing your learner and

his or her background. It contains five learner profiles and activities to get

you thinking about your current or potential learner.

In Step 1B you will identify factors which influence adults as learners and

gain a set of guidelines to help your learner learn and carry out activities

that will help you empathise with your learner in his or her quest to cope

with learning English.

In Step 1C you will find suggestions on how to assess your learner’s

language needs and decide what his or her priorities are. The section

covers the steps you need to take before you can plan a more definite

programme.

It is important to consider the background and motivations of your learner.

Rosenberg, in her book ‘A critical history of ESOL’, tells us about the

Step 1

history of migration to the UK and the different reasons that people have

come to the UK. We can look back to the seventeenth century Huguenots -

French Protestants - who left France to find refuge. They were followed

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from the 1880s by east European Jews and during 1914-15 by Belgian

refugees.

Refugees from fascism and Allied services staff in the 1930s and 1940s

were the next significant group to migrate to the UK and people from

the New Commonwealth started arriving from the West Indies in 1948,

many of whom were recruited to jobs by the British government in their

homelands.

The 1970s saw the arrival of Ugandan Asians expelled by Idi Amin,

political refugees from Latin America and war refugees from Ethiopia

and Eritrea. Refugees from Vietnam also started arriving in the late

1970s and their numbers increased in the 1980s, along with people

from Africa - Ghana, Sri Lanka, Iran, Pakistan, Somalia, Turkey, Congo

and Sudan – and Hong Kong.

New groups of refugees from Africa arrived in the 1990s from Algeria,

Angola, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Sudan, Somalia and Zaire, fleeing

persecution and civil wars, and for the first time since the 1960s, from

other parts of Europe, such as the former Yugoslavia.

When Britain joined the EEC (now EU) in 1973, movement between

member states became possible. Many people have since come to the

UK from other EU countries, especially since 2004, when ten eastern

and central European countries joined the union.

Step 1

The wide range of backgrounds and life experiences that learners have

mean that learners have a wide range of different needs. When working

with individual learners it is crucial that you identify what is most

important for them.

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Know your learner

Knowing and understanding your learner’s background is a key to a

successful one-to-one teaching relationship. Before you start teaching, it is

important to find out about your learner. Read the following profiles:

• Shafique is 45, from a small village in Sylhet, Bangladesh, and is married

with three children, aged seventeen, fifteen and eight. He has lived in the

UK for eighteen years and wants to apply for UK citizenship. He attended

primary school in Bangladesh for six years. He suffers from migraine. He

has experience in catering.

• Hassan is 43, from Turkey and has lived in the UK for over ten years. He

is married with four children. He suffers from depression. He has worked

on building sites and in shops but is not looking for work at the moment.

• Fatima is 39, came from Somalia as an asylum seeker three years ago

and speaks Somali. She is married with seven children, aged between two

and 21. She attended school for 2 years and is not literate in Somali. She

would like a job in the future.

• Lady is 36, from the Democratic Republic of Congo. She has lived in the

UK for four years and is an asylum seeker. She speaks Lingala and a little

French. She attended primary school for five years. She is married and

looking to start a family. She is currently receiving medical treatment.

Wants to be a nurse.
Step 1a

• Phailin is 58, from Thailand, single and has lived in the UK for 10 years.

She has close family members here but little contact with English

speaking people. She suffers from diabetes and sickle cell anaemia. She

completed secondary school. She has no work experience and is not

looking for work in the future.

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Activity 1: Profile questions

Using the profiles, make a list of questions that would help you to build a
profile of your learner. For example: [Did you] go to school in [learner’s
country]? How many years?

When you are put in touch with your learner, try to compile his or her
profile as fully as you can. Make sure you include in your list of questions
one that will help you find out about your learner’s educational
background as this could be anything from little or no opportunity for
schooling to holding a university degree. Sometimes you can get help
from a family member. Explain why you are asking questions and avoid
an inquisition. (CRE 1985,p22)1

Activity 2: Accessing classes

a) There are many reasons why people find it difficult to access

organised classes. Can you think of any? Jot down your ideas here.

