Course Outcome -3

VECTOR CALCULUS
Session 21: Determine the Gradient of a scalar point function.
Introduction
Vector function: Let P be point in a domain (Domain in applications are three dimensional, or
surface or a curve in space) then we define a vector function 𝐹⃗ whose values are vectors that is
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗ (𝑃) = 𝐹1 (𝑃)𝑖 + 𝐹1 (𝑃)𝑗 + 𝐹1 (𝑃)𝑘 that depends on points of P in space.
In the Cartesian coordinates x,y,z ,⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 (𝑃) can be written as
𝐹⃗ = 𝐹⃗ (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑖 + 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑗 + 𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)𝑘

Vector Field: A vector function defines a vector field in a domain of definition.

Example:
(1) The field of tangent vectors of a curve,
(2) Normal vectors of a surface
(3) Velocity field of rotating body.

Note: A vector function may also depend upon time t or on some other parameters.
Example : Vector Field (Velocity Field)
At any instant the velocity vectors v(P) of a rotating body B constitute a vector field, called the
velocity field of the rotation axis of rotation
If P(x, y, z) is point in B, and z-axis is the axis of rotation ⃗⃗(x, y, z) = ⃗w
v ⃗⃗ × r⃗ = ⃗w
⃗⃗⃗ ×
(xi + yj + zk).

Scalar Function: we define a scalar function f, whose values are scalars, that isf = f(P), that
depend on P.
Scalar field: A scalar function defines a scalar field in three dimensional domain or surface or a
curve in space.

Example
1. Temperature of a body
2. Pressure field of the air in earth’s atmosphere.
Note: Scalar function may also depend on some parameter such as time t.

Example: Scalar function: The distance f (P) of any point P(x, y, z) from a fixed point
P(x0 , y0 , z0 )in space is a scalar function.
𝑓(𝑃) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = √(𝑥 − 𝑥0 )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑦0 )2 + (𝑧 − 𝑧0 )2

Position vector: Spatial displacement in three dimensions is a vector. In particular, the

displacement from the origin of coordinates to a point (x, y, z) is a vector.
This is written as r  xi + y j + z k, and called the position vector of the point (x, y, z). We will
often refer simply to the ‘point r’, since there is no ambiguity in doing so. The displacement
vector from point r1 to point r2 is r2  r1
We now define some quantities known as gradient, divergence and curl.
Gradient of a scalar point function:
Gradient: The setting is that we are given a scalar function f(x, y, z) that is defined and
differentiable in a domain in 3-space with Cartesian coordinates x, y, z. We denote the gradient
of that function by grad f or ∇f (read Nablaf). Then the
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f ∂f
𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐟 = 𝛁𝐟 = [ , , ] = 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 𝐤
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
The notation ∇f is suggested by the differential operator∇(read nabla) defined by
∂ ∂ ∂
𝛁=𝐢 +𝐣 +𝐤 .
∂x ∂y ∂z
Gradients are useful in several ways, notably in giving the rate of change of f(x, y, z)in any
direction in space, in obtaining surface normal vectors, and in deriving vector fields from scalar
fields.

Gradient as Surface Normal Vector:

Let f be a differentiable scalar function in space. Let f(x, y, z) = c, (Constant )represent a surface
S. Then if the gradient of f at a point P of S is not the zero vectors, it is a normal vector of S at P.

i.e. Surface normal is 𝛁f = gradf

To be discussed by instructor
1. If f x, y, z   3x 2 y  y 3 z 2 , Compute grad f at the point 1,2,1
2. Determine grad  , where f is given by   x 3  y 3  xz 2 at the point 1,1,2 .
3.Given the velocity potential f = x 2 − 6x − y 2 of a flow, determine the velocity v
of the field and its value at P(−1,5)
1
4. Determine the force in an electrostatic field given byf = (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )−2 at P(12,0,16)

