b"/;+rf/ P]g— @)%#

b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g

!_ ;+:yf
 cljlR5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf .
 cfˆgf] Pp6f 5'§} 5fk x'g] .
 JolQm ;/x rn crn ;DklQ k|fKt ug{, pkof]u ug{ jf cGo s'g} lsl;dsf] Aoj:yf
ug{ ;Sg] .
 JolQm ;/x cfkm\gf] gfdjf6 gfln; ph'/ ug{ ;Sg] / o; pk/ klg ;f]xL gfdjf6
gfln; ph'/ nfUg ;Sg] .
@_ pb]Zo
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;j{;'ne jgfpg] .
 o; If]qdf lghL If]q ;d]tnfO{ ;xeflu u/fp‘g] .
 o; ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug]{ .
#_ ;+u7g
 cWoIf ;lxt % hgf ;b:ox?,
 kbfjlw % jif{,
 cWoIf k|flws/0fsf] k|d'v x'g] ,
 cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo kbflwsf/L÷sd{rf/L lgo'Qm x'g] .
$_ of]Uotf
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;+u ;DjlGwt k|fljlws, k|zf;lgs, jhf/ Joj:yfkg, n]vf tyf n]vfkl/If0f
jf sfg"gL ljifodf :gfts txsf] of]Uotf xfl;n ul/ cWoIfsf] xsdf slDtdf !) jif{ /
;b:osf] nflu & jif{sf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s x'g' kg]{ .
%_ j}7s
 a}7s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] :yfg, ldlt / ;dodf cfjZostf cg';f/ a:g] .
 a}7ssf] cWoIftf cWoIfn] ug]{, lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf pkl:yt ;b:odWo]jf6
5fg]sf] ;b:on] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{.
 %)% eGbf j9L ;b:ox?pkl:yt ePdf a}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'Ug] .
 a}7sdf ax'dtsf] /fo k|flws/0fsf] lg0f{o x'g], dt a/fa/ ePdf cWoIfsf] dt
lg0ff{os x'g] .
 a}7ssf] lg0f{o cWoIfåf/f k|dfl0ft x'g'kg]{ .
^_ cWoIf / ;b:onfO{ x6fp‘g ;lsg] cj:yf
b]xfosf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|flws/0fsf] cWoIF jf ;b:onfO{ kbaf6 x6fpg
;Sg]M–
 sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefj ePdf,
 v/fa cfr/0f ePdf,
  OdfGbf/Lk"j{s cfkm\gf] kbLo st{Jo kfngf gu/]df,
 dfgl;s cj:yf 7Ls gePdf,
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf jf k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug{] s'g} kmd{ jf ;+ul7t ;+:yf;‘u k|ToIf jf
ck|ToIf ?kdf ;+nUg ePdf .

&_ cWoIf / ;b:osf] kb l/Qm x'g] cj:yf

b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|flws/0fsf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg] M–
 lghn] lbPsf] lnlvt /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePdf,
 % jif{sf] kbfjwL ;dfKt ePdf
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] dflyrdf pNn]lvt eP jdf]lhdsf] cfwf/df x6fPdf,
 s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntjf6 s;"/bf/ 7x/]df,
 lghsf] d[To' ePdf,
*_ k|flws/0fsf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu;/sf/n] ckgfpg' kg]{gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf]
;DaGwdf;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfjlbg] .
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf;j{;'ne / e/kbf]{ agfpg] .
 cfwf/e"t b"/;+rf/ ;]jf b]zsf;a} If]qdf k'¥ofpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .
 b"/;+rf/ If]qdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL If]qsfnufgLstf{x?nfO{ ;xefuL agfpg]
.
 ;]jf k|bfosx? aLr ;dGjo Pj+ :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{ .
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf tyf o; ;DjGwL oGq tyf pks/0fx?sf] :t/ Pj+ u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f tyf
:jLs[t ug]{
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug]{ .
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ cg'dltkq lbg] .
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf afktsf] z'Ns :jLs[t / lgoldt ug]{ .
 /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L gLlt lgwf{/0f ;ldltåf/f lgwf{l/t gLlt cg'?klk|mSj]G;L
;DjGwL sfd ug]{ .
 b"/;+rf/sf] If]qdf gof+ k|ljlwljsf; tyf pkof]uaf/] cg';Gwfgug]{, u/fpg] .
 o; If]qsf] nflu bIf hgzlQm ljsf; u/fpg] .
 pkef]Qmfx?sf] xslxtsf] ;+/If0f x'g] u/L b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; /lj:tf/ ug]{,
u/fpg] .
 g]kfnnfO{ b"/;+rf/ ;DjGwL cGt/f{li6«o 6«flGh6sf] ?kdf ljsf;ug]{, u/fpg]
.
 o; If]qsf] ljsf; / k|a4{gsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cGosfd ug]{ .
 ;]jf k|bfos jLr jf u|fxs / ;]jf k|bfos jLr ljjfb ePdf ;f] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{
 ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ pko'Qm Pj+ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] .
 ;]jf ;DjGwdf hf‘rj'em / lgl/If0f ug]{ .
  lgb]{lzsf jgfO nfu" ug]{ .
— cGt/cfj4tf ;DjGwdf
— ;]jf z'Ns lgwf{/0f ;DjGwdf
(_ b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ cg'dlt lng' gkg]{ cj:Yff
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆg} g]6js{ :yfkgf u/L b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng u/]df .
 g]kfn /fHo aflx/ btf{ ePsf jfo'ofgdf cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw cg'?k g]6js{
h8fg u/L b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng u/]df .
 s'6g}lts lgof]un] cfˆgf] k|of]usf] nflu g]6js{ :yfkgf u/L ;]jf ;+rfng u/]df .
 b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLdf cfj4 geO cfˆgf] 3/ sDkfp08df b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng u/]df .
 tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng u/]df .

!)_ cg'dltkq vf/]h x'g] cj:yf

 cg'dltkqdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] calw leq ;]jf ;+rfng gu/]df .
 cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmn] o; P]g jf P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf cg'dltkqdf
plNnlvt zt{ ljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/]df / ;f] sf] ;'wf/sf] nflu Dofb lbPsf]df ;f]
Dofb leq ;'wf/ gu/]df .
!!_ b"/ ;+rf/ k|0ffnL k/:k/df hf]8\g / k|of]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf
 ;]jf k|bfosx?n] cfˆgf] b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL Ps cfk;df hf]8\g / k|of]u ug{ kfpg] .
