EA&DM:10EE842- Elective II

[PART-A]
Unit 3
ENERGY AUDITING

Prepared by
Mr. Vineeth Nambiar
Assistant professor
Dept of EEE
SDMIT, Ujire , D.K, Karnataka

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Syllabus- unit 3
ENERGY AUDITING
Introduction, Elements of energy
audits, energy use profiles,
measurements in energy audits,
presentation of energy audit
results. 8 Hours

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Objectives
• To introduce the importance of Energy
Management
• Principle of Energy Management
• To understand the concept of ‘Energy Auditing’
• Definition & types of energy audit
• To study the Various measurement in Energy
Auditing
• To understand the Energy Audit Instruments
• Steps involve Energy Audit Report Generation

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Objectives continued….
• To List the 10 step methodology for detailed
Energy Audit
• To Define Energy Audit profile
• To Learn the detailed Energy Audit activities
• To Describe the different steps for presenting
Energy Audit result

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Definitions of Energy Management

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What is Energy Management ?
• Utilization of minimum quantity of energy for a
task at an appropriate quality neither better nor
worst than needed. “task in energy use”
• To minimize the energy cost without effecting
production & quality.
• Energy forms of high quality/grade shouldn’t
used for low grade applications.
• The fundamental goal of energy management is
to produce goods and provide services with the
least cost and least environmental effect.
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What is Energy Management ? Contd.
Three basic approaches of energy Management
1. Reduction in usage- by using economic
pressure & regulation.
2. Increase efficiency- better house keeping
equipment, more efficient material &
equipments.
3. Substitute energy form

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Principles of Energy Management ?
1. Historical Energy Use
2. Energy Audits
3. House keeping & maintenance
4. Analysis of Energy use
5. More efficient equipments
6. More efficient process
7. Energy containment –confine energy, reduce losses
& recover heat
8. Substitute materials
9. Aggregation of Energy sources
10.Alternative
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Energy Sources
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Principles of Energy Management ?
12. Construction of new facilities.
13. Manage the energy at the highest energy
efficiency.
14. Reuse and recycle energy by cascading.
15. Use most appropriate technology.
16. Reduce the available losses.
17. Economic Evaluation

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Energy Management Programme
Three phases
1. Initiation phase- Based on need & potential
of economic return
2. Audit & analysis phase a) Review of
historical energy use b) Energy audit
c)Engineering analysis d) Economic analysis
3. Implementation phase

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 Energy Management Strategy
Identify a strategic corporate
Prepare energy management
approach

Prepare & undertake a

Appoint an Energy Manager declared project

Set up an energy monitoring Implement staff awareness

& reporting And training

Conduct Energy Audit Annual Review

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Energy Management Strategy
1. Identify a strategic corporate approach
 Problems, planning & finance
2. Appoint Energy Manager
 Senior staff member
 Be an overall coordinator
3. Set up Energy Monitoring & Reporting system
 Collect, analysis & report the energy cost
 System needs to be recorded
 Billing data & tariff details
4. Conduct Energy Audit
 Where & how the energy being used
 Potential for energy saving
 Walk through survey, review of energy use & preparation of energy
budget
1/27/2016
Energy audit report includes recommendations for actions & cost 12of
Dept.EEE, SDM IT, Ujire, Karnataka
energy saving
Energy Management Strategy
5.Formalize an Energy Management policy statement
 Help for improving energy efficiency
 Represents a commitment to saving energy
 Ensure the success of the program
 It includes billing, time table, energy cost reduction &
cost centres
6.Prepare & Undertake a detailed implementation plan
 Project implementation developed as a part of energy
audit
 Techniques for reducing energy consumption
 Maximize financial benefit

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Energy Management Strategy
7.Implement staff awareness & training
program
 Management program
 Formal training, news letters, posters &
publications
 Report submission once in a year
8. Annual review
 Once in a year
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Energy Audit
What is Energy Audit?????????
• Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach
for decision-making in the area of energy
management.
• The verification, monitoring, and analysis of use
of energy including submission of technical
report containing recommendations for
improving energy efficiency with cost benefit
analysis and an action plan to reduce energy
consumption (Energy Conservation Act, 2001)
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Energy Audit
What is Energy Audit?????????
• Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for
decision making in the area of energy management.
• It enables breaking down the total energy
consumption into all its components and helps in
identifying the area where maximum savings can
be achieved. It also establishes the base from which
the extent of those savings can be measured.
• The primary objective of energy audit is to determine
ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of
product output or to lower operating costs.