5. Given the velocity potential f = x 2 y − 6yz − z 2 x of a flow, Compute the velocity v

 of the field and its value at P(−1,5,1)
6. If T is the temperature field given by T = x 3 − y 3 + xz 2 , compute the gradient of
temperature T at the point 1,1,2 .
7. Determine a unit normal vector n of the cone of revolution z 2 = 4(x 2 + y 2 ) at the point
P(1,0,2)
Home Work Problems
1. If f is the electric field given byf = x 3 − y 3 + xz 2 , compute the gradient of electric field f
at the point 1,1,2 .
2. Evaluate the greatest rate of increase of u = x2+yz2 at the point (1,-1,3)
3. Determine the velocity potential f of a flow, if the velocity is v = [yz, xz, xy]
4. Determine the angle between the normals to the surface xy  z 2 at the points
(4,1,2) and (3,3,3) .

Session 22
Determine the directional derivative with applications

Directional Derivative
df
The directional derivative Db f (or) of a function f(x, y, z) at a point P in the direction of a
ds
df ⃗⃗
b
vector ⃗⃗
bof any length is defined by Db f = ds = ⃗⃗|
. gradf
|b
Use of Gradient: Direction of Maximum Increase

Let f(x, y, z)be a scalar function having continuous first partial derivatives in some domain B in
space. Then grad exists in B and is a vector, that is, its length and direction are independent of
the particular choice of Cartesian coordinates. If gradf(P) ≠ 0 at some point P, it has the
direction of maximum increase of at P.
Therefore directional derivative is maximum in the direction of gradf .Because dot product is
maximum when angle between two vectors is zero.

1Find the directional derivative of f  xy  yz  zx in the direction of vector i  2 j  k at

the point (1, 2 , 0).
2.In what direction from the point (1,1,-1) is the directional derivative of f  x 2  2 y 2  4 z 2
is maximum? Also find the value of this maximum directional derivative.
 3.If T is the temperature field given by T = x 3 − y 3 + xz 2 , Determine the direction of
maximum decrease of temperature T at the point 1,1,2 .
Home work Problems
1The temperature at a point(x,y,z) in a space given by T(x,y,z)=x 2+ y2 +z2 . A mosquito
located at (1,1,2) desires to fly in such a direction that it will get warm as soon as possible. In
what direction should it fly?
2.Let the electric potential (the voltage) be given by v(x, y, z) = 3x 2 y − xz. If a positive
charge is placed at P (2,3, −1), in what direction will the charge begin to move?

Session 23: Determine the divergence and curl of a vector field.

Divergence:
Introduction
⃗⃗(x, y, z) be a differentiable vector function, where x, y, z are Cartesian coordinates, and let
Letv
∂v1 ∂v2 ∂v3
v1 , v2 , v3 be the components ofv
⃗⃗. Then the function div v
⃗⃗ = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
is called the divergence of 𝐯⃗⃗ (or) the divergence of the vector field defined by ∇. v
⃗⃗

Curl of a Vector Field

Letv⃗⃗(x, y, z) = [v1 , v2 , v3 ] = v1 i + v2 j + v3 k be a differentiable vector function, where x,
y, z are Cartesian coordinates Then the curl of the vector function v ⃗⃗or of the vector field
given byv ⃗⃗is defined by the “symbolic” determinant

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂v3 ∂v2 ∂v1 ∂v3 ∂v2 ∂v1
Curl (v
⃗⃗) = ∇ × v
⃗⃗ = | |=( − )i + ( − )j + ( − )k
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
v1 v2 v3

This is the formula when x, y, z are right-handed. If they are left-handed, the determinant
has a minus sign in front .

Problems for discussion by instructor

⃗⃗ = [3xz, 2xy, −yz 2 ] = 3xzi + 2xyj + −yz 2 k, evaluate div.v

1) If v

2) Determine div f where f  r n r .

3) Determine div f where f  grad ( x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz)
4) If 𝒇 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝒋 − 𝟑𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌 Determine Curl f at the point (1,-1.1)
Home Work Problems

1) If𝑓⃗ = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 2𝑦 2 𝑗 − 3𝑧 2 𝑘 ,Determine divf⃗ at (1,0,3).