Now check the suggested solutions.

Step 1a

b) Looking at the reasons why people do not attend classes (suggested

solutions for previous activity), is there any group mentioned you would
feel better equipped to teach? Explore your reasons for feeling drawn to
one group more than another.

See suggested solutions.

1 Activities adapted from Home Tutor Handbook (CRE 1985, p11)

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Learning as adults
An introduction to family learning
This section will help you to identify factors influencing adults as learners

and ways to help your learner to learn. A beginner ESOL learner is not a

beginner learner and can call on a wealth of personal experience, feelings

and knowledge. Be prepared to exchange roles; there are occasions when

your learner will become the ‘teacher’, informing you – the ‘learner’.

• Take note of your learner’s motivation and interests. Respond to them.

If your learner feels in control of their own learning, he or she will

progress more.

• Give plenty of encouragement to build your learner’s confidence. But

progress may be slow - be patient. Avoid expecting a finished product at

the end of each session, neatly packaged and retained to be brought out

at the next session. Learning is a process and individuals respond in

different ways and at different rates.

• Focus on areas of common interest in your local situation, for example, a

community centre, school, shops, facilities, transport, visitor attractions

and so on. Remember that your learner may have a different perspective

because of the experience – sometimes negative – of living within two

cultures.

• As adults, you and your learner have many other responsibilities and
Step 1b

demands on your time and energy. Do not worry if at times your learner

does not give the language lesson the priority you may feel your carefully

prepared work deserves. Learn to cope with any feelings of frustration.

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An introduction to family learning

• Different cultures have different customs for people to get acquainted.

Think about how we usually do this in the UK. In some cultures, asking

direct questions or making eye contact is not acceptable. Be sensitive to

your particular learner’s reactions and remember that confidentiality is

vital.

Adapted from Home Tutor Handbook, (CRE 1985, p30)

Step 1b

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Activity 1: Your learning experience

This activity will prompt you to learn from your own experiences of
learning and to gain some ideas about your role in creating a successful
learning situation.
Think of one successful and one unsuccessful examples of your learning
experience as an adult. Your examples might be leisure activities or
things you have needed to learn. Think about things like your
expectations, who taught you, your relationship with your instructor and
how he or she helped your confidence, the factors that helped and/or
hindered you in making progress and how you felt as you learnt. Use the
chart below if it is helpful.

What I’ve tried to Why I tried How I tried Why I think I was How I felt about
learn as an adult to learn it to learn it successful or the experience
unsuccessful

driving To get around With a professional I persevered. It was harder than I

quickly and safely instructor (I had 4 instructors!) thought and some
especially at night things took me a
long time to grasp.
Step 1b

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Activity 2: Experiencing another language

Have you ever experienced what it feels like to be on your own,

surrounded by the sounds of a strange language in a foreign country?
This activity will help you feel empathy with your learner trying to cope
with English. Click on the videos in the links below to listen to a foreign
broadcast in a language new to you.

Watch video Watch video Watch video Watch video

Bengali Somali Arabic Spanish

• What are your feelings about trying to understand? Frustrated, feeling

inadequate, needing to hear it again?
• Can you hear properly?
• Do you want to see the words written down on paper?
• How would recording it have helped?
Step 1b

Activity taken from Home Tutor Handbook, (CRE 1985, p33)

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Assessing your learner’s needs

This section contains ideas about finding out what language your

learner needs so you can plan a programme. Once you have an outline

for a few weeks you can focus more clearly on each lesson.

(CRE 1985, p39)

When you start teaching ESOL one-to-one, the key questions are ‘What

shall I teach?’ and ‘How do I know what he or she needs?’ Teaching 1-1

means you have a chance to respond to your particular learner’s needs.