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Energy Audit
Need for Energy Audit
• To minimize the cost of energy
• To minimize the operational cost
• To minimize the cost for repair & reconstruction
• To increase the quality of environment that contribute
to increased work productivity
• Preventive measure for energy wastage
• Maintenance and quality control programmes
• The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine
ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of
product output or to lower operating costs.

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Energy Audit
Need for Energy Audit
• Helps to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are
used in any industry.
• Help in identifying the areas where waste can occur & where
scope for improvement exists.
• Positive orientation to cost reduction.
• Preventive maintenance & quality control programs
• Check the variation of energy cost.
• Reliability of energy supply
• Identify energy conservation techniques.
• Finding the feasible solution for energy wastage
• Energy auditing provide ‘benchmark’ for managing energy in
the organization
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Energy Audit
Types of Energy Audit- Depending upon function &
type of industry, Depth to which final audit is
needed, potential & magnitude of cost reduction
desired

1.Preliminary Energy Audit

Phase I
2.Plant Survey or Mini Audit

3.Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit Phase II

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Energy Audit
Types of Energy Audit-
1. Preliminary Energy Audit
• Usually takes one to three days depending upon the complexity of
plant.
• Performed by a quick walkthrough of the facilities and by analyzing
utility and fuel bills.
• Visual inspection is made to determine broad energy saving
opportunities and to establish the need for a more detailed
analysis.
• Focuses on major energy supplies and demands, accounting for
about 60 – 70% of total energy requirements.

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Energy Audit
Types of Energy Audit-
1.Preliminary Energy Audit contd..
• Establish energy consumption in the organization
• Estimate the scope of saving
• Identify the most likely & the easiest areas for
attention
• Identify immediate improvement/saving
• Set reference point
• Identify areas for more detailed study/measurement
• Existing data/preliminary data collection
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Energy Audit
2. Plant Survey or Mini Audit
• Involves identifying obvious energy wastage
situations
• Recommending measures through improved
operation & maintenance (O&M) practices.
• Requires tests and measurements to quantify energy
uses and losses.
• Involves recommending energy management
opportunities (e.m.o’s) which require minor expense
and major capital investments.

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit
• Consists of recording complete energy use data for every
item/ process over a fixed period of time and calculating
energy balances and efficiencies.
• Portable measuring/ monitoring instruments needed.
• Includes engineering recommendations and well defined
projects with priorities.
• Accounts approx. 95% of energy utilized.
• Requires weeks, sometimes months to finish depending upon
complexity of the plant.

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…
• Most accurate estimate of energy saving & cost.
• Consider all interactive projects.
• Accounts for the energy use all major
equipments.
• Detailed energy cost saving calculation & project
cost.
• Calculation of energy use.
• Estimated use is compared to utility bill charges.

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…
• Detailed energy audit is carried out in three
phases (It includes 10 steps)
(a) Phase-1: Pre Audit Phase (step 1 & 2)

(b) Phase-II: Audit Phase (step 3-9)

(c) Phase-III: Post Audit Phase (step 10)

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Nameplate, interview
Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit
3. Detailed Energy Audit or Maxi Audit contd…

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Energy Audit (Activities)
Phase I-Pre Audit Phase Activities
• Initial site visit
• Discuss with site senior management about the aim of energy audit
• Discuss the economic guidelines associated with energy audit
• Analysis major energy consumption data with relevant personnel
• Obtaining site drawing & layout
• Finalize energy audit team
• Identify main energy consumption plant/area
• Identify any existing instrumentation/ additional metering
• Identify instruments required for energy audit
• To plan with time frame
• To collect macro data on plant energy resources & major energy
consuming centers
• Create awareness through meeting/programmes
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Energy Audit (Activities)
Phase II-Pre Audit Phase Activities
• Depending upon the plant complexity
• Evaluate the efficiency of all the process
• Specific recommendation
• Payback period
• Material balance data
• Energy cost & tariff data
• Sources of energy supply
• Includes energy management programs
• Energy awareness program
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Energy Audit
Role of energy management team
• Compilation of energy audit data
• Preparation of energy efficiency program &
budget estimates
• Identification of energy loss, inefficient device &
equipments
• Preparation of energy audit schedule
• Initiation of energy conservation measures
• Evaluation of energy saving
• Spreading energy awareness & publicity
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Energy Audit
Reporting format