2) Compute divergence of v ⃗⃗ = [3𝑥 2 , 2𝑦𝑧, 𝑧 2 ] at 𝑃(1, −1,2)
3) Determine curl (r 2 r⃗)
4) Determine ∇ × v ⃗⃗ where v ⃗⃗ = xyz[x, y, z]
Session 24: Scalar Potential, Solenoidal and Irrotational Vector field.

Flow of a Compressible Fluid. Physical Meaning of the Divergence

We consider the motion of a fluid in a region R having no sources or sinks in R, that
is, no points at which fluid is produced or disappears. The concept of fluid state is
meant to cover also gases and vapors. Fluids in the restricted sense, or liquids, such as
water or oil, have very small compressibility, which can be neglected in many
problems. In contrast, gases and vapors have high compressibility. Their density ρ(=
mass per unit volume)depends on the coordinates x, y, z in space and may also depend
on time t. We assume that our fluid is compressible. We consider the flow through a
rectangular box B of small edges ∆x, ∆y, ∆z parallel to the coordinate axes as shown
in Fig given below. (Here∆ is a standard notation for small quantities). The box B has
the volume ∆V = ∆x∆y∆z Let be the velocity vector of the motion. We set
⃗⃗ = [u1 , u2 , u3 ] = u1 i + u2 j + u3 k
⃗⃗ = ρv
u
and assume that u ⃗⃗and v
⃗⃗are continuously differentiable vector functions of x, y, z, and
t, that is, they have first partial derivatives which are continuous. Let us calculate the
change in the mass included in B by considering the flux across the boundary, that is,
the total loss of mass leaving B per unit time. Consider the flow through the left of the
three faces of B that are visible in Fig. 218, whose area is ∆x∆z . Since the vectors v1 i
and v2 k are parallel to that face, the components v1 and v2 of v ⃗⃗contribute nothing to
this flow. Hence the mass of fluid entering through that face during a short time
interval is given approximately by
(ρv2 )y ∆x∆z∆t = (u2 )y ∆x∆z∆t
where the subscript y indicates that this expression refers to the left face. The mass of
fluid leaving the box B through the opposite face during the same time interval is
approximately, (u2 )y+∆y ∆x∆z∆t where the subscript y + ∆y indicate that this
expression refers to the right face (which is not visible in Fig. 218) . The differenceis
the approximate loss of mass. Two similar expressions are obtained by considering
the other two pairs ofparallel faces of B. If we add these three expressions, we find
that the total loss of mass in B during the timeinterval∆t is approximately
∆v1 ∆v2 ∆v3
( + + ) ∆V∆t,
∆x ∆y ∆z
Where ∆u1 = (u1 )x+∆x − (u1 )x and ∆u3 = (u3 )z+∆z − (u3 )z .
 This loss of mass in B is caused by the time rate of change of the density and is thus
equal to
∂ρ
− ∆V∆t.
∂t

If we equate both expressions, divide the resulting equation by ∆V∆t, and ∆x, ∆y, ∆z and∆t
approach zero, then we obtain
∂ρ
div u
⃗⃗ = div(ρv
⃗⃗) = −
∂t
or
∂ρ
+ div(ρv⃗⃗) = 0
∂t
This important relation is called the condition for the conservation of mass or the continuity
equation of a compressible fluid flow.
∂ρ
If the flow is steady, that is, independent of time, then ∂t = 0 and the continuity equation is
div(ρv ⃗⃗) = 0
If the density ρ is constant, so that the fluid is incompressible, then equation becomes
div(v⃗⃗) = 0
This relation is known as the condition of incompressibility. It expresses the fact that the
balance of outflow and inflow for a given volume element is zero at any time. Clearly, the
assumption that the flow has no sources or sinks in R is essential to our argument. v ⃗⃗is also
referred to as solenoidal.
From this discussion you should conclude and remember that, roughly speaking, the
divergence measures outflow minus inflow.

