Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

6WXG\RQGLVVLPLODUPHWDOVZHOGLQJRI&'9DQG6$(
VWHHOVE\,QWHUSXOVHJDVWXQJVWHQDUFZHOGLQJ
31DYHHQ.XPDU D  <%KDVNDUD 30DVWDQDLDKD &960XUWK\D
D
'HIHQFH5HVHDUFKDQG'HYHORSPHQW/DERUDWRU\+\GHUDEDG,QGLD

$EVWUDFW

,Q DHURVSDFH VFHQDULR XOWUD KLJK VWUHQJWK VWHHOV OLNH &'9 VWHHOV DQG 6$(  VWHHOV DUH ZLGHO\ XVHG EHFDXVH RI WKHLU
RXWVWDQGLQJKLJKVWUHQJWKWRZHLJKWUDWLR7KHVHVWHHOVGLIIHUIURPHDFKRWKHULQWKHLUDOOR\FRPSRVLWLRQ&'9VWHHOFRQWDLQV
ORZHUEDLQDWHSKDVHLQKDUGHQHGDQGWHPSHUHGFRQGLWLRQZKHUHDV6$(VWHHOSRVVHVVWHPSHUHGPDUWHQVLWHLQKDUGHQHGDQG
WHPSHUHG FRQGLWLRQ &'9 VWHHO REWDLQ WKHLU VWUHQJWK E\ DXVWHQL]LQJ DW ƒ& “ ƒ& IROORZHG E\ 2LO:DWHU)RUFHG DLU
TXHQFKLQJ DQG WHPSHULQJ DW ƒ& “ ƒ& ZKLOH WKH VWUHQJWK RI  6$(  VWHHOV LV REWDLQHGE\ DXVWHQL]LQJ DW ƒ& “ ƒ&
IROORZHGE\2LO:DWHUTXHQFKLQJDQGWHPSHULQJDWƒ&“ƒ&
,QWKHSUHVHQWZRUNPPWKLFN&'9DOOR\VWHHOVKHHWVZHUHMRLQHGWR6$(ORZDOOR\VWHHOE\,QWHU3XOVH *DV7XQJVWHQ
$UFZHOGLQJXVLQJ &'DOOR\ILOOHUZLUHE\WDNLQJERWKWKHEDVHPDWHULDOVLQGLIIHUHQWSULRUDQG SRVWKHDWWUHDWPHQWFRQGLWLRQV
'LIIHUHQW ZHOGLQJ SDUDPHWHUV DQG KHDW WUHDWPHQW F\FOHV DUH HPSOR\HG 7KHVH ZHOG FRXSRQV DUH HYDOXDWHG E\ QRQGHVWUXFWLYH
WHVWVOLNH'\HSHQHWUDWHWHVWDQG;UD\UDGLRJUDSK\7KHMRLQWVDUHHYDOXDWHGIRUPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVXOWLPDWHWHQVLOH
VWUHQJWK\LHOGVWUHQJWKSHUFHQWDJHRIHORQJDWLRQ DQGPLFURKDUGQHVV DFURVV ZHOGPHQWDQGPHDVXUHPHQWRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVERWK
LQ DV ZHOGHG DQG SRVW ZHOG KHDW WUHDWHG FRQGLWLRQV (YDOXDWHG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV ZHUH FRUUHODWHG WR WKHLU ZHOGPHQW
PLFURVWUXFWXUHV

©
‹ 2014
Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WGunder the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZ XQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV ,QWHU SXOVH*DV7XQJVWHQ$UFZHOGLQJ&'9VWHHO 6$( VWHHOGLVVLPLODUPHWDOZHOGLQJ

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVV QDYHHQNXPDU#JPDLOFRP

2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.483
 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391 2383

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

,QPDQ\HQJLQHHULQJDSSOLFDWLRQVZHOGLQJLVRIWHQSHUIRUPHGEHWZHHQGLVVLPLODUPHWDOVLQRUGHUWRPHHWWKHHQG
IXQFWLRQDOUHTXLUHPHQWV$VXFFHVVIXOZHOGMRLQWEHWZHHQGLVVLPLODUPHWDOVVKRXOGSRVVHVVVXIILFLHQWWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK
DQGGXFWLOLW\VRWKDWMRLQWZLOOQRWIDLOZKHQLWLVXQGHUVHUYLFHFRQGLWLRQV6XFKZHOGMRLQWVFDQEHSURGXFHGWKURXJK
GLIIHUHQW NLQG RI ZHOGLQJ SURFHVVHV GHSHQGLQJ XSRQ WKH GLVVLPLODU PHWDOV XQGHU FRQVLGHUDWLRQ 7KH DGDSWLRQ RI
GLVVLPLODU PHWDO FRPELQDWLRQV SURYLGHV SRVVLELOLWLHV IRU WKH IOH[LEOH GHVLJQ RI WKH SURGXFW E\ XVLQJ HDFK PDWHULDO
HIILFLHQF\LHEHQHILWLQJIURPWKHVSHFLILFSURSHUWLHVRIHDFKPDWHULDOLQDIXQFWLRQDOZD\