 ;]jf k|bfosx? cfk;df dGh'/ eP cfk;L ;Demf}tf adf]lhd / To;/L dGh'/
gePdf k|flws/0fn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] zt{ aGb]h jdf]lhd cf—cfˆgf] k|0ffnL
hf]8\g / k|of]u ug{ lbg' kg]{ .
!@_ b"/;+rf/ nfOgsf] h8fg / /]vb]v
 cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQm jf lghsf] k|ltlglwn] s'g} ;fj{hlgs jf lghL hUufdf jf
To:tf] hUufdfly b"/;+rf/ nfOg h8fg ug{ jf /fVg / /]vb]v ug{ ;Sg] .
 To:tf] hUufdf kf]n jf n¶f uf8\g],?v sf6\g], ?vdf c8\Sofpg] jf 6]jf /fVg
;Sg].
 To:tf] hUuf ;fj{hlgs eP Ifltk"lt{ ltg'{ gkg]{ t/ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xfgL gf]S;fgL
ePdf dd{t ;+ef/, ;'wf/ jfk'gM lgdf{0f u/L oyfl:yltdf NofO{ lbg' kg]{ .
 lghL hUuf k|of]u ubf{ dsf{ gkg]{ u/L plrt :yfgdf h8fg ug]{ / Iflt ePdf
Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg]{ .
 b"/;+rf/ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ePsf hUufdfk|of]ustf{sf] x}l;ot afx]scGo
clwsf/ gx'g] .
 b"/;+rf/ nfOgsf] hf‘r, dd{t ;+ef/ jf pks/0f Ps 7fp“af6 csf]{ 7fp“df ;fg{
;Sg] / ;f] sf] nflu nfOg jf pks/0f ePsf] :yfgdf k|j]z ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] .
 s;}sf] 3/ hUufdf k|j]z ug'{ k"j{ lnlvt ?kdf ;DjlGwt AolQmnfO{ hfgsf/L
lbg'kg]{ . o;/L k|j]z ubf{ xfgL gf]S;fgL ePdf Ifltk"lt{ lbg' kg]{ . t/ b"/;+rf/
 ;]jf cglws[t ?kdf k|of]u ePsf] cfz+sfdf 3/ hUufdf k|j]z ubf{ tTsfn} lnlvt
hfgsf/L lbO{ k|j]z ug{ ;lsg] .
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ jf ljt/0fsf nflu c? s;}sf] 3/ hUuf pkof]u jf k|fKt ug{ cfjZos
k/L ;DjlGwt wgL;“u cg'/f]w ubf{ k|fKt gePdf ;]jf k|bfosn] k|flws/0fdf
lgj]bg lbg' kg]{ . k|flws/0fn] cfjZoshf“ra'em u/L pknAw u/fp‘g[' kg]{
b]lvPdf lgj]bg k|fKt ePsf] #) lbg leq g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
 ;]jf k|bfosn] lbPsf] Ifltk"lt{ pk/ lrQ gj'em]df !% lbg leq k|flws/0fdf lgj]bg
lbg'kg]{ . o:tf] lgj]bgdf k|flws/0fsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] .
!#_ ;]jf z'Ns lgwf{/0f / c;'nL
 u|fxs;“u w/f}6L lnPsf] ^ dlxgfleq b"/;+rf/ ;]jf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ . pQm
Dofbleq ;]jf lbg g;s] w/f}6L lnPsf]ldltb]lvg} ;os8f !)‰sf b/n] u|fxsnfO{
Aofh lbg' kg]{ .
 t/ w/f}6L k|fKt u/]sf] Ps aif{leq eg] ;]jf pknAw u/fO;Sg' kg]{ .
 w/f}6L jfktsf] Aofh u|fxsn] pkof]u u/]sf] ;]jf z'Nsdf s§f ug{ ;lsg].
 ;]jf k|bfosn] cfk"mn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfdf ;]jf z'Ns nufpg / c;'n ug{ ;Sg] .
 ;]jf z'Nssf] b/ k|flws/0faf6 :jLs[t ePsf] x'g' kg]{ .
 To:tf] ;]jf z'Nssf] b/ plrt / dgfl;j x'g' kg]{ .
 k|flws/0fn] hf/L u/]sf] lgb]{zgsf] cfwf/df ;]jf z'Nssf] b/sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L #
dlxgf cufj} :jLs[ltsf]nflu k|flws/0f ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{ .
 ;]jf z'Ns tyfcGo zt{sf] ;DjGwdf cg'lrt e]befj ug{ jf cfkm" ;d]t s'g}
JolQmnfO{cg'lrt k|fyldstf lbg jf s'g} JolQmnfO{ cg'lrt gf]S;fg kfg{ gx'g]
.

!$_ ;]jf aGb ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf

;]jf k|bfosn] lgDg cj:yfdf cfk"mn] u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jf aGb ug{ ;Sg]
 b"/;+rf/ nfOg jf b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnLsf] hf“ra'em, dd{t ;'wf/ jflj:tf/ jf cGo s'g}
dxTjk"0f{ sfd ug'{ k/]df .
 u|fxsn] a'emfpg' kg]{] z'Ns ga'emfPdf .
 u|fxsn] cglws[t jf zt{ ljkl/t ;]jf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOPdf
 b}jL k|sf]k, x8tfn, tfnfaGbL, bËf jf o:t} sfa" aflx/sf]c;fwf/0f l:ylt pTkGg
ePdf .
!%_ b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%# jdf]lhd ;hfo / k'g/fj]bg
 o; P]g jf P]g cGtu{tsf] lgod jf k|flws/0fsf] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg kfngf gu/]df
— %) xhf/ ;Dd hl/jfgf ug{ ;Sg] .
 cg'dltkq glnO{ jf cg'dltkqdfplNnlvt zt{ kfng gu/L;]jf ;+rfng u/]df — %
nfv;Dd hl/jfgf / ;]jf aGb ;d]t u/fpg ;Sg] .
  b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] b'?kof]u u/]df jf cgflws[t k|of]u jf xfgL gf]S;fgL u/]df —
lauf] c;'n u/L lauf] adf]lhd hl/afgf ug{ ;Sg] .
 b"/;+rf/ ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6 ufnL unf}h, wlDs jf b'Mv lbPdf — @% xhf/
hl/jfgf u/L;]jf aGb ug ;Sg] .
 ablgot ;fy b"/;+rf/ nfOg, b"/;+rf/ k|0ffnL, ;+/rgf, pks/0f ljuf/]df,
xfgLgf]S;fgL u/]df jf To:tf] sfo{sf] nflu b'?T;fxglbPdf — lauf] adf]lhd
hl/jfgf jf k“fr aif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] .
 k|flws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;hfo pk/ lrQ gj'em\g] AolQmn] #% lbgleq
k'g/fj]bg ;ldlt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg] . ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] .
