EXAMPLE meee Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in Fig. 6-Sa _* 500N and indicate whether the members are in tension or compression. Solution By inspection of Fig. 6-84, there are two unknown member forces at joint B, two unknown member forces and an unknown reaction force at joint C, and two unknown member forces and two unknown reaction forces at joint A. Since we should have no more than two unknowns at the joint and at least one known force acting there, we will begin the analysis at joint B. 3Joint 8. The free-body diagram of the pin at B is shown in Fig. 6-85. Applying the equations of joint equilibrium, we have ASF, =0; SOON — Fac sin 45° =0 Fac = 707.1N (C) Ans. HPDF, = 0; Fyc cos 45° — Fy, =0 Fy, = S00N (T) Ans. Since the force in member BC has been calculated, we can proceed to analyze joint C in order to determine the force in member CA and the support reaction at the rocker. Join’ C. From the free-body diagram of joint C, Fig. 6-8c, we have SEF, +T2F, = 0; Fea + 107.1 cos 45°N = 0 Fea = SOON (T) Ans. C, ~ 707.1sin 45°N = 0 C, = SOON Ans.fension 45°. ec 300 N50 N Fig 6-8 Joint A, Although it is not necessary, we can determine the support reactions at joint A using the results of Fe, =500N and Fn = 500 N. From the free-body diagram, Fig. 68d, we have STF, +T2R, 500N — A, S00N - A, 500 N S00N The results of the analysis are summarized in Fig. 6-8e. Note that the free-body diagram of each pin shows the effects of all the connected members and external forces applied to the pin, whereas the free-body diagram of each member shows only the effects of the end pins on the member.EXAMPLE 2 Determine the forces acting in all the members of the truss shown in Fig, 6-9a. Solution By inspection, there are more than two unknowns at each joint. Consequently, the support reactions on the truss must first be determined. Show that they have been correctly calculated on the free-body diagram in Fig. 6-9b. We can now begin the analysis at joint C. Why? Joint C. From the free-body diagram, Fig. 6-9c, 3SF, =0; —Fep cos 30° + Fegsin 45° = 0 42K, =0; 15KN + Fepsin 30° — Fog cos 45° = 0 These two equations must be solved simultaneously for each of the two unknowns. Note, however, that a direct solution for one of the unknown forces may be obtained by applying a force summation along an axis that is perpendicular to the direction of the other unknown force. For example, summing forces along the y' axis, which is perpendicular to the direction of Fcp, Fig. 6-9d, yields a direct solution for Fep. 3KN Tf 3kN 1SKN 2m—-—2m 1SkN wo+73Fy = 0: 1.5 cos 30°KN — Fegsin 15° =0 Fez =S.02kN (C) Ans. Ina similar fashion, summing forces along the y” axis, Fig. 6-9e, yields a direct solution for Fep. +AEFy = 0; 1.5 cos 45°KN — Fepsin1S°=0 Fey = .10KN (T) Ans. Joint D. We can now proceed to analyze joint D. The free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 6-9f. SF, = 0; —Fpa cos 30° + 4.10 cos 30°KN = 0 Fo, = 410kN (T) Ans. 0; Fpp — 2(4.10 sin 30°KN) Fog = 4.10kKN (T) yn ‘The force in the last member, BA, can be obtained from joint B or joint A. Asan exercise, draw the free-body diagram of joint B, sum the forces in the horizontal direction, and show that Fg, = 0.776 KN (C). +4EF, Fy, 4.10KN o 69EXAMPLE Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in Fig. 6-10a. Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression. Fig, 6-10© Fig. 6-10 Solution Support Reactions. No joint can be analyzed until the support reactions are determined. Why? A free-body diagram of the entire truss is given in Fig, 6-10b. Applying the equations of equilibrium, we have SXF, =0; 600N-C,=0 C,=600N G+ EMc =0; —A,(6m) + 400 N(3 m) + 600 N(4 m) = Ay = 600N 0; 600N — 400N —-C, = 0 C, = 200N +f25, The analysis can now start at either joint A or C. The choice is arbitrary since there are one known and two unknown member forces acting on the pin at each of these joints. Joint & (Fig. 6-10c). As shown on the free-body diagram, there are three forces that act on the pin at joint A. The inclination