Rotation of a Rigid Body. Relation to the Curl

We have seen in Example of vector field, that a rotation of a rigid body B about a fixed axis in
space can be described by a vector ⃗w ⃗⃗of magnitude ω in the direction of the axis of rotation,
where 𝜔(> 0)is the angular speed of the rotation, and ⃗w ⃗⃗is directed so that the rotation appears
clockwise if we look in the direction of ⃗w
⃗⃗. The velocity field of the rotation can be represented in
the form
⃗⃗ = ⃗w
v ⃗⃗ × r⃗
wherer⃗is the position vector of a moving point with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system
having the originon the axis of rotation? Let us choose right-handed Cartesian coordinates such
that the axis of rotation is the z-axis.

⃗⃗⃗ = [0,0, ω] = ωk, v

⃗w ⃗⃗ × r⃗ = [−ωy, ωx, 0] = −ωyi + ωxj.
⃗⃗ = ⃗w
Hence
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl (v ⃗⃗) = ∇ × v⃗⃗ = | |
∂x ∂y ∂z
−ωy ωx 0
Note: Rotating Body and Curl
The curl of the velocity field of a rotating rigid body has the direction of the axis of the rotation,
and its magnitude equals twice the angular speed of the rotation.
Grad, Div, Curl
Gradient fields are irrotational. That is, if a continuously differentiable vector function is the
gradient of a scalar function, then its curl is the zero vector, Curl(grad f) = 0
Note: If curl of a vector field v
⃗⃗ is zero then v
⃗⃗ is gradient of some potential field. Furthermore, the
divergence of the curl of a twice continuously differentiable vector function v ⃗⃗ is
zero,div(curl v⃗⃗) = 0.

Problems for discussion by instructor

1) If f  ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  pz )k is Solenoidal, determine p.
2) For what v3 is v⃗⃗ = [ey sin x , ey cos x , v3 ] is Solenoidal?
3) For a solenoidal vector F, evaluate curl curl curl curl F .
4) Is the vector v ⃗⃗ = (y 2 − z 2 + 3yz − 2x)i + (3xz + 2xy)j + (3xy − 2xz + 2z)k is
incompressible?
5) Check whether the vector function v ⃗⃗ = x 3 (y 2 − z 2 )i + y 3 (z 2 − x 2 )j + z 3 (x 2 − y 2 )k is
Solenoidal
6) Check the vector functionv ⃗⃗ = −3xi + yj + 2zk is solenoidal.
7) Check the vector function v ⃗⃗ = x(y 2 − z 2 )i + y(z 2 − x 2 )j + z(x 2 − y 2 )k is
incompressible
8) Determine the constants a, b and c if the vector ⃗f = (2x + 3y + az)i + (bx + 2y + 3z)j +
(2x + cy + 3z) is irrotational.
9) Check whether f  (6 xy  z 3 )i  (3x 2  z ) j  (3xz2  y)k is irrotational and determine
its scalar potential.

Homework Problems
 ⃗⃗ = e−x cos y i + e−x sin y j is incompressible?
1) Is the vector v
2) Check whether the vector function v ⃗⃗ = x 3 (y 2 − z 2 )i + y 3 (z 2 − x 2 )j + z 3 (x 2 − y 2 )k is
Solenoidal?
3) Check whether the vector function v ⃗⃗ = (y 2 − z 2 )i + (z 2 − x 2 )j + (x 2 − y 2 )k is
Solenoidal?
4) Check whether the curl(grad f) is Solenoidal?
5) Check whether the vector field f = [2x − 3yz, 2y − 3xz, 2z − 3xy] is irrotational.

6) A fluid motion is given by v  ( y  z ) i  ( z  x) j  ( x  y ) k . Check the motion is

irrotational and hence determine the velocity potential.

Practice Matlab programs on gradient, divergence and curl

1) If 𝑓⃗ = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑗 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘 ,Determine divf⃗ at (1, −1,1).