!^_ /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L gLlt lgwf{/0f ;ldlt
/]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L ;DjGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f tyf jf‘8kmf6 ug{ b]xfo jdf]lhdsf]
& ;bl:oo ;ldlt /xg]
-c_ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqL jf /fHo dGqL – cWoIf
-cf_ ;lrj, u[x dGqfno – ;b:o
-O_ ;lrj, /Iff dGqfno – ;b:o
-O{_ ;lrj, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno – ;b:o
-p_ ;lrj, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ dGqfno – ;b:o
-pm_ cWoIf, g]kfn b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f – ;b:o
-P_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] sDtLdf /fhkqf+lst k|yd
>]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf] ljz]if1 – ;b:o ;lrj
!&_ /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L gLlt lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
 /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L ;DjGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
 ljleGg ;]jfsf] nflu lk|mSj]G;L lgwf{/0f / af“8kmf“8 ug]{ .
 /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;Lsf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
 /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;Lsf] cGt/f{li6«o tyf ax'p2]ZoLo ;dGjosf] nflu gLltto
ug]{ .

b"/;+rf/ lgodfjnL, @)%$

!_ k|flws/0fsf] cWoIfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

 k|flws/0fsf] k|zf;lgs k|d'vsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ .
 k|flws/0fsf] jflif{s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd th'{df u/L u/fO{ k|flws/0fsf] j}7sdf
k]z ug]{ .
 k|flws/0fsf] sf]ifsf] /]vb]v ug]{ .
 k|flws/0fsf] ;DklQsf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ ug]{, u/fpg] .
  k|flws/0f / g]kfn ;/sf/ tyf cGo ;+3 ;+:yf aLr ;Dks{ clwsf/Lsf] ?kdf sfd
ug]{ .
 o; P]g jf o; lgodfjnL adf]lhd k|flws/0faf6 k|Tofof]lht cGo sfdug]{.
@_ b"/ ;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ cg'dltkq k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmn] kfng ug'{
kg]{ st{Aox?
 lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ cg';f/sf] oGq tyf pks/0f k|of]u u/L u|fxsnfO{ ;]jf ;'ljwf
lbg'kg]{ .
 k|flws/0fn] ;do ;dodf tf]lslbPsf] Go"gtd :t/ cg'?k b"/;+rf/;]jf ;+rfng ug'{
kg]{ .
 Pp6f ;]jf k|bfosn] h8fg u/]sf] oGq pks/0f ;xdlt a]u/ csf]{ ;]jf k|bfosn]
k|of]u ug{gx'g] .
 lah'nLsf] kf]naf6 ;se/ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f gug]{, lat/0f ug}{ k/]
;DalGwt lgsfosf] :jLs[lt lng] .
 u|fxsnfO{;Demf}tfcg'?ksf] ;]jf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ .
 cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt ePsf] lk|mSj]G;L dfq k|of]u ug]{ .
 u|fxsnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jf lalu|Pdf tf]lsPsf] :t/df lgz'Ns dd{t ;Def/ ug'{
kg]{ .
 u|fxsx?sf] ;'ljwf tyf hfgsf/Lsf] nflu 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6«L nufotcGo
;fdfu|L k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ .
 cGt/f{li6«o b"/;+rf/ ;+3 (ITU) n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] Go"gtd :t/ cg'?k x'g] u/L
b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ .
 cg'dltkqdf pNn]lvt zt{x?sf] k"0f{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ .
#_ b"/;+rf/ ;DjGwL ljjfb / To;sf] ;dfwfg
 cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmx? aLr jf cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQm / u|fxs aLr ;]jf
;DjGwdf s'g} ljjfb k/]df dsf{ kg]{kIfn] sf/0f ;lxt k|flws/0fdf ph'/L lbg'
kg]{ .
 o;/L ph'/L k/]df k|flws/0fn] ljjflbt kIfnfO{ jf]nfO{ cfk;L 5nkmnaf6ljjfb
;dfwfg ug'{ kg]{
 cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df ;DjlGwt kIfx?sf] Ps Ps hgf/
k|Flws/0fsf] Ps hgf k|ltlglw /x]sf] Pp6f dWo:y sldl6 u7gug'{ kg]{ .
 o:tf] sldl6n] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm} Jojl:yt ug]{ .
 o:tf] sldl6n] !% lbg leq ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] lgldQlg0f{o ug'{kg]{ .
 o;/L sldl6n] u/]sf] lg0f{o ljjflbt kIfsf] nflu aGwgsf/L x'g] .
 ;]jf k|bfos / u|fxs aLrsf] ljjfbsf] xsdf b'j} kIfnfO{ lemsfO{ 5nkmnsf]
cfwf/df ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ . o;/L 5nkmnaf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]df k|flws/0fn]
pko'Qm ;Dem]sf] cfb]z lbg] . o:tf]] cfb]zsf] kfngf ug'{ b'j} kIfsf] st{Ao
x'g] .
$_ k'g/fj]bg ;ldlt
b"/;+rf/ P]g @)%# sf] bkmf $& cg';f/ k|flws/0fn] u/]sf] ;hfo pk/sf]
k'g/fj]bg x]g{ lgDg jdf]lhdsf] ;ldlt /xg] .
c_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] jxfnjfnf Gofoflw; jf Gofo ;]jfsf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[t—
cWoIf
cf_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] /f=k=k|yd >]0fL jf ;f] ;/xsf] ljz]if1 — ;b:o
O_ sfg"g If]qsf cg'ej k|fKt u/]sf] clws[t sd{rf/L dWoaf6g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf] AolQm —
;b:o
O{_ ;+rf/ dGqfnon] tf]s]sf] clws[t sd{rf/L —;b:o—;lrj
%_ cGo Aoj:yfx?
 cg'dlt k|fKt AolQmn] cfˆgf] s"n nufgLsf] !% k|ltzt u|fld0f If]qdf nufgL
ug'{kg]{ .
 cg'dlt k|fKt AolQmn] cfˆgf] jflif{s s"n cfDbfgLsf] $ k|ltzt /sd /f]oN6L
ltg'{kg]{ .
 cg'dlt k|fKt AolQmn] k|flws/0fn] tf]s]sf] /sd u|fld0f b"/;+rf/ sf]ifdf hDdf
ug'{kg]{ .