(CRE 1985, p41). It is important to find out in which areas your learner

can cope and where he or she experiences difficulty. You both need to

be involved in making decisions about your work together. (CRE 1985,

p47)

When considering what the learner’s priorities are, you could:

• ask yourself what kind of English you use in your everyday encounters

• find out about your learner’s routine areas of contact

• ask your learner in which areas she needs help with English.(CRE 1985,

p40)

When working out what your learner can already do, you could:

• find out what he or she can do in speaking, listening, reading and

writing, through time spent informally together

• ask your learner if they have a mobile phone or can use a computer
Step 1c

and have one at home

• use a language checklist (see activity 2) or record of what your learner

can do

• ask your learner what he or she can do in a particular situation. (CRE

1985, p40)

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After agreeing on the priorities, choose a focus and find out what your

learner already knows so he or she can build on it. (CRE 1985, p40)

The Adult ESOL Core Curriculum details skills which learners may need

to use, consider the list on page 58 of the following link:

http://rwp.excellencegateway.org.uk/resource/Adult+ESOL+Curriculum

+-+Entry+1/pdf/
Resource (p58)
Step 1c

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Activity 1: Learner areas of contact

Think about where you use language and make a list of where you go,

who you speak to and what you listen to. Draw a spidergram illustrating

your areas of contact for a chosen period. (CRE 1985, p42).

Now look at Lady’s profile and try to create a spidergram for her areas

of contact. She has a child at school, where else might she need to use

English? What other information will help you build up a fuller picture?

Local shops and services? Does she talk to neighbours? What about her

family situation?

You can use this format with your learner, adding detail over several

sessions from observations and informal conversation.

Activity adapted from Home Tutor Handbook (CRE 1985, p45)

Activity 2: Language checklist

Some of the places you go to could be grouped together because the

activities and the language needed are similar: in different types of

shops you ask for things and at the doctor’s, dentist or hospital, you

give information and make appointments. (CRE 1985, p42) Making a

checklist of all the things your learner may need to do will suggest

items to work on in future lessons. If your learner’s first priority is

language related to the doctor your checklist might include: know

doctor’s name/address/telephone no/surgery times /where medical

Step 1c

card is; tell the time; make appointments; ask for a home visit; talk to

receptionist; tell doctor symptoms; understand what doctor says;

ask/answer the doctor’s questions; understand medicine instructions;

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read surgery times; write down appointment; read surgery notices; fill in

new patient forms. Put a tick, question mark or dash against each item

to indicate how well your learner can cope with each task. Repeat for

each priority language area.

Activity taken from Home Tutor Handbook,(CRE 1985, p49)

Step 1c

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Speaking and listening

This step will help you to answer the following questions:

• How can I encourage my learner to speak?

• How can I increase my learner’s fluency?

• How can I prepare my learner to speak English in a real situation?

In Step 2A you will learn about some language teaching strategies to

encourage your learner to speak and some of the tools that are available

to you and your learner to use. Visual aids and props are both essential

and can be fun and engaging.

In Step 2B you will see a key learning technique that will help your learner

to increase his or her confidence in speaking and gain a degree of fluency

and accuracy. Repetition is important for the learner to practise new

language and you will learn how to devise drills to help your learner do

this and improve his or her pronunciation.

In Step 2C you will learn how to bring the real world into the learning

environment and set up activities for your learner to practise

conversations that he or she would like to be able to have in real life. Role

play can be fun and engaging as well as a highly effective language

learning activity.

You will know from your learner’s priority areas of contact that there is a
Step 2

lot of ground to cover. So Step 2 is about also pacing yourselves and the

learning to ensure that the learner has ample opportunity to practise new

language by extending tasks and thereby extending the learning and

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opportunities for further practice. As always with language learning and

teaching, it is important to maintain a balance between accuracy and

fluency and support the learner to gradually build up both of these

aspects.

You will also look at how to help your learner with pronunciation.

Obviously pronunciation is important in making oneself understood, but is

a perfect or nearly perfect accent an essential goal in learning a new

language? You may not be able to assess until later on how important it is

to your learner to try to develop an English accent. Some people may

prefer to retain the accent from their first language if they see it as closely

linked to their identity.