2) If 𝑓⃗ = 𝑦 2 𝑖 + 2𝑥 2 𝑧𝑗 − 3𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘 ,Compute divf⃗ at (1, −2,1).
3) If 𝒇 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 𝒊 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒛𝒋 − 𝟑𝒚𝒛𝟐 𝒌 Determine Curl f at the point (1,-1.1)
4) Determine Curlf⃗ where ⃗f where ⃗f = grad(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 3xyz)
5) 5.Determine scalar potential if the vector ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  xz) j  ( z 2  xy)k is
irrotational
6) 6.Check whether f  (6 xy  z 3 )i  (3x 2  z ) j  (3xz2  y)k is irrotational and determine
its scalar potential.

Session 25: Compute work done by force and evaluate volume and surface integrals

Introduction

Integration of vectors
𝑑 𝐺(𝑡)
If two vector functions F (t) and G (t) be such that 𝑑𝑡 = F(t), then G (t) is called an integral of
F (t) with respect to the scalar variable t and we write
∫ 𝐹 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐺 (𝑡) + 𝑐
Where c is an arbitrary constant vector
This is called the indefinite integral of F (t) and it definite integral is
𝑏

∫ 𝐹 (𝑡) = [𝐺 (𝑡) + 𝑐]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐺(𝑏) − 𝐺 (𝑎)

𝑎

LINE INTERAL
𝐼𝑓 𝐹(𝑟) = 𝑓 𝑖 + 𝑔𝑗 + ℎ 𝑘
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓, 𝑔 , ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑘, Then
 ∫𝑐 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 = ∫𝑐 (𝑓𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔𝑑𝑦 + ℎ𝑑𝑧)
is called the line integral (or tangential line integral) of F over c, where c is any curve in space

Work done by a Force

If F represents the force acting on a particle moving along an arc AB, then the total work done by
𝐵
F is given by the line integral ∫𝐴 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟.
Problems for discussion by instructor:
1. 𝐼𝑓 𝐅 = (5𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 ) 𝑖 + (2𝑦 − 4𝑥) 𝑗,
2. Evaluate ∫𝑐 𝐹. 𝑑𝑟 along the curve C in the xy – plane, y = x3 from (1, 1) to (2, 8).
3. Using the line integral, compute the work done by the force
𝐅 = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧𝑗 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0,0,0 )
𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡(2,1,1)𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
4. An object moves from (-1,1) to (2,4) along the path r (t )  t , t 2 subject to the force F =

x sin y, y . Find the work done.

Home Work Problems:

1) The electrostatic potential of a certain electrostatic field E is 𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 −

5𝑧). where k is a constant. Determine the scalar line integral E from the origin O to the
point P(1,2,3).
2) Using the line integral , compute the work done by the force
𝑓 = (2𝑦 + 3)𝑖 + 𝑥𝑧𝑗 + (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥)𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 (0,0,0)
𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡(2,1,1)𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑡, 𝑧 = 𝑡 3
3) An object moves along the line segment from (0,0,0) to (3,6,10) subject to the force F =
<x2, y2,z2> Find the work done.
4) A charge of 2×10-6C undergoes a displacement s given by s=(-2i+6j+3k)m in an electric
field E=(i+2j-2k)NC-1. Determine the work done by the electric force on the charge. Also
determine the angle between E and s.

Session 26

Surface and Volume integrals

Surface Integral:
Consider a continuous function F(r) and a surface S. If N is a Unit normal (outward) to the
surface at any point, then ∫𝑠 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑S is the normal surface integral (or surface integral ) of F(r)
over S.
Volume Integral:
Consider a continuous vector function F(R) and surface S enclosing the region E. Let
V=∑𝑛𝑖=0 𝐹 (𝑅𝑖 )𝛿𝑣𝑖
Then ∫𝐸 𝐹𝑑𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝐹(𝑅 )𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐸
1)𝐼𝑓 𝐹1 = 2𝑦𝑖 − 3𝑗 + 𝑥 2 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑦 2 = 8𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 6, 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘
∫𝑠 𝐹. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = 132
2) If F=2xz i-x j+y2k , evaluate ∭𝑉 𝐹𝑑𝑉 where V is the region bounded by the surfaces
x=0,x=2,y=0,y=6,z=x2,z=4
3) Evaluate the surface integral ∬𝑆 𝐹. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 when F=[x2,0,3y2] and S is the portion of the
plane in the first octant.