^_ b"/;+rf/ ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ cg'dlt lng rflxg] k"hL / k|fljlws lgk'0f{tf tyf
k]zf ;DjGwL bIftf
c_ cfjZos kg]{ s"n k"hL—
!= g]kfn /fHoe/L :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g (PSTN) ;+rfng ug{ — ? @ cj{
@= g]kfn /fHoe/L df]jfOn ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ — %) s/f]8
#= STD ;]fj ;~rfng ug{ — %) s/f]8
$= STD+ISD ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ — &% s/f]8
%= PseGbf j9L ;]jf ;+rfng ug{ Pp6} cg'dlt kq lng] ePdf — @ cj{
^= cGo b"/;+rf/ ;]jf vf; :yfgdf ;+rfng ug{ nfUg] k"hL k|flws/0fn] tf]Sg]
cf_ k|fljlws lgk"0f{tf Pj+ k]zfut bIftf
!= :yflgo 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu— sDtLdf # jif{ :yfgLo
6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;+rfng u/]sf] .
@= df]jfOn ;]jf ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu sDtLdf # jif{sf] df]jfOn jf :yflgo
6]lnkmf]g ;+rfng u/]sf] .
#= STD jf ISTD ;+rfng ug{ sDtLdf # jif{ STDjf ISTD jf :yflgo 6]lnkmf]g
;+rfng u/]sf]
$= cGo b"/;+rf/sf] nflu k|flws/0fn] tf]s] jdf]lhdsf] .
 sDkgLsf] ;+:yfkgf, Joj:yfkgf tyf sDkgL P]g, 2063
kl/roM

 g]kfn /fHoleq s"g} pBf]u, k]zf, tyf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ ;fdfGotof rf/ j^f j}slNks k|fjwfgx? xfn;Dd sfg'gtM ljBdfg b]lvG% .
 k|fOe]^ kmd{ /lhi^«\]zg P]g, 2014 cGtu{t k|fOe]^ kmd{ /lhi^«/ ug]{,
 ;fem]bf/L P]g, 2020 cGtu{t ;fem]bf/L kmd{ -Partnership Firm_ :yfkgf ug]{,
 ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/)f P]g, 2049 cGtu{t ljb]zLn] PSn} jf g]kfnL gfu/Ls ;+u ldnL ;+o"Qm nufgL -Joint
Venture_ df sDkgL ;+rfng ug]{,
 sDkgL P]g, 2063 cGtu{t l;ldt bfloTj -Limited Liability_ ePsf] k|fOe]^ lnld^]* jf klJns lnld^]* sDkgL :yfkgf ug]{ .
 pk/f]Qm ljsNk dWo] s"g ljsNk cg"?k pBf]u, k]zf jf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug]{ xf] eGg] s"/f kIfx?sf] OR%f, Joj;fosf] k|s[lt Pj+ To:tf
ljsNkx?sf] kmfObf Pj+ j]kmfObfsf] d'Nof+sg u/L to ug]{ lhDdf ;+rfnsx?s} xf] .
 t/ w]/} hgf ldnL dWod Pj+ &'nf :t/sf pBf]u, k]zf, Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{sf nflu sDkgLg} pko"Qm / nfebfoL x"g] ePsf]n] cfhsf]
k|lt:kwf{Tds Jofj;flos b"lgofdf l;ldt bfloTj ePsf] sDkgL sDkgL P]g, 2063 cGtu{t :yfkgf u/L cfkm\gf] k]zf, Jofj;fo ;+rfng ug{ w]/}
nufgLstf{x? cfslif{t ePsf] kfOG% .
 sDkgLsf] cy{ -Meaning of Company_
 sDkgL zJb ;}lgs ;+u&gaf^ cfPsf] xf], h;n] ;}lgssf] ;d'xnfO{ hgfp+% . lglZrt ;+/rgf Pj+ ;+Vof ;lxtsf] ;}lgsx?sf]
;d'xnfO{ sDkgL elg ;Djf]wg ug]{ rng xfn ;Dd ljBdfg /x]sf] % .
 ;fdfGotof sDkgL eGgfn] b"O{ jf b"O{ eGbf al( JolQmx?sf] ;d'xnfO{ j"em\g" k%{ .
 Jofkf/Ls cy{df sDkgL eGgfn] s"g} j:t" pTkfbg, vl/b ljqmL tyf s"g} k]zf Joj;fo ;+rfng ug{ Ps} ynf]df e]nf eO{ sfo{ ug]{
JolQmx?sf] ;d'xnfO{ hgfp+% .
 sfg'g cy{df eGg" kbf{ sfg'gn] hGdfPsf] ;+:yfks Pj+ z]o/ xf]N*/ eGbf km/s sfg'gL cl:tTj ePsf] Pp^f s[lqd JolQm g}
sDkgL xf] .
 sfg'g k|s[of k"/ofO{ sDkgLsf] :yfkgf kZrft o;n] Pp^f %"§} sfg'gL JolQmsf] dfGotf k|fKt ub{% . o;n] %"§} gfd, %"§}
sfg'gL cl:tTj, %"§} %fk, %"§} ;DklQ / Pp^f cljl%Gg pQ/flwsf/Ljfnf sfg'gL dfGotf k|fKt u%{ .
 sfg'gL ?kdf :yfkgf kZrft sDkgLnfO{ Pp^f k|fs[lts JolQm ;/x ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ef]urng ug]{, x:tfGt/)f ug]{, C)f
lng] lbg], cfkm\gf] xs lxtsf] ;+/If)f ug]{, cfkm\gf] OHht k|lti&f clej[l$ ug]{, lxt lj?$ x"g] ePdf sfg'gL k|ltjfb ug]{ h:tf
laifo :jtGq Pj+ clwsf/ ;DkGg x"g k"U% . h;/L d[To" kZrft k|fs[lts JolQmsf] cGTo x"G% . To;} u/L p@]Zo k"/f eP
kZrft jf cGo sfg'gL k|s[of jdf]lhd sDkgLsf] vf/]hL kZrft o;sf] klg cl:tTj ;dfKt x"G% .
  sDkgL :yfkgf e};s]kl% sDkgLsf ;+rfnsx?n] sDkgL sfg'g, sDkgLsf k|jGwkq / lgodfjnL Pj+ sDkgLsf] ;ef -;fwf/)f/
ljz]if_ n] lbPsf] lgb]{zg jdf]lhd sDkgLsf] tkm{af^ sfd ug"{ kb{% .