Since language is learned for use in the real world, what better way to

prepare your learner than with real life situations related to your learner’s

priority areas of contact? Using role play, you will gain an insight into how

to give your learner the best chance of success using the new language in

real situations that he or she wants to be able to manage.

Step 2

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Encouraging your learner to speak

It is likely that your learner knows some language already and this is the

foundation to build on. Learning a language can be a slow process. Your

aim is to help your learner build confidence in using English so

encouraging and praising your learner is important.

Visual aids provide a stimulus for conversation and are essential. The

Home Tutor Handbook suggests that at your first meeting you take some

images and real objects which you can use to break the ice, such as

photos of family and friends, local shops and visitor attractions, the

country your learner is from, maps, magazines, a calendar, grocery

shopping and so on.(CRE 1985,p28)

The Home Tutor Handbook also suggests visiting a place together (such

as a supermarket or school) can provide an excellent opportunity for

your learner to gain confidence in a real situation. These are highly

motivating experiences and can provide the context for several hours of

future learning. (CRE 1985)

In a one-to-one teaching situation you will need to carefully consider

your communication strategies. Be selective about when to correct your

learner and when to promote fluency. Over-frequent correction

interrupts fluency and can dent learner confidence. Instead, let your

learner try to express themselves with whatever language they already

Step 2a

have, even if sentences are broken.

Also there will be silences. You are also more likely to notice these than

your learner. Remember your learner needs time to process your

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question and then process a response. It is important to give your learner

enough time and space to process new language and you may see that

what can feel like an awkward silence for you could actually enable the

learner to be more productive. (Downman and Shepheard, 2003)

Step 2a

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Activity 1: First meeting

Think about the photos or images or props (realia) you would take to
your first meeting with a learner. What or who would they depict? Would
you show hard copies or electronic versions? How much are you willing
to share about yourself?

Activity 2: Using the local area

Think about the local area where your learner lives. How well do you know
it? Perhaps you live in the same area and use some of the same local
facilities. You will already know the places where your learner wants to
communicate in English. Can you anticipate places your learner does not
know but that may be of interest to him or her?

Consider a visit to the local supermarket. Jot down your ideas about what
language you would be able to work on during and after the visit. When
you have finished, check the suggested solutions.

Now make a list of places that you think it would be valuable for your
Step 2a

learner to visit with you. For example, an everyday place could be a local
market or doctor’s surgery (to make an appointment) and a less well-
known place might be a visitor attraction. Choose a place from your list
and jot down the key points from which to develop an outline for your
lesson.

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Building learner confidence through drills

Rather than moving through the tasks quickly, more can be gained by
extending them. Repetition of target language is a key factor in learning.
Language drills, although highly controlled, encourage speaking and are
necessary in language learning. The learner needs to listen several times
to the new language item, repeat it and then try it out. Make drills mean-
ingful and relevant to your learner. What follows are five different ways of
drilling language.

• In a listening drill, break the dialogue down into small sections. Let the
learner listen several times to a new phrase: ‘Can I have a kilo of onions,
please?’

• A simple repetition drill - you say the phrase several times for your
learner to repeat each time. The learner will need plenty of practice to
get the word order, pronunciation and intonation right and develop a
degree of fluency.

• A substitution or picture drill. When your learner has developed some

accuracy and fluency, encourage him or her to try out the language by
substituting words. Say the phrase again – learner repeats. In subsequent
sentences you say a new word – potatoes/beans/ carrots – and each
time the learner creates the whole phrase. You could use a picture
prompt (or word card) instead. You can also transfer this pattern to other
situations, eg buying medicines or changing the weight.

• In a question and answer drill, ask a question several times changing one
word and the learner answers it. ‘Do you like aubergines?’ ‘Yes, I do.’
Step 2b

‘...like apples?’ ‘No, I don’t’.’ ‘...like bananas?’ ‘Yes, I do’.