&'9 VWHHO LVDKLJKVWUHQJWKORZDOOR\VWHHO 7KHQDPH&'9LVD)UHQFKGHVLJQDWLRQLQ ZKLFKWKH ILUVW

QXPEHU LV HTXDO WR  WLPHV WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI FDUERQ 7KH OHWWHUV ZKLFK IROORZ LQGLFDWH WKH RWKHU HOHPHQWV
SUHVHQWLQWKHGHFUHDVLQJRUGHURIFRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KHODVWGLJLWLVHTXDOWRIRXUWLPHVWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFKURPLXP
,Q WKH )UHQFK QRWDWLRQ & VWDQGV IRU FKURPLXP ' IRU PRO\EGHQXP DQG 9 IRU YDQDGLXP ,W WKHUHIRUH WKDW LQ
&'9 VWHHO WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI FDUERQ LV  ZKLOH WKDW RI FKURPLXP LV O DQG WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI
PRO\EGHQXP DQG YDQDGLXP DUH OHVV WKDQ  HDFK +HQFH LW LV D ORZDOOR\ VWHHO LQ ZKLFK WKH SURSRUWLRQ E\
ZHLJKWRIDOOWKHDOOR\LQJHOHPHQWVFRPELQHGLVOHVVWKDQ %DQG\RSDGK\D\>@DQG5DYLNXPDU>@HWDO VWDWHG
WKDW &'9VWHHOLVKLJKVWUHQJWKDQGKLJKWRXJKQHVVVWHHOH[WHQVLYHO\XVHGLQURFNHWPRWRUKDUGZDUHLQWKHVSDFH
SURJUDPPH 7KLVVWHHOKDVYHU\KLJKVWUHQJWKWRZHLJKWUDWLRVDORQJZLWKJRRGWRXJKQHVVDQGZHOGDELOLW\ 'LQJDQG
+DQ >@HWDO UHSRUWHGWKDW &'9VWHHOFRQWDLQVEDLQDWLFVWUXFWXUHXSRQLQFUHDVLQJWHPSHUDWXUHXSWRƒ&WKH
PDWHULDO XQGHUJRHV D VHFRQGDU\ KDUGHQLQJ HIIHFW ZKHUH LQFUHDVH LQ VWUHQJWK DQG KDUGQHVV RI D PDWHULDO E\
SUHFLSLWDWLQJ WKH DOOR\ FDUELGHV QDPHO\ 0R & 9& ,QGXPDWKL >@ HW DO GLVFRYHUHG ORQJWHUP SHUIRUPDQFH
HYDOXDWLRQVWXGLHVRID HFRIULHQGO\FRDWLQJVFKHPH ZKLFK ZHUHFDUULHGRXWRQ&'9VWHHODQXOWUDKLJK VWUHQJWK
VWHHOXVHGLQWKHDHURVSDFHLQGXVWU\
/DQJDQG1 .HQ\RQ>@HWDO VWDWHG WKDW 6$(VWHHOLVDQXOWUDKLJKVWUHQJWKORZDOOR\KHDWWUHDWDEOHVWHHO
ZLGHO\XVHGLQYDULRXVDLUIUDPHVWUXFWXUHDQGFRPSRQHQWVVWHHOVDUHFODVVLILHGLQWKHFDWHJRU\RIKLJKVWUHQJWK
PHGLXP FDUERQ ORZ DOOR\ VWHHOV ,W LV RQH RI WKH PRVW ZLGHO\ XVHG VWHHOV LQ DLU FUDIW FRQVWUXFWLRQ EHFDXVH RI LWV
FRPELQDWLRQRIPRGHUDWHVWUHQJWKDQGUHDVRQDEOHGXFWLOLW\LQWKHTXHQFKHGDQGWHPSHUHGFRQGLWLRQV
6$(  LV D ORZ DOOR\ VWHHO FRQWDLQLQJ PRO\EGHQXP DQG FKURPLXP DV VWUHQJWKHQLQJ DJHQWV 7KLV DOOR\ LV
UHDGLO\PDFKLQHGLQFRQYHQWLRQDOPHWKRGV0DFKLQDELOLW\LVWKHEHVWZLWKWKHLQQRUPDOL]HGDQGWHPSHUHGFRQGLWLRQ
+5F$OWKRXJKWKHDOOR\PD\EHPDFKLQHGLQWKHIXOO\KHDWWUHDWHGFRQGLWLRQ %URZQ >@DQG 'DEH]LHV >@ HW
DO VWDWHWKDW 0DFKLQDELOLW\ EHFRPHVPRUHGLIILFXOWZLWKLQFUHDVLQJVWUHQJWKKDUGQHVV+5FRIWKHDOOR\,WKDV
UHODWLYHO\ ORZ KDUGHQDELOLW\ EHFDXVH RI ZKLFK XQLIRUP PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV FDQ EH REWDLQHG RQO\ LQ VHFWLRQ
WKLFNQHVV WKDW DUH VPDOO HQRXJK PP WKURXJK KDUGHQ ZKHQ TXHQFKHG DIWHU WHPSHULQJ DW & LW FRQWDLQV
WHPSHUHGPDUWHQVLWH IXUWKHULQFUHDVLQJLQWHPSHUDWXUHWKLVWHPSHUHGPDUWHQVLWHLVWUDQVIRUPLQJWRFRDUVHPDUWHQVLWH
&'9DQG6$(VWHHOVDUHGLVVLPLODUZLWKUHVSHFWWRFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGKHDWWUHDWPHQWSURFHVVHV