 cfkm"nfO{ k|$t clwsf/ If]q eGbf jflx/ uO{ ;+rfnsx? jf sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?n] s"g}klg sf/f]jf/ Pj+ ultljlw ;+rfng ug"{
x"b}g lsgeg] sfg'g jdf]lhd :yflkt sDkgLsf] tkm{af^ sfo{ ug]{ ;+rfns Pj+ kbflwsf/Lx? s]jn sDkgLsf] Ph]G^sf] ?kdf
sfo{/t /x]sf x"G%g . Ph]G^sf] sfo{If]q To;df l;ldt x"G% hlt p;nfO{ :jfld/dflns -Principal_ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf]
x"G% .
 sDkgLnfO{ j"em\g o;sf] ljz]iftf -Characterstics_ n] yk ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf]n] o;sf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG% .
 sfg'gL JolQmTj -Legal Personality) - Natural person / Legal Person
 %"§} sfg'gL bfloTj -Separate Legal entity _
o sDkgLsf] tkm{af^ lnPsf] C)f sDkgLn] g} ltg"{ kg]{,
o sDkgLsf] nflu lnPsf] C)fsf] bfloTj z]o/ xf]N*/df gkg]{
o Saloman Vs Saloman and Co sf] d'@f
 cljl%Gg pQ/bfloTj -Perpetual Succession_
 l;ldt bfloTj -Limited Liability_
o sDkgLsf] z]o/ xf]N*/sf] bfloTj cfkm"n] lnPsf] z]o/sf] /sd eGbf al( gx"g],
o sDkgL ^f^ pN^]df cfkm\gf] JolQmut ;DklQaf^ ;fx"sf] C)f z]o/ xf]N*/x?n] ltg"{ gkg]{
 %"§} ;DklQ -Separate Property_
o sDkgLsf] cfo", rn crn ;DklQ, C)f, bfloTj, a}s vftf ;Dk')f{ sDkgLs} gfddf /xg], o;sf] sf/f]jf/ ug{ k')f{ :jtGqtf /xg] .
o sDkgLsf] ;DklQ Pj+ cfo z]o/ xf]N*/ jf ;+rfnsn] cfkm\gf] gfddf jf ;DklQdf ld;fpg gkfpg] .
 d"@f /fVg / v]Kg] Ifdtf -Can sue and be sue_
o cfkm\gf] lj?$ d"@f xfNg jf cfkm"nfO{ xflnPsf] d"@fsf] k|ltjfb ug]{ clwsf/ k|fs[lts JolQm ;/x /xg] .
o %"§} %fk / gfd -Separate Seal and name_ o;sf] ;Dk')f{ sf/f]jf/ cfkm\gf] gfdaf^ x"g] ePsf]n] cfkm\gf] gfd /
lrGx ;lxtsf] Pp^f %"§} %fk x"g] .
 x:tf/Gt/)f of]Uo z]o/ -Transferable Share_
o sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b ug]{ z]o/ xf]N*/n] pQm z]o/ vl/b ljqmL u/]/ Ps JolQm af^ csf]{ JolQmdf x:tfGt/)f ug{
;Sg] .
 k|ltlglw$f/f Joj:yfkg -Management by Representative_
o sDkgL s[ltd JolQm ePsf]n] o;sf] p@]Zo xfl;n ug{ o;n] ug"{ kg]{ ;Dk')f{ ultljlw ;+rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L Pj+ st{Jo
sDkgL sfg'g, sDkgLsf] k|jGwkq, lgodfjnL Pj+ ;fwf/)f;efsf] lg)f{o dfkm{t ;+rfns ;ldlt Pj+ sd{rf/Ldf x:tfGt/)f
ul/Psf] x"G% .
 sfg'g jdf]lhd cGTo -Dissolution _
o sfg'g adf]lhd o;sf] hGd x"g] ePsf]n] pb]Zo k"/f ePkl% sfg'g adf]lhd g} cGTo x"g]
 k|jGwkq -Memo random_
 sDkgLsf] :yfkgfsf] nflu s]lx lglZrt sfuhftsf] cfjZostf kb{% . tL sfuhft dWo]sf] Pp^f cToGt dxTjk')f{ sfuhft k|jGwkq
klg xf] .
 sDkgLsf] gfd, d"Vo sfof{no, p@]Zo, p@]Zo k"/f ul/g] sfdx?, clws[t k'+hL / ljleGg k|sf/sf z]o/x?sf] ;+Vof, tTsfn
hf/L u/Lg] k'h+Lsf] c+s, z]o/ vl/b jf x:tfGt/)f ug{ s"g} aGb]h eP ;f] s"/f, ;+:yfksn] tTsfn lng sj"n u/]sf] z]o/ ;+Vof
nufotsf laifoj:t" ;dfj]z u/L tof/ u/Lg] ljj/)fkqg} k|jGw kq xf] .
 sDkgLsf] :yfkgf, o;sf] k|jGw Pj+ ;+rfngdf o; sfuhftn] dxTjk')f{ e'ldsf v]Ng] ePsf]n] g} o;nfO{ sDkgLsf] k|jGwkq
elgPsf] xf] .
 b]z ;+rfngsf] lgldQ ;+ljwfgn] hlt dxTj /fVb% Toltg} dxTj sDkgL ;+rfngdf k|jGwkqn] /fVb% o;y{ o;nfO{ sDkgLsf]
;+ljwfgsf] ?kdf lng] ul/Psf] % .
 sDkglsf ;+rfnsn] pk/f]Qm s"/fx? :ki^ x"g] u/L tf]lsPsf] (f+rfdf k|jGwkq tof/ u/L x:tfIf/ ug"{ kb{% / k|jGwkq tof/
ug]{ rf^{*{ Psfp)^])^ jf jlsnn] klg cfkm\gf] ;fd"Gg]df k|jGwkq tof/ ePsf] xf] elg k|dfl)ft ug"{ kb{% . k|jGwkqdf
pNn]lvt s"/fx?sf] jlv{nfk sDkgLn] s"g} sfo{ ug{ ;St}g .
 lgodfjnL -Articles of Association_
sDkgLsf] leqL Joj:yfkg -Internal Management_ lgoldt ug{sf nflu tof/ ul/g] b:tfj]hnfO{ sDkgLsf] lgodfjnL eGg] ul/G% .
To;df lgDg laifo ;dfj]z x"G% .