Taken from Home Tutor Handbook (CRE 1985, p93-96)

Now you can see how the learner can build confidence and fluency in the
new language through repetition and extension of a task.

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Activity 1: Practising drills

Look again at the different drills in Step 2B. Review your learner’s
priority areas of contact. Think of a specific sentence or question for
your learner to practice and try to devise a set of drills for your
learner in one of his or her priority areas.

• a listening drill
• a simple repetition drill
• a repetition drill
• a substitution drill (or picture drill)
• a question and answer drill

Activity 2: Dealing with pronunciation

Through drilling, and as you get to know your learner, you may notice
he or she finds it difficult to distinguish between similar sounds, such
as /f/ and /v/ or /p/ and /b/. These are known as minimal pairs. Your
learner might have difficulty hearing the difference or saying the
sounds or both. The link below focuses on some of those sounds that
learners whose first language is non-European may find difficult. It is
helpful to show the learner how to make the sound. Using a small
mirror will help your learner to follow the model correctly. To see an
example, click on the link below:

http://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/learners/skills/pronunciation

You can access a video clip for all the sounds of English at:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/
Step 2b

pron/sounds/
Watch video

Think about your learner. Can you identify which sounds he or she
finds difficult to say? Would you show your learner the video or use it
to inform you how to teach pronunciation of individual sounds?

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Using role play

Role play can be used for practising functional language for a wide range

of scenarios. It involves setting up a real life situation as realistically as

possible. This includes using props (or pictures) and rearranging furniture

and of course you and your learner acting out roles of other people in a

given situation (CRE 1985, p98).

Explain to your learner what you are going to do. For example, after

working on language for ordering food at a cafe you may feel this would

be a good scenario for a role play. You should plan the structure of the

role play. Introduce and practise any new phrases needed. Allow your

learner to take control of the conversation and be prepared to ad lib if he

or she says something you do not expect. Consider which roles are most

useful for your learner to practise (CRE 1985, p99).

• You could act out several short role plays to illustrate the same situation

(different orders, for example).

• Extend the role play to slightly different but related situations, such as

buying fruit and vegetables at a market stall.

• Follow the role play through to its natural conclusion and discourage

your learner from asking for your help during the role play, though offer

prompts (through facial expressions, gestures, whispering, encouraging

lip-reading, miming, word cards, use of props and so on.)

• Afterwards share feedback with your learner. Even with only a little
Step 2c

English, you can elicit some reaction. (Did he or she find it fun, useful, like

or dislike it? Talk about what went well and highlight any key errors of

vocabulary and/or grammar. Invite the learner to have another go.)

Recording the role play might help you both in sharing feedback.

Activities adapted from Home Tutor Handbook, (CRE 1985, p99)

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Activity 1

Think about how you would set up the role play for ordering in a cafe.
What props would you use? Jot down your ideas before you check the
solutions page.

Activity 2

Think of another situation for a role play – for example, making an

appointment or sending a parcel. What language will your learner
practise? What new real life phrases would you introduce into the
conversation to make it sound more natural? What props would you use
or bring in and how would you make use of the furniture?
Step 2c

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Teaching reading and writing

This step will help you to answer the following questions:

• How can I help the learner to gain confidence in reading and writing

skills?

• How can I help the learner to read a whole text?

• How can I help the learner to compose a short text?

In Step 3a, you will find out about an approach to teaching basic literacy

to adult ESOL learners who have little previous experience reading and

writing English. It is known as the language experience approach and it

puts the learner at the centre of his or her learning. Although it is more

often used to develop reading and writing skills, it also encourages the

learner to speak more and helps develop all the four language skills of

reading, writing, speaking and listening.

The focus of Step 3b is supporting your learner to practise reading

strategies and apply reading skills to English texts if they already have

some basic literacy skills. You will learn about ways to develop tasks to

teach reading and English language skills in general. Reading helps

develop the other three language skills too.