&RQVLGHULQJ WKH H[WHQVLYH XVDJH RI WKH PDWHULDOV LQ DHURVSDFH LQGXVWULHV ZHOGLQJ RI WKHVH WZR GLVVLPLODU
PDWHULDOVDUHDWWHPSWHG 7DEOHVKRZVW\SHRIZHOGDQGPDWHULDOKHDWWUHDWPHQWFRQGLWLRQV $OOWKH VL[ W\SHVRI ZHOG
FRXSRQVDUH1'(WHVWHGDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVVXFKDVXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK \LHOGVWUHQJWKSHUFHQWDJHRI
HORQJDWLRQ DQG DFURVV WKH ZHOG EHDG KDUGQHVV DQG UHVLGXDO VWUHVV DUH PHDVXUHG 0LFUR VWUXFWXUHV DFURVV WKH ZHOG
EHDGDUHDQDO\]HGDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVLQUHODWLRQWRWKHPHWDOOXUJLFDO SKDVHVDUHVWXGLHG

 2EMHFWLYH

7KHSULPHREMHFWLYHRIWKHZRUNLVWRUHDOL]HDGLVVLPLODUZHOGMRLQWEHWZHHQWKHVHWZRKLJKVWUHQJWKVWHHOVZLWK
UDGLRJUDSK\TXDOLW\DQG WRHYDOXDWHWKHPLFURKDUGQHVVDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIGLVVLPLODUZHOGPHQWDORQJZLWK
WKHDQDO\VLVRIIXVLRQ]RQHPLFURVWUXFWXUHV
2384 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391

 ([SHULPHQWDO'HWDLOV
 3DUHQW0DWHULDOV
7KHPDWHULDOVVHOHFWHGIRUWKLVVWXG\DUH6$(VWHHODQG&'9VWHHO7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVRI WKHVH
PDWHULDOVDUHJLYHQ7DEOH7KHGHWDLOVRIKHDWWUHDWPHQWFRQGLWLRQVRISDUHQWPDWHULDODUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH
7DEOH &KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHEDVHPDWHULDOLQZW

0DWHULDO & 6L 0Q &U 0R 9 6 3

&'9        
6$(        

7DEOH 0DWHULDOKHDWWUHDWPHQWFRQGLWLRQ

61R 7\SHRIZHOGMRLQW 3UHZHOGFRQGLWLRQ 3RVW:HOGWUHDWPHQW ,GHQWLILFDWLRQ1RRI

ZHOGFRXSRQ
 6LPLODU $QQHDOHG $
6$( B
 6LPLODU $QQHDOHG B $
&'9
 'LVVLPLODU6$( $QQHDOHG B $
&'9
 'LVVLPLODU6$( ƒ&“ƒ&IROORZHGE\ +7
&'9 B IRUFHGDLUTXHQFKLQJDQG
WHPSHULQJDWƒ&“ƒ&
 'LVVLPLODU6$( ƒ&“ƒ&IROORZHGE\ +7
&'9 RLOTXHQFKLQJDQG
B WHPSHULQJDWƒ&“ƒ&