  ;+rfns / lghx?sf] sfo{ cjlw,
 ;+rfns x"g lng" kg]{ Go"gtd z]o/ ;+Vof,
 ;+rfnssf] ;+Vof / sfo{sfn
 sDkgLsf] ;ef jf]nfpg] tl/sf / ;efsf nflu lbg" kg]{ ;'rgf ;DjGwL s"/fx?,
 cu|flwsf/ z]o/jfnfx?sf] ljz]iflwsf/ / aGb]hx?,
 k|jGw ;+rfnssf] clwsf/ / st{Jox?,
 ;+rfnssf] kfl/>lds tyf eQf ;DjGwL Joj:yfsf laifo,
 n]vfkl/Ifssf] lgo"lqm tyf ;]jf ;"ljwf
pk/f]Qm s"/fx?sf] cnfjf cGo cfjZos laifox? pNn]v u/L lgodfjnLdf ;+:yfksx?n] x:tfIf/ ug{" kg]{ . o;/L x:tfIf/ u/L sDkgL
/lhi^f/sf] sfof{nodf k]z ul/Psf] lgodfjnL sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgsf] d'n lgb]{lzsfsf] ?kdf /xg] / ;f]lx jdf]lhd sDkgL ;+rfng
ug"{ ;+rfnsx?sf] st{Jo x"g] .

sDkgL P]g, @)^#

 P]gsf] k|:tfjgfsf] pb]Zo
 cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fåf/f pBf]u, Jofkf/ / Joj;fosf If]qdf nufgL k|j4{g ug]{ .
 d"n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df ultzLntf Nofpg] .
 sDkgLsf] ;+:yfkgf, ;+rfng tyf k|zf;gnfO{ ;'ud, ;Ifd / kf/blz{ agfp‘g] .
 z]o/sf] lsl;d
sDkgLsf] k"hLsf] ljeflht c+znfO{ z]o/ elgG5 . of] # lsl;dsf] x'G5 .
!= ;fwf/0f z]o/
@= cu|flwsf/ z]o/
#= jf]g; z]o/
 jf]g; z]o/— sDkgLsf] d'gfkmfaf6 ePsf] art jf hu]8f sf]ifnfO{ k"FhLs/0fu/L
z]o/wgLx¿nfO{ cltl/Qm z]o/sf] ?kdf hf/L ul/Psf] z]o/ jf]g; z]o/ xf] . jf]g; z]o/n]
art jf hu]8f sf]ifnfO{ k"FhLs/0f u/L z]o/sf] r'Qmf /sd j[l4 u/]sf]cj:yf;d]tnfO{
hgfpF5 .
 l8a]Gr/—sDkgLsf] hfoh]yf lwtf] /fvL jf g/fvL sDkgLn] hf/L u/]sf]C0fkqnfO{
l8a]Gr/ elgG5 .
 lwtf]kq— sDkgLn] hf/L u/]sf] lgDg sfuhftx?nfO{ lwtf]kq elgG5 .
 z]o/,
 a08,
 l8a]~r/
 C0fkq
 lwtf]kqsf] w/f}6L;DaGwL e/kfO{
 lwtf]kq;DaGwL xs clwsf/kq .
 klAns / k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] z]o/ wgL ;+Vof / k'+hL
 k|fOe]6— ! b]lv %) hgf
 klAns— & b]lv dfly hltklg
 klAns sDkgLsf] nflu Go'gtd k"hL ! s/f]8 x'g'kg]{ t/ k|fO{e]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf
gtf]lsPsf] .
 sDkgLsf] ;+:yfkgf
 lgDgsfuhftx¿ ;+nUg /flv sDkgLsf] btf{sf] nflu sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg
lbg' kg]{ .
 k|:tfljt sDkgLsf] k|aGwkq,
 k|:tfljt sDkgLsf] lgodfjnL,
 ;+:yfksx¿aLr s'g} ;Demf}tf ePsf] eP ;f]sf] k|ltlnlk,
 k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] nflu ;j{;Ddt ;Demf}tf ePsf] eP, To:tf] ;Demf}tfsf]k|ltlnlk,
 vf; k|sf/sf] sf/f]af/ ug{ sfg"g adf]lhd Ohfht kq cfjZos kg]{ eP jf s'g} lgsfosf]
k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' kg]{ eP To:tf] Ohfht kq jf :jLs[tkq,
 g]kfnL gful/s ;+:yfks eP gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk, s'g} ;+:yf ;+:yfks eP
To:tf] ;+:yfsf] btf{ k|df0fkq, ;+rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o tyf cGo lnvtx?,
 ljb]zL JolQm jf lgsfo ;+:yfks ePdf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfndf nufgL jf
Joj;fo jf sf/f]af/ ug]{ af/]df k|fKt cg'dltkq,
 ljb]zL gful/s ;+:yfks ePdf lgh s'g d'n'ssf] gful/s xf] ;f] k|dfl0ft ug]{ kq,
 ljb]zL ;+:yf ;+:yfks eP To:tf] ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfkgfsf] k|df0fkq tyf ;+:yfkg
;DaGwL k|d'vlnvtx? .
 sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{non] sDkgL btf{ ug{ OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfx?
 k|:tfljt sDkgLsf] gfd cl3g} btf{ eO{ sfod /x]sf] s'g} sDkgLsf] gfd;Fu ldNg] jf
e|d l;h{gf x'g ;Sg] ePdf,
 k|:tfljt sDkgLsf] gfd jf p2]Zo k|rlnt sfg"g ljk/Lt jf ;fj{hlgs dof{bf ljkl/t jf
kmf}hbf/L sfo{sf] cfzo emNsg] ePdf,
 k|:tfljt sDkgLsf] gfd btf{ vf/]hLdf k/]sf] jf bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf] sDkgLsf] gfd;Fu
ldNg] jf e|d l;h{gf x'g] vfnsf]] ePdf / o;/L btf{ vf/]hL jf bfdf;fxLdf k/]sf] cjlw
% jif{ k"/f e}{ g;s]sf] b]lvPdf,
 P]gadf]lhd sDkgL ;+:yfkgf x'gsf] lgldQ cGo cfjZos zt{x¿ k"/f gePsf]df .
pk/f]Qm sf/0fn] sDkgL btf{ ug{ gldNg] ePdf sfof{non] lgj]bgk/]sf] kGw|
lbgleq lgj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{. o;df lrQ gj'em] !% lbgleq ;DjlGwt kIfn]
cbfntdf ph'/ ug{ ;Sg] .