Supporting your learner to write a text is the focus of Step 3c. You will

consider a variety of ways to help the learner develop his or her ideas

about what to write about and how to organise a text. You will also see
Step 3

examples of the kinds of texts that a beginner learner may be able to

produce after some tuition.

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In this step, just as in the previous ones, you will notice activities to extend

the learning to give your learner time to process the new language skills

he or she is studying. Recycling language is an important part of language

learning and practice. Your learner is unlikely to find repetition too slow or

boring, since lots of practice is needed by all levels of language learners.

Step 3

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Language experience – a learner-centred approach

to teaching basic literacy

Language experience is a method of teaching reading and writing skills

which uses the learner’s own words. The teacher stimulates conversation

with the learner about a topic he or she is familiar with and then scribes

the learner’s own words to build up a text to use for teaching reading and

writing. This approach can be very effective with individual beginner- level

learners using very simple texts (of 15 - 25 words) and can also be used

with higher level learners who are working on composition skills.

This approach centres on using the learners own words and experiences

to create a text which can be used for a number of activities to reinforce

and expand the learner’s language skills involving all the four language

skills.

This approach is ideal for teaching one-to-one, and since the language is

generated by the learner, the level of vocabulary and grammar used are

determined by the learner and can be developed in a personalised and

creative way with the teacher.

The approach works well with learners who have only a basic level of

English though would not be effective for a complete beginner. It is

particularly useful for learners whose speaking skills are stronger than

their writing skills. It puts the learner at the centre of a variety of activities

which can also be used selectively in other lessons where the language
Step 3a

experience approach is not being used as a complete process. The

motivation to read and write is increased by the learner’s knowledge that

he or she is the author of the text.

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Activity 1: The language experience

approach

Click on the link below and watch the video clip, showing a teacher
using the language experience approach with a Somali student. In the
lesson you are going to see, the teacher and learner go through a
number of stages together. As you watch, write down each activity in

Watch video the lesson.

https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/teachers/staff-
room/continuing-professional- development/language-experience

Activity 2: Helping the learner

Watch the video again. What are some of the problems the learner is
having and how the tutor is helping her. What can the student do now
that they could not do before? Write down your thoughts before you
read the comments in Step 3b.
Step 3a

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Supporting learners to read a text

When we read something, we use our existing knowledge and experience

of the world to understand it. While reading, learners draw on their own

mental images to obtain meaning. Our experience and cultural

background informs how we see the world, for example what is a good film

is different for a Bollywood film fan and a Hollywood film fan. This

reinforces the importance of choosing a text that the learner can relate to

at some level.

There is general agreement on the value of using texts that will interest

and motivate learners to read and to learn specific reading skills and

strategies. Ask your learner or review what he or she reads in his or her

first language and in English to help you choose relevant texts.

We use three reading strategies, depending on what or why we are

reading:

• skimming a whole text to get the gist of it within a short time limit

• scanning a whole text to obtain specific information, including layout

features

• reading (every word) for detail

We also use a range of reading skills to understand and predict meaning

such as:

• existing cultural knowledge of the world, society and culture, vocabulary

Step 3b

and lexical chunks (semantics);

• word order and punctuation (syntax);

• how letters relate to sounds (phonology)

• word recognition and word patterns, such as prefixes and suffixes

(visual/layout).

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Activity 1: Promoting reading skills

Click on the link below and listen to and read a short account of a special
day out in London:

http://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/learners/skills/reading/unforgettable
-event

Listen As you will see, interactive exercises accompany this text. But before you
look at these, think of three questions you could set for the learner to
practise skimming, scanning and reading for detail.

Check the solutions page to see if your thoughts match the suggestions.

Activity 2: Finding appropriate texts

Click on one or both of the following links and look for an example of a
Skills for Life ESOL Entry 1 reading sample exam paper

Read http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams/skills-for-life/

http://www.trinitycollege.com/

Read
Your thoughts

Do you think the texts used would interest your learner? Why/why not?