 'LVVLPLODU +DUGHQHG WHPSHUHG +7

6$( &'9 DVSHUEDVHPDWHULDOV B

 :HOGLQJ
x 3UHZHOGLQJFOHDQLQJ PHWKRGV%HIRUH ZHOGLQJWKHVXUIDFHVRIWKHVKHHWV ZHUHGHJUHDVHGZLWKWKHWKRURXJK
DSSOLFDWLRQRIDFHWRQHXVLQJWKHOLQWIUHHFRWWRQFORWK)XUWKHUD]RQHPPIURPHDFKVLGHRIZHOGMRLQWZDV
VFUXSXORXVO\FOHDQHGZLWKVWDLQOHVV VWHHO URWDU\ZLUHEUXVK
x 7DFNZHOGLQJ 0DWHULDO 6HOHFWLRQRIILOOHU 7KHVKHHWVZHUHWDFNZHOGHGDWERWKWKHHQGVDQG FHQWUH RIWKH
MRLQWEHIRUHIXOOZHOGLQJWRDYRLGPLVPDWFKEHWZHHQWKHSODWHV )RUDQ\FRPELQDWLRQRIGLVVLPLODUZHOGLQJWKH
VHOHFWLRQ RI ILOOHU PDWHULDO SOD\V D NH\ UROH RQ WKH ILQDO ZHOGPHQW SURSHUWLHV )RU WKH SUHVHQW ZRUN &'
DOOR\ ILOOHUZLUHXVHGWKLVDOOR\LV VOLJKWO\PRGLILHGFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI&'9VWHHOLV KDYLQJ&
0Q&U0R6L6 3
x :HOG 7KH VKHHWV RI WZR GLVVLPLODU PDWHULDOV 6$(   &'9 DOOR\ VWHHOV ZLWK VL]HV RI PP ;
PP ; PP DUH ZHOGHG E\ LQWHUSXOVH 7,* ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV 7KH SULQFLSOH RI LQWHUSXOVH 7,* ZHOGLQJ
SURFHVV LV EDVHG RQFRQVWULFWLRQRIZHOGLQJDUFE\ PDJQHWLF ILHOG DURXQGWKHDUF7KHVWUHQJWKRIWKH HOHFWULF
ILHOG LVGLUHFWO\SURSRUWLRQDOWR WKHUDWHRIFKDQJHRIPDJQHWLF ILHOG7KHLQWHUSXOVHJHQHUDWHVKLJK IUHTXHQF\
SXOVHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSV RI ZKLFKDUHSURJUDPPDEOHWRDOWHUWKH PDJQHWLF ILHOGRIWKHDUFWKXVHQDEOLQJ WKH
FRQWURO RI WKH FRQVWULFWLRQ RI WKH DUF DQG OHDGLQJ WR OHVV KHDW LQSXW DQG VPDOO +$= FRPSDUH WR QRUPDO
FRQYHQWLRQDO7,*ZHOGLQJSURFHVVHV DQGFRQVHTXHQWO\ LPSURYHPHQWLQPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHZHOGPHQW
DUH DFKLHYHG E\LQWHUSXOVH7,* ZHOGLQJSURFHVVHV 7KHZHOGLQJSDUDPHWHUVXVHGLQWKLV SUHVHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ
DUHJLYHQLQ7DEOH7KHZHOGFRXSRQVZHUHVXEMHFWHGWR;5D\UDGLRJUDSK\WHVWDQGG\HSHQHWUDWHWHVWDVSHU
DFFHSWDQFHFULWHULDRI$60(%39&VHFWLRQ9,,,'LYDQG$670(UHVSHFWLYHO\
 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391 2385

7DEOH ,QWHUSXOVH7,*ZHOGLQJSDUDPHWHUV

:HOGLQJ,QSXW3DUDPHWHUV )LUVW3DVV'HWDLOV 6HFRQG3DVV

'HWDLOV

0DLQ&XUUHQW$PS  

%DFNJURXQG&XUUHQW$PS  
'HOWD&XUUHQW$PS  
'HOWD)UHTXHQF\.+]  
3UH3XUJLQJ6HF  
3RVW3XUJLQJ6HF  
ZHOGLQJVSHHGPPPLQ  

 3RVWZHOG+HDWWUHDWPHQW3:+7 0HWDOORJUDSK\

,QRUGHUWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHLQIOXHQFHRI3:+7RQPLFURVWUXFWXUHVDQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVWZRW\SHVRI
SRVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWPHQWZHUHHPSOR\HG7KHGHWDLOV3:+7DUHDVIROORZV ƒ& “ƒ& IRUPPPLQVRDNLQJ
IROORZHGE\IRUFHGDLUTXHQFKLQJ DQGWHPSHULQJDWÛ&PLQVRDNLQJIROORZHGE\DLUFRROLQJWKDWLVVXLWDEOHIRU
&'9DOOR\VWHHO ƒ&“ƒ&IRUPPPLQVRDNLQJIROORZHGE\RLOTXHQFKLQJ DQGWHPSHULQJDWÛ&KRXU
VRDNLQJIROORZHGE\DLUFRROLQJWKDWLVVXLWDEOHIRURI6$( VWHHO
0HWDOORJUDSKLF VWXGLHV FRQVLVWLQJ RI PLFUR VWUXFWXUDO H[DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH ZHOG ]RQH +$= DQG EDVH
PDWHULDOV)RUWKLVSXUSRVH2O\PSXVPDNHRSWLFDOPLFURVFRSHZDVHPSOR\HG'LIIHUHQWLDOHWFKLQJZDVFDUULHGRXW
XVLQJQLWDOIRU6$(  QLWDO VROXWLRQIRU&'9VWHHO

 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQV
 7HQVLOHSURSHUWLHV
7KHURRPWHPSHUDWXUHWHQVLOHSURSHUWLHVRIERWKWKHEDVHPDWHULDOV6$( &'9VWHHOLQDQQHDOHG
FRQGLWLRQDQGLQSRVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWHGFRQGLWLRQDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH
7DEOH 0HFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIVLPLODUDQGGLVVLPLODUZHOGPHQWVEHWZHHQ4 76$(DQG&'9
61R 7\SHRIZHOGMRLQW 87603D <603D (/ )DLOXUHORFDWLRQ