 lgDg sf/f]jf/ ug{ klAns sDkgLsf] ?kdf sDkgL ;+:yfkgf x'g'kg]{
 al}ͪ sf/f]jf/
 ljlQo sf/f]jf/
 ljdf Aoj;fo ;DjGwL sf/f]jf/
 lwtf]kq jhf/ ;DjGwL sf/f]jf/
 lgj[lQe/0f sf]if jf ;fd"lxs jrt sf]if
 k|fOe]6 sDkgL klAns sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g] cj:yf
s'g} k|fOe]6 sDkgL b]xfosf cj:yfdf klAns sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sg]5 –
 k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ljz]if k|:tfj kfl/t u/L klAns sDkgLdf kl/0ft
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]df,
 k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] @%%jf ;f]eGbf a9L z]o/ Ps jf PseGbf a9LklAns
sDkgLn] vl/b u/]df,
 k|fOe]6 sDkgLn] s'g} klAns sDkgLsf] @%%jf ;f]eGbf a9L z]o/ vl/b u/]df
.
 o;/L kl/jt{g ePdf ! s/f]8 k"FhL k'¥ofpFg' kg]{ .
 klAns sDkgL k|fOe]6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g] cj:yf
b]xfosf] cj:yfdf s'g} klAns sDkgL k|fOe]6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft x'g ;Sg]5 M–
 klAns sDkgLsf] z]o/wgLsf] ;+Vof ;fthgfeGbf sd ePdf,
 klAns sDkgLn] sfod ug{'kg]{ r'Qmf k"FhL sfod ug{ g;s]df . -! s/f]8
?k}of_
 sDkgLsf] k|aGwkqdf pNn]v x'g'kg]{ s'/fx¿
 sDkgLsf] gfd,
 sDkgLsf] /lhi68{ sfof{nosf] 7]ufgf,
 sDkgLsf] p2]Zo,
 p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ul/g] sfdx¿,
 sDkgLsf] clws[t k"FhL, tTsfn hf/L ug]{ z]o/ k"FhL /sDkgLsf] ;+:yfksn]
r'Qmf ug{ sa'n u/]sf] cÍ,
 sDkgLsf] z]o/sf] lsl;d, tL z]o/df lgxLt xs clwsf/, z]o/sf]d"No / ljleGg
k|sf/sf] z]o/ ;+Vof,
 z]o/ vl/b jf x:tfGt/0f ug{ s'g} aGb]h /x]sf] eP ;f] s'/f,
 ;+:yfksx¿n] tTsfn lng sa'n u/]sf] z]o/ ;+Vof,
 z]o/ /sd e'QmfgLsf zt{x¿,
 z]o/wgLx¿sf] bfloTj ;Lldt /xg] s'/f,
 k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf z]o/wgLx?sf] ;+Vof,
dfly pNn]lvt ljifox? Jffx]sb]xfosf s'g} s'/f ul/g] jf x'g] ePdfTo:tf s'/fx¿;d]t
k|aGwkqdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kg]{
 ;+:yfks jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] gubafx]s c? s'g} lsl;daf6 z]o/ vl/b ug{ jf
z]o/df xs kfpg] eP ;f] s'/f
 sDkgLn] sf/f]af/ z'? ubf{ ;+:yfks jf cGo s'g} JolQmaf6 s'g} ;DklQ k|fKt
ug]{ eP, ;f] s'/f
 sDkgL] ;+:yfkgf ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ sDkgLn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{ eP, ;f] s'/f
 ;+:yfks jf cGo s'g} JolQmn] sDkgLaf6 s'g} ljz]if ;x'lnot jf clwsf/ kfpg]
eP, ;f] s'/f .
 sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v x'g'kg]{ s'/fx¿
 sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfpg] tl/sf, ;efsf] nflu lbg' kg]{ ;"rgf;DaGwL ljifo,
 ;fwf/0f ;efsf] sfo{ljlw,
 ;~rfnssf] ;+Vof, j}slNks ;~rfnssf] Joj:yf eP,gePsf] tyf ;~rfnssf]sfo{sfn,
 ;fwf/0f ;ef tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] clen]v / To;sf]
k|ltlnlktyflg/LIf0f;DaGwL Joj:yf,
 s'g} JolQm sDkgLsf] ;~rfns lgo'Qm x'g lng'kg]{ Go"gtd z]o/ ;+Vof,
 klAns sDkgLsf] nflu :jtGq ;~rfnssf] of]Uotf / ;+Vof,
 z]o/wgLafx]ssf] cGo JolQmnfO{ ;~rfns lgo'Qm ug]{ eP pgLx?sf] ;+Vof,
sfo{sfn, of]Uotf tyf lgo'lQm k|lqmof;DaGwL Joj:yf,
 ;~rfns ;ldlt / k|aGw ;~rfnssf] clwsf/ / st{Jox¿,
 ;~rfnsx¿sf] clVtof/L tyf clVtof/Lsf] k|Tofof]hg,
  ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof, a}7ssf] ;"rgf tyf a}7ssf]sfo{ljlw,
 ljleGg ju{sf z]o/x? / To:tf z]o/df lgxLt xs, clwsf/ tyf aGb]hx?,
 z]o/afktsf] /sdsf] e'QmfgLsf] tl/sf tyf z]o/ hkmt;DaGwL Joj:yf,
 z]o/ x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf,
 z]o/ k"FhL yk36 ug{] s'/f,
 sDkgLn] cfˆgf] z]o/ cfkm}+ vl/b ug{] eP ;f] s'/f,
 sDkgL ;lrjsf] lgo'lQm,
 ;~rfnssf] kfl/>lds, eQf / ;'ljwf;DaGwL Joj:yf,
 sDkgLsf] 5fk k|of]u ;DjlGw ljifo
 sDkgLsf] n]vf, lx;falstfa tyf n]vfk/LIf0f,
 C0f jf l8a]~r/ p7fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf,
 sDkgL ufleg] s'/f,
 s'g} vf; Joj;fo ug]{ sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf v'nfpg' kg]{ egL k|rlntsfg"gdf
s'g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP To:tf] s'/f,
 lgodfjnLdf v'nfpg' kg]{ cGo cfjZos s'/fx¿ .