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Energy Audit
Reporting format

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile
• A part of energy audit process
• To find the energy waste
• The patterns (or profiles) of energy usage
contained within interval energy data are great
for discovering where a building is wasting
energy.
• The charting features of Microsoft Excel will
allow you to create your own energy profiles
from interval data.

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile
• Looking at energy profiles to find energy waste
requires you to have some knowledge of the way
that the building is operated.
• Energy profiles show how much energy is being
used at particular times-of-the-day and days-of-
the-week.
• you want to be able to have a pretty good idea of
what equipment is using that energy, and why it
needs to be using it at the times in question.
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Energy Audit
Energy use profile

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile
• Energy use profile is helpful in visualizing how
energy is being used.
• It can identify energy conservation potential.
• ‘Energy Lens’ is one of the software helps to
determine energy use profile

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile
 Types of audits required to construct energy use
profile
(a) Envelop audit- Determine the amount of energy
required for a particular area & identifies energy
conservation opportunities (ENCON). It includes
 Heating, ventilation & air conditioning
 Building, Lighting & domestic hot water
 Air distribution

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile
 Types of audits required to construct energy use
profile
(b) Process audit- This audit determine the amount of
energy required for each process function & identify
energy conservation opportunities (ENCON).
 process machinery
 Heating, ventilation & air conditioning process
 Heat treatment
 Furnaces

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Energy Audit
Energy use profile
 Types of audits required to construct energy
use profile
(c) Transportation audit- This audit determines
the amount of energy required for truck, cars,
vehicles, forklift etc.
(d) Utility audit- This audit analyses the
monthly, daily or yearly energy use for each
utility.
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Energy Audit
Energy Audit Instruments
• To obtain the best information for a successful
energy cost control program.
• The auditor must make some measurements
during the type of energy-consuming equipment
audit visit.
• Identification and quantification of energy
necessitates.
• These instruments must be portable, durable &
easy to operate and relatively inexpensive.

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Energy Audit
Energy Audit Instruments
• Basic Electrical Parameters in AC &DC systems – Voltage
(V), Current (I), Power factor, Active power (kW),
apparent power (demand) (kVA), Reactive power (kVAr),
Energy consumption (kWh), Frequency (Hz), Harmonics,
etc.
• Other parameters such as temperature & heat flow,
radiation, air and gas flow, liquid flow, revolutions per
minute (RPM), air velocity, noise and vibration, dust
concentration, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, moisture
content, relative humidity, flue gas analysis – CO2, O2,
CO, SOx, NOx, combustion efficiency etc.
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Energy Audit
Energy Audit Instruments
1. Electrical parameters
2. Combustion analyzer
3. Fuel efficiency monitor
4. Fyrites- gas analyzer
5. Temperature measurements
6. Pressure measurements
7. Velocity measurements
8. Speed measurements
9. Leak detectors
10. Measurement of light
11. Measurement of water flow
12. Humidity measurement
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Energy Audit
Energy Audit Instruments
1. Electrical System Parameters
• These are instruments for measuring major electrical
parameters such as kVA, kW, PF, Hertz, kVAr, Amps and
Volts.
• some of these instruments also measure harmonics.
(Harmonic analyzer)
• These instruments are applied on-line i.e on running
motors without any need to stop the motor.
• Instant measurements can be taken with hand-held
meters, while more advanced ones facilitates cumulative
readings with print outs at specified intervals.
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Energy Audit
Energy Audit Instruments
1. Electrical System Parameters contd….

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Energy Audit
2. Combustion Analyzer
• This instrument has in-built chemical cells
which measure various gases such as O2, CO,
NOx and SOx.

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Energy Audit
2. Combustion Analyzer

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Energy Audit
3. Fuel efficiency monitor
• This measures oxygen and temperature of the
flue gas.
• Calorific values of common fuels are fed into
the microprocessor which calculates the
combustion efficiency.