 $    +$=RI

 $    +$=RI&'9
 $    +$=RI
 +7    +$=RI
 +7    +$=RI&'9
 +7    +$=RI

 0LFURVWUXFWXUHV
7RXQGHUVWDQGWKH LQWHJULW\ GLVVLPLODUZHOGVPLFURVWUXFWXUHVRIIXVLRQ]RQH)=DQG+$=DUHVWXGLHG7KH
PLFURVWUXFWXUHRIGLVVLPLODUZHOGEHWZHHQ6$(DQG&'9VWHHODWDQQHDOHGDQGYDULRXVKHDWWUHDWHG
FRQGLWLRQVDVVKRZQLQILJXUHVDQG
x $ 7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRI$VLPLODUFRQVLVWVRIELSKDVHFRDUVHODPHOODUSHDUOLWHGDUNDUHDVLQDPDWUL[
RIIHUULWHZKLWHZLWKDQDYHUDJHIHUULWHFRQFHQWUDWLRQLQWKHEDVHPHWDOUHJLRQDVVKRZQLQILJD8QWHPSHUHG
PDUWHQVLWHREVHUYHGLQWKHIXVLRQ]RQHDVVKRZQ LQILJEWKH+$= VKRZVDPL[WXUHRIILQHDFLFXODUSURGXFWVDV
VKRZQLQILJF
2386 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391

D E

)LJXUH $ 0LFURVWUXFWXUHVD%DVHPDWHULDORI6$( E:HOG=RQHF+$=RI6$( 

x $ 7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRI$VLPLODU&'9 WKHEDVH PDWHULDOFRQVLVWVRIODPHOODUSHDUOLWLFVWUXFWXUHLQD

IHUULWHPDWUL[DVVKRZQLQD 7KHIXVLRQ]RQHFRQVLVWVRI EDLQLWLFIHDWXUHVILQH DVVKRZQLQILJF7KH+$=
H[SHULHQFHVRIJUDLQFRDUVHQLQJDVVKRZQLQILJE
D E

)LJXUH $0LFURVWUXFWXUHVD%DVHPDWHULDORI&'9E +$=RI&'9F :HOG=RQH

x $ 7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRI$GLVVLPLODU 6$(  &'9 VWHHOIURP&'9VWHHOVLGHWKHEDVHPDWHULDO
FRQVLVWVRIODPHOODUSHDUOLWLFVWUXFWXUHLQD IHUULWHPDWUL[ DVVKRZQLQILJD DQG6$(DOVRFRQVLVWVRIVLPLODU
VWUXFWXUHDVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDVVKRZQLQILJD+$=RI&'9VWHHOVLGHLWH[SHULHQFHVJUDLQFRDUVHQLQJ GXH
WRORZDQGKLJK WKHUPDOF\FOHVDVVKRZQLQILJE EHFDXVHRI KLJKKHDWDIIHFWFRPSDUHWRSDUHQWPDWHULDOZKHUHDV
LQ+$=RI6$(VLGHODPHOODUSHDUOLWHZLWK KLJKFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIIHUULWHPDWUL[DVVKRZQLQILJF :HOG]RQH
RI$LVIRXQGWR EHVLPLODUWRWKDWRIWKHZHOG]RQHRI$VLPLODU&'9ZHOGDVVKRZQLQILJF

x +7 7KH PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI +7 IURP 6$(  VWHHO VLGH DIWHU SRVW ZHOG KHDW WUHDWPHQW WKH EDVH PDWHULDO
FRQVLVWVRI ILQHDFLFXODUDQGWHPSHUHG PDUWHQVLWHDV VKRZQLQ ILJDIURP&'9 VWHHO VLGHWKH EDVH PDWHULDO
VWUXFWXUHVKRZVFRPSOHWHO\EDLQDWHVWUXFWXUHDVVKRZQLQILJE+$=RIFRQVLVWVRIUDQGRPO\RULHQWHGILQH
DFLFXODU PDUWHQVLWHDV VKRZQ LQ ILJH+$=RI&'9FRQVLVWVRIFRDUVH PDUWHQVLWHVWUXFWXUHDVFRPSDUHGWR
EDVH PDWHULDO RI &'9 DOOR\ VKRZQ LQ ILJ G 7KH ZHOG ]RQH PLFURVWUXFWXUH FRQVLVWV RI PDUWHQVLWH QHHGOHV
 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391 2387

FU\VWDOOL]HDORQJFOHDYDJHSODQHVDQGVKRZ¶VWKUHHGLUHFWLRQVRIWKHZLGPDQVWDWHQVWUXFWXUHDVVKRZQLQILJF

D E

F G

)LJXUH  +70LFURVWUXFWXUHVD %DVHPDWHULDORI6$(  E%DVHPDWHULDORI&'9F:HOG=RQH G +$=RI&'9H+$=RI

6$(

x +7 7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRI+7 LQ WKHEDVHPDWHULDORI6$(VWHHOFRQVLVWVRIWHPSHUHGODWKPDUWHQVLWHDV

VKRZQLQILJ D WKH+$=RQVKRZVDPL[WXUHRIILQHDFLFXODUSURGXFWVDVVKRZQLQILJG:KLOHLQWKH
EDVHPDWHULDORI&'9 VWHHOFRQVLVWVRIORZFDUERQPDUWHQVLWHLQDIHUULWHPDWUL[DVVKRZQLQILJEWKH+$=RQ
&'9 VWHHOVLGHVKRZHGWKHORZFDUERQPDUWHQVLWLFPLFURVWUXFWXUHH[SHULHQFHVFRDUVHQLQJDVVKRZQLQILJH
,QWKHZHOG]RQHLWLVVKRZQWKDWFRPSOHWHO\EDLQLWLFVWUXFWXUH VKRZQLQF
D E