of Ep is determined from the geometry of the truss. By inspection, can you see why this force is assumed to be compressive and F 4» tensile? Applying the equations of equilibrium, we have +T2F,=0; GOON-$Fyy=0 Fag=750N (C) Ans. YF. =0; Fap—2(750N)=0 Fay = 450N (T) Ans.Joint D (Fig. 6-10d). ‘The pin at this joint is chosen next since, by inspection of Fig. 6-10a, the force in AD is known and the unknown forces in DB and DC can be determined. Summing forces in the horizontal direction, Fig. 6-10d, we have YF, =0; —450N + 3Fpp + 600N=0 Fpyg = -250N The negative sign indicates that Fpg acts in the opposite sense to that shown in Fig. 6-10d. Hence, Fon =250N (T) Ans, To determine Fyc, we can either correct the sense of Fpg and then apply F, = 0, or apply this equation and retain the negative sign for Fp, ie, 200N (C) Ans. +f3F, =0; -Fyoc - (-250N)=0 F; Joint C (Fig, 6-10e). YF. =0; Fep-600N=0 Fog =600N (C) Ans, +f23F, ; 200N — 200N =0 (check) — 450N DP 600N @ 200N Fou CV 600. ae fons ©The analysis is summarized in Fig. 6-10f, which shows the correct free- body diagram for each pin and member. 400N 200 (600 N_ Compression 600 Nj Be eee le 500 7 on 200N Tension fey <«— —> 600 N t 450N 450N D 600N © “The proper sense could have been determined by inspection, prior to applying BrEXAMPLE 4 Using the method of joints, determine all the zero-force members of the Fink roof truss shown in Fig. 6-13a. Assume all joints are pin connected. Fig. 6-132kN y Solution Look for joint geometries that have three members for which two are collinear. We have Joint G (Fig. 6-13b) 412A Foc = 0 Ans. Realize that we could not conclude that GC is a zero-force member by considering joint C, where there are five unknowns. The fact that GC is a zero-force member means that the 5-kN load at C must be supported by members CB, CH, CF, and CD. Joint D (Fig. 6-13c). +¥2F,=0; For =0 Ans.NZ in Fm FO Fug 0 Fig. 13 Joint F (Fig. 6-134). 0; Frccos@=0 — Sinced # 90°, Fre =0 Ans +TER, Note that if joint B is analyzed, Fig, 6-13e, 4+N3F,=0; 2KN- Fgq=0 Fey =2KkN (C) Note that Fjc must satisfy 5F, = 0, Fig. 6-13f, and therefore HC is not a zero-force member.EXAMPLE Determine the force in members GE, GC, and BC of the truss shown in Fig. 6-16a. Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression. Solution Section aa in Fig. 6-16a has been chosen since it cuts through the three members whose forces are to be determined. In order to use the method of sections, however, it is first necessary to determine the external reactions at A or D. Why? A free-body diagram of the entire truss is shown in Fig. 6-165. Applying the equations of equilibrium, we have EF, =0; d+ 3My = 400N-A,=0 A, =400N 1200 N(8 m) — 400 N(3m) + D, (12m) = 0 D, = 900N + PEF, = 0; Ay — 1200N + 900N = 0 Ay = 300NFree-Body Diagram. The free-body diagram of the left portion of the sectioned truss is shown in Fig. 6-16c. For the analysis this diagram will be used since it involves the least number of forces. Lguations of Equilibrium. Summing moments about point G eliminates Foe and Fgc and yields a direct solution for Fac. G+EMg = 0; —300N(4m) — 400 N(3m) + Fyc(3m) = 0 Fac = 800N (T) Ans. In the same manner, by summing moments about point C we obtain a direct solution for For. a+XMc = 0; -300N(8m) + Foe(3m) = 0 For = 800N (C) Ans. Since Fc and Egg have no vertical components, summing forces in the y direction directly yields Fc, ise, +2F,=0 300N -3%jc =0 Foc = 500N (T) Ans. As an exercise, obtain these results by applying the equations of equilibrium to the free-body diagram of the right portion of the sectioned truss.EXAMPLE 6 Determine the force in member CF of the bridge truss shown in Fig. 6-17a, Indicate whether the member is in tension or compression. Assume each member is pin-connected. Fig. 17Solution Free-Body Diagram. Section aa in Fig. 6-17a will be used since this section will “expose” the internal force in member CF as “external” on the free-body diagram of either the right or left portion of the truss, It is first necessary, however, to