4) An object moves from (1,1,1) to (2,4,8) along the path r(t) = <t, t2,t3> subject to the force
F = <sin x, sin y, sin z> . Find the work done.
5) Compute the flux of F = <x,y,z4> across the cone z = (x2y2)1/2 0<z<1, in the downward
direction.

6) Determine the instantaneous power associated with a force F=(1,4,-3)N acting on a body
moving with velocity v=(2,3,3)ms-1.

Session27: Transformation between Double and Line Integrals

Green’s Theorem in the plane

𝐼𝑓 𝜙 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑦 ), 𝜙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑥𝑦 − 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝜕𝜓 𝜕∅
∫𝑐 (𝜙 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜓 𝑑𝑦) = ∫ ∫𝐸 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Problems for discussion by instructor:

1) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (3𝑥 − 8𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (4𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
 2) Use Green’s theorem in a plane to find the finite area enclosed by the parabolas y2= 4ax
and x2=4ay.
3) Use Green’s theorem in a plane to find the area of the region in the xoy plane bounded by
y3 = x2 and y =x.
4) Find the area of the ellipse using Green’s theorem
5) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦
6) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑥 = 𝑦 = ±1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = ±1
7) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 where C is the square with vertices
(0,0),(2,0),(2,2),(0,2).
8) Evaluate the circulation of F round the curve C where F=(exsiny)i+(excosy)j and C is the
rectangle whose vertices are (0,0),(1,0),(1,π/2), (0,π/2)

Home Work Problems:

1) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (3𝑥 + 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 where C is the circle x2+y2=4

2) Evaluate ∫𝐶 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 where C is the circle x2+y2=4 in xy plane

 (3x 8 y 2 )dx  (4 y  6 xy)dy where c is the boundary of the region defined by

2
3) Evaluate
c

y  x , y =x2
4) Evaluate ∫𝑐 [(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦]where C is bounded by y=x and y=x2 .
5) 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫𝑐 (2𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 − ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2

Session28: Transformation between Triple and Surface Integrals:

GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEOREM

If F is a continuously differentiable vector function in the region E bounded by the closed
surface S, then
∫𝑆 𝑭. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝐸 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑭 𝑑𝑣 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟.
Note: Gauss divergence theorem transform surface integrals to volume integrals.
Problems for discussion by instructor:
1) Evaluate ∬(7𝑥𝑖 − 𝑧𝑘) . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 over the sphere S: x2+y2+z2=4
2) Evaluate ∬ 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 ,where F= 2xz i-x j+y2 k, S the surface of the region
x=0,x=2,y=0,y=6,z=x2,z=4
3) Evaluate ∬ 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 ,where F= (2x2-3z) i-2xy j-4x k, S the surface of the region
x=0,y=0,z=0,2x+2y+z=4
4) Evaluate ∬ 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 ,where F= xy i+z2 j+2yz k, over the tetrahedron bounded by
x=0,y=0,z=0,x+y+z=1.
 Home Work Problems:

1) 1 .Evaluate ∬ 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 ,where F=ax i+by j+cz k, A the surface of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 +
𝑧2 = 1
2) 2 .Evaluate ∬ 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 ,where F=[x3,y3,z3], A the surface of cube bounded by
x=0,x=a,y=0,y=a,z=0,z=a
3) 3.Evaluate∬ 𝐹 . 𝑛𝑑𝐴 where F = [2x+3z, -xz-y,y2+2z] and A is the surface of the sphere
having center at (3,-1,2) and radius 3.
4) 4.Evaluate ∫𝑆 𝑭. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑭 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧)𝑖 + (𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥)𝑗 + (𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑘
5) 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒𝑑0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑏, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑐
6) Let F = <2x,3y, z2> and consider the three dimensional volume inside the cube with faces
parallel to the principal planes and opposite corners at (0,0,0) and (1,1,1)and calculate the
two integrals of the divergence theorem.