F G
2388 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391

)LJXUH +7 0LFURVWUXFWXUHVD%DVHPDWHULDORI6$( E%DVHPDWHULDORI&'9F:HOG=RQHG+$=RI6$(

H+$=RI&'9

x +7 7KHPLFURVWUXFWXUHRI+7 ,QWKHEDVHPDWHULDORI6$(VWHHOFRQVLVWVRIWHPSHUHGODWKPDUWHQVLWHDV

VKRZQLQILJDWKH+$=RQH[SHULHQFHVPDUWHQVLWLFFRDUVHQLQJGXHWRH[SRVLQJRIKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVGXULQJ
ZHOGLQJDVVKRZQLQILJG ZKLOHLQEDVHPDWHULDORI&'9 VWHHOVKRZVWHPSHUHGEDLQDWHVWUXFWXUHDVVKRZQ LQ
ILJ E LQ WKH +$= RI &'9 VWHHO VKRZV D XSSHU EDLQLWLF VWUXFWXUH DV VKRZQ LQ ILJ H DQG WKH ZHOG ]RQH
FRQVLVWVRI EDLQLWLFVWUXFWXUHILJF

D E

F G

)LJXUH +7 0LFURVWUXFWXUHVD%DVHPDWHULDORI6$(E%DVHPDWHULDORI&'9F :HOG=RQHG+$=RI6$(

H+$=RI&'9

 +DUGQHVV

9LFNHUV PLFURKDUGQHVVZLWKDORDGRIJILVPHDVXUHGRQHDFKVSHFLPHQDFURVVWKHZHOGEHDGVD\PPRQ
HDFK VLGHRIWKHZHOG EHDG7KHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQHDFKLQGHQWDWLRQLVPDLQWDLQHGDERXWPP3ULRUWRWHVWLQJHDFK
 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391 2389

VSHFLPHQLVSUHSDUHGWRKDYH PLUURUILQLVKIUHHIURPVXUIDFHFUDFNVQRZDWHUPDUNVWRLGHQWLI\ WKHFOHDUYLVLRQRI

LQGHQWDWLRQ
,Q $ ZHOG]RQH H[KLELWHGKLJKHUKDUGQHVV+5FWKDQ+$=+5FDQGEDVHPDWHULDO+5FDQ
LQFUHDVHGKDUGQHVVLQIXVLRQ]RQHSUREDEO\GXHWRPDUWHQVLWHDVVKRZQLQILJD $ ,QZHOG]RQHLWLVREVHUYHG
KLJKHUKDUGQHVV+5FWKDQLQ+$=+5FDQGEDVHPDWHULDOVLGH+5FDVVKRZQLQILJE $ ,QZHOG
]RQH LW LV REVHUYHG KLJKHU KDUGQHVV +5F WKDQ LQ +$= +5F DQG EDVH PDWHULDO RI &'9 VLGH +5F
6$(  VLGH +5F DV VKRZQ LQ ILJ F +7 7KH EDVH PDWHULDO RI &'9 H[KLELWHG KLJKHU KDUGQHVV
+5FWKDQLQIXVLRQ]RQH+5FDQGLQEDVHPDWHULDORI6$(+5FWKHGHFUHDVHGKDUGQHVVLQ6$(
DQGLQIXVLRQ]RQHSUREDEO\GXHWRWKHVRIWHQLQJRIWKHVHUHJLRQVE\KLJKWHPSHULQJWHPSHUDWXUHDVVKRZQLQ
ILJ G +7 7KH EDVH PDWHULDO RI 6$(  H[KLELWHG KLJKHU KDUGQHVV +5F DV WKH LQFUHDVH LQ WHPSHULQJ
WHPSHUDWXUHVIRU+7FRQGLWLRQWKHUHLVKDUGQHVVGURRSLQJWUHQGZLOORFFXUGXHWRWKHIRUPDWLRQRIFRDUVHWHPSHUHG
PDUWHQVLWH )URP &'9 EDVH PDWHULDO VLGH WKH KDUGQHVV LV +5F WKH +$= RI 6$(  LV VKRZQ VOLJKW
LQFUHDVHLQKDUGQHVV+5FFRPSDUHWR+$=RI&'9+5FDVVKRZQLQILJH +7 LQIXVLRQ]RQHLW
LVH[KLELWHGDKLJKHUKDUGQHVV+5FLQWKH+$=RI&'9VLGHREVHUYHGKLJKHUKDUGQHVVWKDQEDVHPDWHULDO
SUREDEO\GXHWRJUDLQUHILQHPHQWRFFXUUHGLQ+$=$W6$(VLGHGURRSLQJKDUGQHVVLVGXHWRIRUPDWLRQRIKLJK
FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIIHUULWHVWUXFWXUHVXUURXQGHGE\PDUWHQVLWHPDWUL[DVVKRZQLQILJI