determine the external reactions on either the left or right side. Verify the results shown on the free- body diagram in Fig. 6-17b. The free-body diagram of the right portion of the truss, which is the easiest to analyze, is shown in Fig. 6-17c. There are three unknowns, Fron Fer. and Fep. Pquations of Equilibrium. "The most direct method for solving this problem requires application of the moment equation about a point that eliminates two of the unknown forces. Hence, to obtain Fer, we will eliminate Fre and Ecp by summing moments about point O, Fig. 6-17c. Note that the location of point O measured from E is determined from proportional triangles, ie.,4/(4 + x) = 6/(8 + x),x = 4m. Or, stated in another manner, the slope of member GF has a drop of 2 m to a horizontal distance of 4 m. Since FD is 4 m, Fig. 6-17¢, then from D to O the distance must be 8 m. An easy way to determine the moment of Fey about point O is to. use the principle of transmissibility and move Fc, to point C, and then resolve Fc, into its two rectangular components. We have a+ 3 Mo = 0; —For sin 45°(12 m) + (3 KN)(8m) — (4.75 KN) (4m) = 0 Fer = 0.589kN (C) Ans.EXAMPLE Determine the force in member EB of the roof truss shown in Fig. 6-18a. Indicate whether the member is in tension or compression, Solution Free-Body Diagrams. By the method of sections, any imaginary vertical section that cuts through EB, Fig. 6-184, will also have to cut through three other members for which the forces are unknown. For example, section aa cuts through ED, EB, FB,and AB. If the components of reaction at A are calculated first (A, = 0, Ay = 4000 N) anda free- body diagram of the left side of this section is considered, Fig. 6-18, it abn 2000 x_ is possible to obtain Fp by summing moments about B to eliminate the other three unknowns, however, Fes cannot be determined from the remaining two equilibrium equations. One possible way of obtaining Fey Fig. 6-18 is first to determine Fp from section aa, then use this result on section bb, Fig. 6-18a, which is shown in Fig. 6-18c. Here the force system is concurrent and our sectioned free-body diagram is the same as the free- body diagram for the pin at E (method of joints). @1000 N =o f Fp 608 30° Fup sin 30° ) Fig. 618,Equations of Equilibrium. In order to determine the moment of Fep about point B, Fig. 6-185, we will resolve the force into its rectangular components and, by the principle of transmissibility, extend it to point C as shown. The moments of 1000 N, Fan, Fras Fens. and Fizp cos 30° are all zero about B. Therefore, 1000 N(4m) + 3000 N(2 m) — 4000 N(4 m) + Fep sin 30°(4) = 0 EMp = Fep = 3000N (C) Considering now the free-body diagram of section bb, Fig. 6-I8c, we have ASF, =0; — Fepcos 30° — 3000 cos 30°N = 0 Fp = 3000N (C) +1 ZF, = 0;2(3000 sin 30° N) — 1000N - Fey = 0 Fep = 2000N (T) Ans.EXAMPLE 8 Determine the forces acting in the members of the space truss shown in Fig. 6-20a. Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression. Solution Since there are one known force and three unknown forces acting at joint A, the force analysis of the truss will begin at this joint. Joint A (Fig. 6-20b). Expressing each force that acts on the free- body diagram of joint A in vector notation, we have P= {-4j} KN, Far = Fani, Fac = —Fack, Fup = Fua( 2) TAE. F4p(0S7Ti + 0.577) — 0.577k)For equilibrium, XE =0; P+ Fag + Fyc + Fag =0 =4j + Fanj — Fack + 0.577F agi + 0.S77Fyej — 0.577Fack = 0 ZF, = 0; 0577Fag = 0 ZA, = 0; -4 + Fap + 0577Fa = 0 BF, = 0; -Fyc — O577F 4g = 0 Fac = Fag = 0 Ans. Fap=4kN (T) Ans. Since Fay is known, joint B may be analyzed next. Joine B (Fig. 6-20e). ZF, = 0; —Rp cos 45° + 0.707 Fee = 0 ZF, = 0; —4 + Ry sin 45° = 0 ZF, = 0; 2+ Fp — 0.107F pp = 0 Ry = Fyp =566KN (T), Fyn =2KN (C) Ans. The scalar equations of equilibrium may also be applied directly to the force systems on the free-body diagrams of joints D and C since the force components are easily determined. Show that For = Foo = For = 0 Ans.EXAMPLE } For the frame shown in Fig. 6-21a, draw the