Can you think of a text that your learner is more likely to relate to? What
Step 3b

kinds of texts will learners need to read on a daily basis?

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Once you have selected a text to use with your learner think about the

following points:

• How would you introduce the text?

• How would you teach (or pre-teach) new vocabulary in the text?

• Which grammar point would you focus on?

• How would you check whether your learner has understood it?

• After doing online exercises (or doing them offline), how could you use

the text to practise speaking or other skills?

Step 3b

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Supporting learners tor write a text

Learners need guidance in two critical areas: content and form.

Content

You can use activities based on other skills to help learners think about

what content to include. For example:

• Having a discussion about a topic

• A role play

• Listening to a recorded text

• Reading a letter to which a reply is expected

You can also use prompts to give ideas for writing such as:

• pictures

• key words which need to be included

• a list of points the writer needs to include

• a writing frame (example given later in activity 2)

One of the important things to bear in mind with regard to content is that

writing tasks are more beneficial for the learner if they reflect real-life and

the learner’s world as much as possible e.g. a note, a letter, form-filling or

an invitation.

Form
Step 3c

Guidance in the form of writing includes where to put the address, punc-

tuation, style and so on. A model text can be provided to show the content

is organised. You may want to use an authentic text (such as a real letter,

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email, invitation, etc) or one that has been adapted for learners, such as a

text from an textbook or ESOL website. You may also want to write or

adapt a text yourself.

Use your model text to demonstrate other features that learners can

replicate. For example:

• look at the different tenses used and consider why

• how paragraphs are used

• how linking words are used: firstly, then etc.

• show examples of opening and closing formulae in a letter: I look forward

to hearing from you.

You have seen some of the ways to practice key features of text in step

3a, through language experience approach, such as gap-filling, jumbled

sentences, sentence extensions, linking two halves of a sentence and so

on.
Step 3c

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Activity 1: Writing using a model

Click on the following link:

http://rwp.excellencegateway.org.uk/ESOL/ESOL teaching and learning

materials/
Read

Go to ESOL learner materials Entry 1,Unit 6, My Neighbourhood, p4

Reading and writing about a neighbourhood, and read the email descrip-
tion of a town, Santon. How could you adapt this to help your learner to be
able to write a few sentences about the city/town/village where he or she
lives? What else would you need to bring to help your learner understand
the key places in a town?

Activity 2 Using a writing frame

A writing frame is a very effective way to support and build your learner’s
confidence in this skill. Click on the following link and download worksheet
3 of this resource to see an example of one:

http://esol.britishcouncil.org/teaching-beginners/writing-
about-yourself-and-family

Resource
Now try to create a writing frame about the city/town/village where your
learner lives.
Step 3c

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In this module you have considered teaching ESOL one-to-one. Now spend

a short time reflecting on what you have learnt.

Stage 1: What?

Consider what you want to remember about:

• the reasons that one-to-one classes are suitable for some learners

• Developing speaking and listening skills

• developing reading and writing skills

Stage 2: So what?

Reflect by considering your thoughts and feelings about the content in the

module and making some notes.

What do you feel about working with learners in a one-to-one context?

Have there been any changes in your thinking about planning one-to-one

teaching sessions?

How will what you have learnt affect the people you teach?

Stage 3: Now what?

Reflection

How can you apply what you have learnt in this module to your own

teaching context?

How will you apply your learning from the module?

What will you do in your teaching that you didn't do before?

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Step 1

Step 1a: Activity 1

Your suggestions may include people who have a very low income

including asylum seekers, a spouse visa, a medical condition or disability,

Suggested answers to activities

very young children, little or no education or English, or who for cultural

or reasons do not want to attend a formal class.

Step 1a: Activity 2

For example, you might be drawn to someone with whom you have

something in common and feel that this would help him or her and

promote good rapport. This could include knowing his or her language,

having children of a similar age, etc.