 5HVLGXDO6WUHVV0HDVXUHPHQW

%HIRUHJRLQJWR PHDVXUHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVVWKH PDWHULDO VXUIDFHVKRXOGEHFOHDQIURP FRUURVLRQGLUW RLODQG

JUHDVH,QRXUSUHVHQWZRUNWKHZHOGHGVDPSOHVZHUHHOHFWUR SROLVKHGWRDYRLGRLODQGJUHDVH7KHHOHFWURSROLVKLQJ
GLVVROXWLRQOLTXLGFRPSRVLWLRQFRQVLVWVRI:DWHU ± PO*O\FHULQ  PO+32  PO+62  PO
7KHH[SHULPHQWGHWDLOVDUH 'LVVROXWLRQWLPHPLQ&XUUHQWV$PS7HPSHUDWXUHÛF9ROWDJHY

7KH UHVLGXDO VWUHVV PHDVXUHPHQW ZDV FDUULHG RXW ZLWK 35272 PDNH 3RUWDEOH ;UD\ UHVLGXDO VWUHVV DQDO\]HU
HPSOR\LQJ&U.Į UDGLDWLRQ )URPWKHZRUNVRI +LOOH\ >@ DQG 1R\DQ DQG&RKHQ >@ HWDO ZHFDQLQIHUWKDW ;UD\
WHFKQLTXHV PHDVXUH VWUHVV LQGLUHFWO\ E\ PHDVXULQJ WKH VXUIDFH VWUDLQ ZKLFK LV LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH SRVLWLRQ RI D
GLIIUDFWHGSHDNșIRUDFU\VWDOSODQHRULHQWHGDWYDULRXVDQJOHWRWKHVXUIDFHRIDVSHFLPHQ7KHLQVWUXPHQWXVHVD
SDLURIVROLGVWDWHGHWHFWRUORFDWHGRQHDFKVLGHRIWKHPDLQEHDP'LIIUDFWLRQSHDNVDUHFDSWXUHGE\WKHLQGLYLGXDO
SL[HOVLQWKHGHWHFWRUJLYLQJUDSLGGDWDFDSWXUHVZLWKRXWPHFKDQLFDOPRYHPHQW5HVLGXDOVWUHVVHVZHUHHYDOXDWHG LQ
WKLVDQDO\]HUXVLQJPXOWLSOHH[SRVXUHVLQȌWHFKQLTXHEDVHGRQWKHGLIIUDFWLRQIURPKNOSODQHRIDVVKRZQLQ
ILJ 7KHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVPHDVXUHPHQWFRPSULVHVRIDWOHDVWPHDVXUHPHQWVRIODWWLFHVSDFLQJRYHUDUDQJHRIȌ
RULHQWDWLRQVƒWRƒWRWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHVSHFLPHQ5HVLGXDO VWUHVVPHDVXUHPHQWVZHUHFDUULHGRXWDFURVVWKH
ZHOGPHQWLHSHUSHQGLFXODUWRZHOGLQJGLUHFWLRQIRUDQQHDOHGDQG 3:+7FRQGLWLRQV DVVKRZQLQILJD E F G
H I 7KH DFFXUDF\ RI VWUHVV PHDVXUHPHQWV LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ “  03D:KHQ VRPH DQLVRWURS\ ZDV HQFRXQWHUHG
PRUHWULDOVZHUHSHUIRUPHG,QZHOG+$=SDUHQWPHWDOZKHUHWKHJUDLQVL]HLQIOXHQFHGWKHPHDVXUHPHQWVWKH;UD\
JRQLRPHWHUZDVRVFLOODWHGE\ “ƒ)RUFRPSXWDWLRQRIVWUHVVHVIURPPHDVXUHPHQWRIVWUDLQGDWDDSSURSULDWH;UD\
HODVWLFFRQVWDQWVZHUHXVHG

E
D
2390 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391

G
F

H I

)LJXUH  +DUGQHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ DFURVVWKHVLPLODUDQGGLVVLPLODUZHOGPHQWVRI6$( &'9VWHHO D$

E$F$G+7H+7I+7

D E

F G
 P. Naveen Kumar et al. / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 2382 – 2391 2391