free-body diagram of (a) each member, (b) the pin at B, and (c) the two members connected together. P \ / \ — ~ ch A c, @ () Fig. 6-21Effect of member BC con the pin tect of member AB Equilibrium on the pin © @ Fig. 21 Solution Port (@). By inspection, members BA and BC are not two-force members. Instead, as shown on the free-body diagrams, Fig. 6-21b, BC is subjected to not five but three forces, namely, the resultant force from pins B and C and the external force P. Likewise, AB is subjected to the resultant forces from the pins at A and B and the external couple moment M. Port (b). It can be seen in Fig, 6-21a that the pin at B is subjected to only avo forces, ic., the force of member BC on the pin and the force of member AB on the pin. For equilibrium these forces and therefore their respective components must be equal but opposite, Fig. 6-2lc. Notice carefully how Newton's third law is applied between the pin and its contacting members, i, the effect of the pin on the two members, Fig. 6-21b, and the equal but opposite effect of the two members on the pin, Fig. 6-2lc. Also note that B, and B,, shown equal but opposite in Fig. 6-21b on members AB and BC, is not the effect of Newton’s third law; instead, this results from the equilibrium analysis of the pin, Fig. 6-21c. Port (0). The free-body diagram of both members connected together, yet removed from the supporting pins at A and C, is shown in Fig. 6-21d. The force components B, and B, are not shown on this diagram ice they form equal but opposite collinear pairs of internal forces (Fig. 6-21b) and therefore cancel out. Also, to be consistent when later applying the equilibrium equations, the unknown force components at A and C must act in the same sense as those shown in Fig. 6-215. Here the couple moment M can be applied at any point on the frame in order to determine the reactions at A and C. Note, however, that it must act on member AB in Fig. 6-21 and not on member BC.EXAMPLE 6.10 A constant tension in the conveyor belt is maintained by using the device shown in Fig. 6-22a. Draw the free-body diagrams of the frame and the cylinder which supports the belt. The suspended block has a weight of W. b)Solution ‘The idealized model of the device is shown in Fig. 6-22b. Here the angle 0 is assumed to be known. Notice that the tension in the belt is the same on each side of the cylinder, since the cylinder is free to turn. From this model, the free-body diagrams of the frame and cylinder are shown in Figs. 6-22c and 6-22d, respectively. Note that the force that the pin at B exerts on the cylinder can be represented by either its horizontal and vertical components B, and B,, which can be determined by using the force equations of equilibrium applied to the cylinder, or by the two components 7, which provide equal but opposite couple moments on the cylinder and thus keep it from turning, Also, realize that once the pin reactions at A have been determined, half of their values act on each side of the frame since pin connections occur on each side, Fig. 6-22a. Fig. 6-22 @EXAMPLE 6.11 Draw the free-body diagram of each part of the smooth piston and link mechanism used to crush recycled cans, which is shown in Fig. 6-23a. F=800N Fig, 6-23Solution By inspection, member AB is a two-force member. The free-body diagrams of the parts are shown in Fig. 6-23b. Since the pins at B and D connect only two parts together, the forces there are shown as equal but opposite on the separate free-body diagrams of their connected members. In particular, four components of force act on the piston: D, and D, represent the effect of the pin (or lever EBD), N,, is the resultant force of the floor, and P is the resultant compressive force caused by the can C. 30y F = 300NEXAMPLE 6.12 For the frame shown in Fig. 6-24a, draw the free-body diagrams of (a) the entire frame including the pulleys and cords, (b) the frame without the pulleys and cords, and (c) each of the pulleys. ISN @Solution Port (©). When the entire frame including the pulleys and cords