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Energy Audit
4.Fyrites
• Accurate and easy to use instruments for
measuring and analyzing carbon dioxide or
oxygen.
• A hand bellow pump draws the flue gas sample
into the solution inside the fyrite.
• A chemical reaction changes the liquid volume
revealing the amount of gas.
• A separate fyrite can be used for O2 and CO2
measurement.

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 Energy Audit
5.Temperature measurements

High temperature measurement

Non conducting

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Energy Audit
5.Temperature measurements contd…
(a) Contact thermo meter
• These are thermocouples which measures
for example flue gas, hot air, hot water
temperatures by insertion of probe into the
stream.
• For surface temperature, a leaf type probe is
used with the same instrument.

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Energy Audit
5.Temperature measurements contd…
(b) Infrared thermometer
• This is a non-contact type measurement
which when directed at a heat source directly
gives the temperature read out.
• This instrument is useful for measuring hot
spots in furnaces, surface temperatures etc.

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Energy Audit
5.Temperature measurements contd…
(c) Resistance Thermometer Detectors (RTD)
(d) Thermocouples
(e) Thermistors

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Energy Audit
6. Pressure measurements

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 Energy Audit
7. Velocity measurements

Wind meter

Fluid flow velocity

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Energy Audit
7. Velocity measurements contd…
• Air velocity in ducts can be measured using a
pitot tube and inclined manometer for further
calculation of flows.

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Energy Audit
8. Speed measurements
• In any audit exercise speed measurements are
critical as they may change with frequency, belt slip
and loading.
• A simple tachometer is a contact type instrument
which can be used where direct access is possible.
• More sophisticated and safer ones are non contact
instruments such as stroboscopes.

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Energy Audit
9. Leak detectors
• Ultrasonic instruments are available which can
be used to detect leaks of compressed air
• Other gases which are normally not possible to
detect with human abilities.
• Compressed Air Leaks by Ultrasonic Leak
Detectors
• Steam Leak Detectors by Ultrasonic leak
detectors

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Energy Audit
10. Measurement of light
• By using Lux meters
• Illumination levels are measured with a lux
meter.
• It consists of a photo cell which senses the
light output, converts to electrical impulses
which are calibrated as lux.

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Energy Audit
11. Measurement of water flow
- Water flow meter
• This non-contact flow measuring device using
Doppler effect / Ultra sonic principle.
• There is a transmitter and receiver which are
positioned on opposite sides of the pipe.
• The meter directly gives the flow.
• Water and other fluid flows can be easily
measured with this meter.

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 Energy Audit
12. Humidity measurements

Relative humidity

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Energy Audit
12. Humidity measurements contd…
Psychrometer- wet & dry bulb thermometer
• It consists of two temperature sensors
Lithium chloride cell
Digital humidity meter
Thermo-hydrograph

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Review Questions on Energy Audit
1. Write a short note on energy audit
instruments. ( June/july, 2011 ,2014
10marks)
2. Explain detailed energy audit. (June/july
2014, 10 Marks)
3. Explain various classification of energy audit.
(Dec 2011, 10 Marks)
4. Discuss the role of energy management
team. (Dec 2011, 10 Marks)
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Review Questions on Energy Audit
5. Explain in brief the types of energy audit and
outcome of the audit. (June/july 2011, 08 Marks)
6. Explain the steps in energy audit report
generation. ( june/july 2011,2010, 06 Marks)
7. Give a 10 methodology steps for detailed energy
auditing explain. (Dec 2010, 10 Marks)
8. What is energy use profile? What are the audits
required for constructing the energy use profile?
(Dec 2010,10 Marks)

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Review Questions on Energy Audit
9. Define energy audit. Explain the importance
of energy audit in the industry.
(06 Marks, jan 2010)
10. Explain the detailed energy audit activities.
(06 Marks, jan 2010)
11. Explain the different steps of presenting the
energy audit results. (08 Marks, jan 2010)

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Seminar
 Group 1 – Review questions 1 to 3
(20 members)

 Group 2 – Review questions 4 to 7

(20 members)

 Group 3 – Review questions 8 to 11

(20 members)

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 Thank You…..
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