210 STRUCTURE Tom must write the letter, or Paul will do it Tom shed. Id a joke, so Paul |: is tired, yet he is not going to sleep. Tom is In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a coordinate conjunction and, but, of, so, or yet, and a comma (,). The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL® Tests SB ‘A power failure occurred, the lamps went out. (A) then (B) so (©) later (D) next In this example you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, a power failure occurred and the lamps went out, This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses. Then, later, and next are not connectors, so answers (A), (C), and (D) are not correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses. The following chart lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern used with them: COORDINATE CONNECTORS cand but or <0 yet s v s v She laughed, she wanted to cry. EXERCISE 6: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). —&_ 1. The software should be used on a laptop computer, (and) this computer is a laptop. nin the distance, (but)no has fall —— 3. Theyare trying to sell their house, it has been on the market for two months. —L_ 2. The rain clouds can be —— 4. So the quality of the print was not good, I changed the typewriter ribbon. —— 5. The lifeguard will warn you about the riptides, or she may require you to get out of the water. —— 6. You should have finished the work yesterday, yet is not close to being finished today.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) —— 7. The phone rang again and again, so the receptionist was not able to get much work done. —— 8. The missing wallet was found, but the cash and credit cards had been removed. —— 9. Oryou can drive your car for another 2,000 miles, you can get it fixed. 10. The chemist was awarded the Nobel Prize, he flew to Europe to accept it ‘SKILL USE ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS CORRECTLY Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences: In each of these examples, there are two clauses: you leave and I will sign the check, and the clause you leave is an adverb time clause because it is introduced with the connector before. In the first example the connector before comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second example the connector before comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, acomma (,) is required in the middle of the sentence. The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in structure questions on the TOEFL test. Example from the Paper and Computer TOEFL? Tests (3/5) [5 as late, I missed the appointment, (A) I (B) Because (©) The train (D) Since he In this example you should recognize easily that there is a verb, was, that needs a subject. There is also another clause, J missed the appointment. If you choose answer (A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb was, but you will not have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because there is no subject for the verb was. Answer (D) is the best answer because there is a subject, he, for the verb was, and there is a connector, since, to join the two clauses. 2u1212 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb time and cause connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: | ‘ADVERB TIME AND CAUSE CONNECTORS oe ca ofter 4s soon as ‘once when os now that as before since whenever because since aslongas by the time until while inasmuch as__ sv adverb connector] S$ V Teresa went inside because it was raining. adverb connector s v sv Because it was raining, Teresa went inside. EXERCISE 7: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I). fhe bank closes in less than an hour, the deposits need to be tallied immediately. —L_ 2. Their backgrounds are thoroughly investigated (before) are admitted to the organization. —— 3. The citizens are becoming more and more incensed about traffic accidents whenever the accidents occur at that intersection. —— 4. The ground had been prepared, the seedlings were carefully planted. _—— 5. We can start the conference now that all the participants have arrived. —— 6. The building quite vulnerable to damage until the storm windows are installed. —— 7. Once the address label for the package is typed, can be sent to the mail room. —— 8. Because the recent change in work shifts was not posted, several workers missed their shifis. —— 9. The mother is going to be quite upset with her son as long as he misbehaves so much. —— 10. Inasmuch as all the votes have not yet been counted the outcome of the election cannot be announced.214 STRUCTURE The following chart lists adverb contrast, condition, manner, and place connectors and the sentence patterns used with them: OTHER ADVERB CONNECTORS CONDITION, CONTRAST MANNER PLACE if although as where in case even though in that wherever provided though roviding while unless whereas whether Bob went to schoo! even though he felt sick. ee Even though Bob felt sick, _ he went to school. NOTE: A comma is often used in the middle of the sentence with a contrast connector. The Smith family arrived at 2:00, while the Jones fornily arrived an hour later. EXERCISE 8: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). Itis impossible to enter that program (if) you lack experience as a teacher. The commandant left strict orders about the passes, several soldiers left the post anyway. No one is admitted to the academy unless he or she the education requirements. While most students turned the assignment in on time, a few asked for an extension. Iwill take you wherever need to go to complete the registration procedures. I will wait here in the airport with you whether the plane leaves on time or not. Providing the envelope is postmarked by this Friday, your application still acceptable. ‘As the nurse already explained all visitors must leave the hospital room now. This exam will be more difficult than usual in that it covers two chapters instead of one. ‘Though snow had been falling all day long, everyone got to the church on time for the wedding.STRUCTURE QUESTIONS (Paper and Computer) EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice in each of the fol- lowing sentences. Circle the connectors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (1). Until the registrar makes a decision about your status, you must stay in an unclassified category. — 2 Or the bills can be paid by mail by the first of the month. _— 3. The parents left a phone number with the baby-sitter in case a problem with the children. —— 4. The furniture will be delivered as soon it is paid for. —— 5. Whenever you want to hold the meeting, we will schedule it. —— 6. The government was overthrown in a revolution, the king has not returned to his homeland. —— 7. Whereas most of the documents are complete, this form still needs to be notarized. —— 8. Trash will be collected in the morning, so you should put the trash cans out tonight. — 9. Itisimpossible for the airplane to take off while is snowing so hard. 10. We did not go out to dinner tonight even though I would have preferred not to cook. TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 6-8): Choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentence. 1 The president of the United States 3. Like Thomas Berger's fictional character appoints the cabinet members, Little Big Man, Lauderdale managed to appointments are subject to Senate find himself where of important approval. events took place. (A) their (A) itwas an extraordinary number (B)_ with their (B) there was an extraordinary number (C) because their : (C) anextraordinary number (D) but their (D) an extraordinary number existed The prisoners were prevented from 4 sucked groundwater from below, speaking to reporters because some parts of the city have begun to sink (A) not wanting the story in the papers Se en (B) the story in the papers the (A) Pumps have superintendent did not want (B) As pumps have (©) the public to hear the story (C) So pumps have (D) the superintendent did not want (D) With pumps the story in the papers