is considered, the interactions at the points where the pulleys and cords are connected to the frame become pairs of internal forces which cancel each other and therefore are not shown on the free-body diagram, Fig, 6-24b. Port (>). When the cords and pulleys are removed, their effect on the frame must be shown, Fig. 6-24c. Port (. The force components B,, B,, C,, Cy of the pins on the pulleys, Fig. 6-24d, are equal but opposite to the force components exerted by the pins on the frame, Fig. 6-24c. Why? —> 5N (Gar-5: ff IN p ft Ay B, 4 Se 15N &) Fig. 6-24 ©EXAMPLE 3 @ Fig. 6-25 Draw the free-body diagrams of the bucket and the vertical boom of the back hoe shown in the photo, Fig. 6-25a. The bucket and its contents have a weight W. Neglect the weight of the members. Solution ‘The idealized model of the assembly is shown in Fig. 6-25b. Not shown re the required dimensions and angles that must be obtained, along with the location of the center of gravity G of the load. By inspection, members AB, BC, BE, and HI are all two-force members since they are pin connected at their end points and no other forces act on them. ‘The free-body diagrams of the bucket and the boom are shown in Fig. 6-25c. Note that pin C is subjected to only two forces, the force of link BC and the force of the boom. For equilibrium, these forces must, be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction, Fig, 6-25d. The pin at B is subjected to three forces, Fig. 6-25e. The force Faz is caused by the hydraulic cylinder, and the forces Fy and Fyc are caused by the links. These three forces are related by the two equations of force equilibrium applied to the pin.Fig. 6-25 © )EXAMPLE 6.414 Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force which the pin at C exerts on member CB of the frame in Fig. 6-27a. Solution | Free-Body Diagrams. By inspection it can be seen that AB is a two- force member. The free-body diagrams are shown in Fig. 6-27b Equations of Equilibrium. The three unknowns,C,, Cy, and Fp, can be determined by applying the three equations of equilibrium to member CB. 0; 2000 N(2 m) ~ (Fp sin 60°)(4 m) = 0 Fyy = 1154.7 N 0; 1154.7¢0s60°N-C,=0 C,=STIN Ans. +TZF, =0;1154,7 sin 60°N — 2000N + C, = 0 C, = 1000N Ans.Solution I Free-Body Diagrams. If one does not recognize that AB is a two- force member, then more work is involved in solving this problem. ‘The free-body diagrams are shown in Fig. 6-27c. Equations of Equilibrium. The six unknowns, Ay, Ay, By, By Ces Cys are determined by applying the three equations of equilibrium to each member, Member AB G+EM,=0; — B,(3sin 60° m) — B,(3 cos 60° m) = a #3F, =0; A,- B,=0 Q) +fzF, =0; A,-B,=0 @) © Fig. 6-27Member BC G+EMc = 0; — 2000N(2m) — B,(4m) (4) B,-C,=0 (6) B, — 2000N + C, =0 0) The results for C, and C, can be determined by solving these equations in the following sequence: 4, 1, 5, then 6. The results are B, = 1000N B, = STIN C.=57IN Dine C, = 1000N Ans. By comparison, Solution | is simpler since the requirement that Fxg in Fig. 6-276 be equal, opposite, and collinear at the ends of member AB automatically satisfies Eqs. 1, 2, and 3 above and therefore eliminates the need to write these equations. As a result, always identify the two-force members before starting the analysis!EXAMPLE 6.15 ‘The compound beam shown in Fig. 6-284 is pin connected at B Determine the reactions at its supports. Neglect its weight and thickness, 10kN @ Fig. 6-28 Solution Free-Body Diagrams. By inspection, if we consider a free-body diagram of the entire beam ABC, there will be three unknown reactions at A and one at C. These four unknowns cannot all be obtained from the three equations of equilibrium, and so it will become necessary to dismember the beam into its two segments as shown in Fig, 6-285.Equations of Equilibrium. The six unknowns are determined as follows: Segment BC 43F, = 0; -8kN(1 m) + C,(2m) EMy +f2F, = 0; B, - 8KN+C,=0 Segment AB SIF, =0; A, — (IOKN)@) + B, =0 M, ~ (10KN)(2)(2m) — B,(4m) = 0 Ay — (10KN)(@) — B, = 0 Solving each of these