H I

)LJXUH  5HVLGXDOVWUHVVPHDVXUHPHQWDFURVVWKHVLPLODUDQGGLVVLPLODUZHOGPHQWVRI6$( &'9VWHHO

D$ E$F$G+7H+7 I+7
&RQFOXVLRQV
x ,QWHUSXOVH 7,* :HOGLQJ SURFHVV KDYH EHHQ SHUIRUPHG VXFHVVIXOO\ WR MRLQ WKH ORZ DOOR\ VWHHOV 6$( 
&'9E\XVLQJ&'ILOOHUZLUH
x ,QWKHIDEULFDWLRQ RID +LJKSUHVVXUHYHVVHOVPDGHXSRI&'9VWHHOZHOGHGMRLQWVDUHLQHYLWDEOH,QWKHFDVH
RIODUJHGLDPHWHU SUHVVXUHYHVVHOV ZLWKOHVVWKLFNQHVVFRQWUROOHGZHOGLQJDQGORZKHDWLQSXWLVYHU\GLIILFXOWWR
DFKLHYH ,QWHUSXOVH 7,* ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV FDQ DFKLHYH OHVV KHDW LQSXW DQG VPDOO +$= DQG DOVR PLQLPL]H WKH
WKHUPDO VWUHVVHVQHDU WKH ZHOGMRLQWV
x 7KHZHOGPHQWVRI+7FRQGLWLRQKDYHIDLOHGLQ+$=RI6$(VLGHEHFDXVHWKHDXVWHQL]LQJDQGWHPSHULQJ
WHPSHUDWXUHVRI&'9LVPRUHFRPSDUHWR6$( LH$FÛ&$FÛ&LVIRU&'9$FÛ&
DQG$FLVÛ& IRU6$(7KH WHPSUHULQJWHPSHUDWXUHLVÛ&DWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHWHPSHULQJ&'9
VWHHO XQGHUJRHV D VHFRQGDU\ KDUGHQLQJ HIIHFW ZKHUH LQFUHDVH LQ VWUHQJWK DQG KDUGQHVV RI D PDWHULDO E\
SUHFLSLWDWLQJWKHDOOR\FDUELGHVQDPHO\0R&9& $WKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHWHPSHULQJIURPRWKHUVLGH6$(
VWHHOXQGHUJRHVDFRDUHVPDUWHQVLWHVWUXFWXUH
x 7KHZHOGPHQWVRI+7FRQGLWLRQKDYHGHPRQVWUDWHG DGHTXDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRI03DDPRQJWKHRWKHU
FRQGLWLRQV DQG WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH SUHGRPLQHQWO\ FRQVLVWV RI IHDWKHU\ EDLQDWH VWUXFWXUH LQ IXVLRQ ]RQH 7KH
VDPSOHV KDYH IDLOHG DW &'9 VWHHO VLGH EHFDXVH $F DQG $F DUH Û& Û& WKHUHIRUH WKHUH LV QR
VXIILFLHQWWHPSHUDWXUHWRDXVWHQL]LQJWKHVWHHO

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV
7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR H[SUHVV WKHLU VLQFHUH JUDWLWXGH WR 6KUL 6LEQDWK 6RP 7KH 'LUHFWRU '5'/
+\GHUDEDG IRU KLV FRQVWDQW VXSSRUW WR FDUU\ RXW WKLV H[SHULPHQW 7KH DXWKRUV DOVR WKDQN WKH +HDG 0DWHULDO
'HYHORSPHQW 'LYLVLRQ 0'' IRU KLV FRQVWDQW VXSSRUW WR FDUU\ RXW WKH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ SDUW DV LQ PHWDOORJUDSK\
PHFKDQLFDOWHVWLQJPLFURKDUGQHVVDQG PHDVXUHPHQWRI UHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV

5HIHUHQFHV
>@ 75 %DQG\RSDGK\D\3.ULVKQD 5DR DQG3UDEKX1 'HYHORSPHQWRIXOWUDKLJKVWUHQJWK6WHHOVWKURXJKHOHWURVODJUHPHOWLQJDQG
LQRFXODWLRQ ,URQ PDNLQJDQG6WHHOPDNLQJ9RO1RSS
>@ 'LQJDQG:HL[LQ+DQ ³6HFRQGDU\ KDUGHQLQJEHKDYLRXURI&U0Q0R9WKLQUROOHGWXEH$FWD0HWDOOYRO1RSS
>@ )+/DQJDQG1.HQ\RQ :HOGLQJRI0DUULDJLQJ6WHHOV :5&%XOOHWLQ SS
>@ .5%URZQ'HF ³)HUURXV$OOR\V6$(´$HURVSDFHVWUXFWXUDOPHWDOV+DQGERRN&RGHSS
>@ %955DYLNXPDUDQG-66RQL-XQH ³0LFURVWUXFWXUHDQGSURSHUWLHVRI&'9DOOR\VWHHO´FRGH
>@ %'DEH]LHV DQG -06LJQDPDUFKHL[ 0DU  ³/DVHU%HDP:HOGLQJRI&'96WHHO6SHFLPHQV´ 1XPEHU3%
>@ ,QGXPDWKL 6 9DVXGHYDQ 7 6XQGDUUDMDQ 6 6XEED 5DR %9 0XUWK\ &96 <DGDY '5  $SULO  0D\  &DGPLXP DQG
FKURPDWHIUHHFRDWLQJVFKHPHVIRU FRUURVLRQSURWHFWLRQRI&'9VWHHO 61, 3 0HWDO)LQLVKLQJ YROLVVXH
>@ +LOOH\0 (HGLWRU  5HVLGXDOVWUHVVPHDVXUHPHQWE\;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ6$(MD:DUUDQGDOH3$6RFRI$XWR(QJ
>@ 1R\DQ, &DQG &RKHQ- % 5HVLGXDO VWUHVVPHDVXUHPHQWE\GLIIUDFWLRQDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU9HUODJ