Step 2

Step 2a: Activity 2

A trip to the supermarket could stimulate learning about buying loose

vegetables and could cover vocabulary for vegetables, metric weights,

price per item and working out prices according to weight; asking where

things are – where is/are the ..; prepositions of place and countable and

uncountable nouns; shop related vocabulary such as aisle, counter, etc.

You could also pick up in store leaflets to use for reading and writing

skills.

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Step 2c: Activity 1

Furniture arranged in cafe style, menus, a note pad for taking orders,

money.

Step 3

Step 3a: Activity 1

Suggested answers to activities

Your list may include some or all of the following stages:

1. Use visual aids to stimulate conversation.

2. Transcribe some of the things the learner says, and read aloud

as you write.

3. Promptthelearnertoreadthewholetext,pointingtothewords

4. Write out the sentences again, this time on a piece of card.

5. Ask the learner to count the sentences.

6. Ask the learner to read the separate sentences.

7. Cut the sentences up into words. Ask the learner to reconstruct

sentences

8. Invitethelearnertoreconstructthewholetext

9. Ask learner to read the whole text again.

10.Ask learner to copy the text.

Step 3a: Activity 2

Recognise words, provide/correct vocabulary (too much = a lot of),

construct and reconstruct sentences, read a sentence/text, use capital

letters and full stops, read a text, pronounce words correctly (courgette),

including a consonant cluster /fr/ (fresh), writing (learner copies text).

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Authentic text This is something that has been written for native speakers

and has not been enlarged, adapted or changed in any way. What matters

when using an authentic text is not the level of the language used, but the

level of the reading tasks set for the learner.

Context We set a context or situation for teaching a grammar point; we

can elicit words, phrases or sentences through providing a context; we

can help our learner to guess the meaning of new words from its context

(in a sentence, but also a paragraph or the overall text)

Drills Controlled practice where the learner repeats or creates a sentence

to practice new language.

Elicit This means to draw out words from the student and is central to

engaging the learner and to teaching ESOL effectively.

ICT – This stands for: information and communication technology and

includes mobile phones, digital recorders, tablets, Skype and everything

on the internet.

Language function Selecting the grammar focus based on the reason for

the communication as the starting point or context. For example, would

you like to express an offering or inviting; or you should for giving advice.
Glossary

Realia real objects including authentic texts brought into the lesson to aid

the learners understanding and progress

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Play Games with English 1, Colin Granger and John Plumb, Heinemann,
1993. For activities to extend learning.

Teaching Basic Literacy to ESOL Learners – a Teachers’ Guide, Marina

Spiegel and Helen Sunderland,LLU+ London South Bank University, 2006.
For more information about teaching reading and writing.

The power of writing, the writing of power: approaches to adult ESOL

writing, Elsa Auerbach, in Language Issues, Vol 14, No 1, 2002

Teaching Adult ESOL – Principles and practice, Ed Anne Paton and Meryl
Further reading and websites

Wilkins, Open University Press, 2009

A critical history of ESOL in the UK, 1870-2006, Sheila Rosenberg, NIACE,

2007

The Oxford ESOL Handbook, Philida Schellekens, Oxford University Press,

2007

Commission for Racial Equality (1985) Home Tutor Handbook.

ESOL Activities (various authors) Pre-Entry – E3, (2008) Cambridge Univer-

sity Press.

Longman Photo Dictionary (2010)

http://www.trinitycollege.com
To see examples of past exam papers of what a beginner ESOL learner
might achieve after having had some English tuition. Look for level E1
papers.

www.esolcourses.com
To encourage learners to develop a habit of self-study and practise using
a digital interface

https://esol.britishcouncil.org/content/learners/skills/pronunciation
To help ESOL learners which they often find difficult

esol.britishcouncil.org
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/sounds/
For practice with any of the 44 sounds of English

http://rwp.excellencegateway.org.uk/ESOL/ESOL teaching and learning

materials/Entry 1/
Materials to give you ideas and access to resources, many of which can be
adapted for 1-1 use from Adult ESOL Skills for Life Curriculum (2001) DfES
Further reading and websites

esol.britishcouncil.org