equations successively, using previously calculated results, we obtain Ax = 6KN Ay=12KN 9 My = 32kN-m Ans. 0 By = 4kN 4kN Ans.EXAMPLE 6.16 Determine the horizontal and vertical components of force which the pin at C exerts on member ABCD of the frame shown in Fig. 6-29a. Solution Free-Body Diagrams. By inspection, the three components of reaction that the supports exert on ABCD can be determined from a free-body diagram of the entire frame, Fig. 6-29b. Also, the free-body diagram of each frame member is shown in Fig. 6-29c. Notice that member BE is a two-force member. As shown by the colored dashed lines, the forces at B, C, and E have equal magnitudes but opposite directions on the separate free-body diagrams.Equations of Equilibrium. The six unknowns Ay, Ay, Fg, Cy Cy, and D, will be determined from the equations of equilibrium applied Fig. 6-29 to the entire frame and then to member CEF, We have Entire Frame d+M,=0; —981N(2m) + D,(28m)=0 D, = 700.7N ASF.=0; A,—700.7N=0 A, = 700.7N +P2ZF,=0; A, — 981N =0 A, = 981N Member CEF 7 4 is d+Mc = 0; —981 N(2m) — (Fpsin 45°)(1.6m) = 0 n se Fy = -1734.2N ? ® AEF, Cx — (-1734.2 cos 45° N) Cy = 1226N Ans. +tEF, = 0; Cy — (-1734.2 sin 45° N) — 981 N = 0 Cy = -245N Ans.Since the magnitudes of Fy and C, were calculated as negative quantities, they were assumed to be acting in the wrong sense on the free- body diagrams, Fig. 6-29c. The correct sense of these forces might have been determined “by inspection” before applying the equations of equilibrium to member CEF. As shown in Fig.6-29c, moment equilibrium about point E on member CEF indicates that C, must actually act downward to counteract the moment created by the 981-N force about E. Similarly, summing moments about C, it is seen that the vertical component of Fy must actually act upward, and so Fy must act upward and to the right. ‘The above calculations can be checked by applying the three equilibrium equations to member ABCD, Fig. 6-29c. 04m aaEXAMPLE Ui 20N ‘The smooth disk shown in Fig. 6-30d is pinned at D and has a weight of 20 N. Neglecting the weights of the other members, determine the horizontal and vertical components of reaction at pins B and D. asem@ge @ Solution Free-Body Diagrams. By inspection, the three components of reaction at the supports can be determined from a free-body diagram of the entire frame, Fig. 6-30b. Also, free-body diagrams of the members are shown in Fig. 6-30c.Equations of Equilibrium. ‘The eight unknowns can of course be obtained by applying the eight equilibrium equations to each member—three to member AB, three to member BCD, and two to the disk. (Moment equilibrium is automatically satisfied for the disk.) If this is done, however, all the results can be obtained only from a simultaneous solution of some of the equations. (Try it and find out.) To avoid this situation, it is best to first determine the three support reactions on the entire frame; then, using these results, the remaining five equilibrium equations can be applied to two other parts in order to solve successively for the other unknowns. Entire Frame (+2M, = 0; -20 N(3 cm) + C,3.5cem) =0 C, = 17.1N SSR A, —17.1N =0 Ay =171N +T2F, = 0; A 20N=0 Ay = 20N Member AB BSR, 17.1N — B, =0 By =171N Ans. (+2Mpz = 0; —20 N(6cm) + Np(3 cm) =0 Np = 40N +P2F, = 0; 20N -40N+ B,=0 B, = 20N Ans. Disk + SF, = 0; De +f, =0; 40N-20N-D, Ans. Dy=20N Ans.EXAMPLE 6.48 Determine the tension in the cables and also the force P required to support the 600-N force using the frictionless pulley system shown in Fig. 6-31a. Yeo oon (@) (b) Fig. 6-31‘Solution ‘ree-Body Diagram. A free-body diagram of each pulley incheding its pin and a portion of the contacting cable is shown in Fig. 6-315. Since the cable is continuous and the pulleys are frictionless, the cable has a constant tension P acting throughout its length (see Example 5.7). The link connection between pulleys B and C is a two-force member, and therefore it has an unknown tension T acting on it. Notice that the principle of action, equal but opposite