Session: 29: Transform surface integrals to the line integrals

STOKE’S THEOREM
If S be a surface bounded by a closed curve C and 𝑭 = 𝑓1 𝒊 + 𝑓2 𝒋 + 𝑓3 𝒌 be any continuously
differentiable vector point function, then ∫𝑐 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓 = ∫𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑭. 𝑁𝑑𝑠Where N is unit external
normal at any point S.

Example: Determine ∫𝐶 [(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (2,0,0), (0,3,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,0,6)
Sol:-𝑭 = (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝒊 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝒋 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝒌
𝜕𝑖 𝜕𝑗 𝜕𝑘
∴ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 |
𝑥 + 𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑧 𝑦 + 𝑧
= 2𝒊 + 𝒌
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
The equation of the plane through (2,0,0), (0,3,0) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,0,6)𝑖𝑠 2 + 3 + 6 = 1 𝑜𝑟 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 +
𝑧=6
3𝑖+2𝑗+𝑘 1
Vector normal to the plane is N= = (3𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 𝒌)
√9+4+1 √14
∴ ∫𝐶 [(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]
= ∫𝐶 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓
= ∫𝑆 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑭. 𝑁𝑑𝑠 (By Stokes Theorem)
 3𝑖 + 2𝑗 + 𝑘
= ∫𝑆 (2𝑖 + 𝑘). ( ) 𝑑𝑠
√14
7 7
= ∫𝑆 𝑑𝑠 = (area of the triangle formed by the three points)
√14 √14
7
= .3√14
√14
= 21

Problems for discussion by instructor:

1) Determine ∫𝐶 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑭 = −𝑦 3 𝒊 +
𝑥 3 𝒋 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1, 𝑧 = 0
2) Determine ∫𝐶 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑭 = 𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧 3 𝒋 + 𝑧𝑦 3 𝒌 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4, 𝑧 = 1.5

3) Determine ∫𝐶 𝑭. 𝑑𝒓, where C is the circle x2+y2=4,z=-3 oriented counterclockwise as

seen by a person standing at the origin, and, with respect to right-handed Cartesian
coordinates,
F=[y, xz3,-zy3]

4) Determine  ydx  zdy  xdz , where C is the curve intersection of sphere x2+y2+z2=a2 and
C
x+z=a.

Home Work Problems:

1)  F .d r where F=(x2-y2)i+2xyj and C is the box bounded by planes x=0, x=a, y=0 and

y=b.
2) Evaluate the surface integral ∫𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑭. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 directly for the given F =[y3,-x3,0]and
𝑆: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 1, 𝑧 = 0
3) Evaluate ∫𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝑭. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 for the vector F = [2x-y, -yz2, -y2z] over the upper half surface
of x2+y2+z2=1 bounded by its projection on xy plane.
4) A fluid has density 870 kg/m3 and flows with velocity v = <z,y2,x2> where distances are
in meters and the components of v are in meter per second. Find the rate of flow outward
through the portion of the cylinder x2+y2= 4. 0<z<1 for which y>0.

5) Determine ∫𝐶 [(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑧)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧]

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 (2,0,0), (0,3,0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,0,6).
Matlab Problems

1. Use the Divergence Theorem to evaluate where

and S is the surface of the solid bounded by the

cylinder and the planes and .

2. Use Stokes’ Theorem to evaluate where and C is the

circle of radius 3 at and perpendicular to the y-axis.
3. Using Greens Theorem evaluate   y  sin x dx  cos xdy where C is plane triangle
C
enclosed by the lines y=0, x=π/2 and y=(2/π)x.

Session 30

Revision on CO-3