reaction must be carefully observed for forces P and T when the separate free-body diagrams are drawn. Squations of Equilibrium. ‘The three unknowns are obtained as follows: Pulley A +T3F, 3P-600N=0 P=200N Ans. Pulley B +T3K, T-2P= T = 400N Ans. Pulley C +TDK, R-2P-T=0 R=800N Ans.EXAMPLE 6.19 (a) A man having a weight of 750 N (~ 75 kg) supports himself by means of the cable and pulley system shown in Fig. 6-32a. If the seat has a weight of 75 N (= 7.5 kg), determine the force that he must exert on the cable at A and the force he exerts on the seat, Neglect the weight of the cables and pulleys. Solution I Free Body Diagrams. ‘The free-body diagrams of the man, seat,and pulley C are shown in Fig, 6-32b. The two cables are subjected to tensions T, and Ty, respectively. The man is subjected to three forces: his weight, the tension T, of cable AC, and the reaction Ny of the seat.Man +T3K, Seat +f EF, Pulley C +35, = 0; T, + N,— 750N =0 (y Tz +N,-75N=0 2 We - T= 0 @) Here Ty; can be determined by adding Eqs. 1 and 2 to eliminate N, and then using Eq. 3. The other unknowns are then obtained by resubstitution of T;. T, = 550N Tz = 275 N Ne = 200N Ans. Ans.Ay 750 Fig. 6-32 Solution It Pree-Body Diagrams. By using the blue section shown in Fig. 6-32a, the man, pulley, and seat can be considered as a single system, Fig. 6-32c. Here N, and Ty are internal forces and hence are not included on this “combined” free-body diagram. Fquations of Equilibrium. Applying ZF, =0 yields a direct solution for T. +f2F,=0; 3%,-75N-750N=0 T_=275N ‘The other unknowns can be obtained from Eqs. 2 and 3.EXAMPLE 6.20 The hand exerts a force of 35 N on the grip of the spring compressor shown in Fig. 6-33a. Determine the force in the spring needed to maintain equilibrium of the mechanism. L 75mm 4 75mm 15?" 28 30% 4D B Feo * 35N 35N fe Lm 2 rh, Be oth ¢ a Ei Ker c rs mm—1-75 mm . ; a Gq 30° F, pr, Fe o sap oSolution Pree-Rody Diagrams. By inspection, members EA, ED, and EF are all two-force members. The free-body diagrams for parts DC and ABG are shown in Fig. 6-336. The pin at £ has also been included here since three force interactions occur on this pin. They represent the effects of members ED, EA, and EF. Note carefully how equal and opposite force reactions occur between each of the parts. Pyuations of Equilibrium. By studying the free-body diagrams, the most direct way to obtain the spring force is to apply the equations of equilibrium in the following sequence: Lever ABG (+2Mp = 0; Fp4(25 mm) — 35 N(100 mm) =0 — Fe4 = 140N Pin E +f3Fy Fep sin 60° — Fer sin 60° = 0 Fp = Fer = F eh 2F cos 60° — 140N = 0. F=140N Arm DC (+=Mc = 0; —F,(150 mm) + 140 cos 30° N(7S mm) = 0 F 60.62 N Ans.EXAMPLE @ ‘The 100-kg block is held in equilibrium by means of the pulley and continuous cable system shown in Fig. 6-34a. If the cable is attached to the pin at B, compute the forces which this pin exerts on each of its connecting members. Solution Free-Body Diagrams. A free-body diagram of each member of the frame is shown in Fig. 6-34b. By inspection, members AB and CB are two-force members. Furthermore, the cable must be subjected to a force of 490.5 N in order to hold pulley D and the block in equilibrium. A free-body diagram of the pin at B is needed since four interactions occur at this pin, These are caused by the attached cable (490.5 N), member AB (F4g), member CB (Fea), and pulley B (B, and B,) Equations of Equilibrium. Applying the equations of force equilibrium to pulley B, we have ASK=0; B,- 490.5 cos45°N=0 B, = 346.8N Ans. +f3F, = 0; By, — 490.5 sin 45° N — 490.5N = 0 Ans,FE —_ goss} fsx «b) 981 N Using these results, equilibrium of the pin requires that +2R,=0; 4fcy —8373N—4905N Fog = 1660N Ans. +5 SF, = 0; Fan — $(1660N) — 346.8N = 0 Fay = 1343N Ans. It may be noted that the two-foree member CB is subjected to bending as caused by the force Fcg. From the standpoint of design, it would be better to make this member straight (from C to B) so that the force cy would create only tension in the member. © Fig. 6-34