 lk|ldod d"Nosf] z]o/ hf/L ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
z]o/sf] c+lst d"NoeGbf jl9 d"Nodf ljlqm x'g] ul/ sDkgLn] hf/L u/]sf] z]o/nfO{
lk|ldod d"Nosf] z]o/ elgG5 . b]xfosf] cj:yf k"/f ug]{ s'g} sDkgLn]sfof{nosf]
k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ lk|ldod d"Nosf] z]o/ hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 M–
 nuftf/ tLg jif{;Dd sDkgL d'gfkmfdf ;~rfng eO{ nfef+z ljt/0f u/]sf],
 sDkgLsf] ;Dk"0f{ bfloTjeGbf v'b ;DklQ -g]6jy{_ a9L ePsf],
 sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] lk|ldod d"Nosf z]o/ hf/L ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] .
 cu|flwsf/ z]o/ ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
sDkgLn] sDkgL P]g, k|aGwkq jf lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhdcu|flwsf/ z]o/
lgZsf;g ug{ ;Sg] .
 o:tf] z]o/ ;fwf/0ftof ;fwf/0f z]o/df kl/0ft gx'g],
cu|flwsf/ z]o/ hf/L ubf{ b]xfosf s'/f v'nfpFg' kg{] M–
 ;fwf/0f z]o/eGbf cufl8 nfef+z k|fKt ug{] jf gug]{,
 cu|flwsf/ z]o/wgLn] slt k|ltzt nfef+z k|fKt ug{] xf] ;f] s'/f,
 k|To]s jif{ nfef+z hf]l8b}+ hfg] xf] jf d'gfkmf ePsf] jif{ dfq d'gfkmf ljt/0f x'g]
xf] ;f] s'/f,
 sDkgL vf/]h ePsf] cj:yfdf z]o/sf] /sd lkmtf{ ubf{ cu|flwsf/ lbg] jf glbg],
 dtflwsf/ x'g] eP cu|flwsf/ z]o/sf] ljifodf dfq jf cGo ljifodf klg x'g],
 cGo ljifodf klg dtflwsf/ x'g] eP s'g cg'kftdf dtflwsf/ x'g] xf] ;f] s'/f,
 ;fwf/0f z]o/df kl/jt{g x'g ;Sg] jf g;Sg] s'/f,
 z]o/ /sd lglZrt cjlw kl5 lkmtf{ ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg] tyf z]o/ lkmtf{ ubf{ lk|ldod
;lxt jf lk|ldod lagf lkmtf{ x'g] .
 sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef
sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef b]xfoadf]lhd x'g] M–
!= k|yd jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef— sDkgL :yfkgf ePsf] ! jif{ leq ul/;Sg'kg]{ .
@= jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef— cfly{s jif{ ;lsPsf] ^ dlxgfleq ul/;Sg'kg]{ .
 #= ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef— ljz]if kl/l:yltdf
 klAns sDkgLsf] jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef ug{ sDtLdf @! lbg cufj} / ljz]if ;fwf/0f ;ef
ug{ sDtLdf !% lbg cufj} z]o/wgLx?nfO{ lghx?n] pknAw u/fPsf] 7]ufgfdf
;ef x'g] 7fpF, ldlt / 5nkmn ug]{ ljifo vf]nL ;"rgf k7fpg' kg]{. ;f] s'/fsf] ;"rgf
sDtLdf b'O{k6s /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgsklqsfdf klg k|sfzgug'{ kg]{ .
 t/ :ylut ePsf] s'g} ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfpFbf To:tf] ;efdf gofF ljifodf 5nkmn
gx'g] eP sDtLdf ;ft lbgcl3 ;f] ;efsf] ;"rgf /fli6«o:t/sf] b}lgsklqsfdf k|sflzt
u/] x'g] .
 sDklg /lhi6«f/ sfo{fnon] cGoq ;fwf/0f ;ef ug{ k"j{:jLs[lt lbPsf] cj:yfdf
afx]s klAnssDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef /lhi68{ sfof{no /x]sf] lhNnf jf
/lhi68{sfof{nosf] lhNnf;Fu hf]l8Psf] clwsf+z z]o/wgLnfO{ kfos kg]{
7fpFdf ug'{ kg]{ .
 t/ k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s To:tf]
sDkgLsf];fwf/0f ;ef g]kfn /fHoleq jf aflx/ s'g} 7fpFdf x'g ;Sg] .
 sDkgLn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf z]o/wgLx¿sf] gfd, 7]ufgf / lghx?n] lnPsf]
z]o/;+Vof pNn]v ePsf] ;"rL] lg/LIf0fsf] nflu ;ef :yndf /fVg' kg]{5 .
 ;fwf/0f ;efdf To:tf] ;efsf] ;"rgfsf] ;fy k7fOPsf] 5nkmnsf] ;"rLdf
k/]sf]ljifopk/ ;j{k|yd 5nkmn tyf lg0f{o ul/g] .
 ;fwf/0f ;efsf] cWoIftf ug]{ JolQmn] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;ef :ylut ug{ ;Sg] . h'g
;fwf/0f ;ef :ylut ePsf] xf] ;f] ;ef x'g] lbgeGbf klxn] jf kl5 o; P]g cg';f/ ;"rgf
lbOPsf] s'g} klg ljifopk/:ylut eO{ af]nfOPsf] ;efdf 5nkmn /lg0f{o ug{
;lsg] .
 klxn] a;]sf] / ;f] :ylut ePkl5 a;]sf] ;efnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/ x'g] . :ylut;efdf kfl/t
k|:tfj ;f] :ylut ;ef a;]sf] ldltdf kfl/t ePsf] dflgg] .
 s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yfn] s'g} sDkgLsf] z]o/ vl/b u/]sf] ePdf To:tf] ;+ul7t
;+:yfåf/f lgo'Qm JolQmn] To:tf] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf
efu lng / dtlbg kfpg] .
 e"njz s'g} ;"rLs[t sDkgLsf] z]o/wgLsf] 7]ufgfdf ;fwf/0f ;efsf] ;"rgf k7fpg
5'6]sf] jf s'g} z]o/wgLn] To:tf] sDkgLnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] 7]ufgfdf
k7fOPsf] ;"rgf lghn] k|fKt gu/]sf] sf/0fn] dfq s'g} ;fwf/0f ;efdf ePsf] sfd
sf/afxL ab/ jfcdfGo gx'g] .
 ljz]if k|:tfj k]z ul/ lg0f{o lng' kg]{ ljifo M–
b]xfosf] ljifodf sDkgLsf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf lg0{fo lngsf] nflu ljz]if k|:tfj k]z ug'{kg]{ .
 sDkgLsf] clws[t k"FhL a9fpg] ljifo,
 sDkgLsf] z]o/ k"FhL 36fpg] jf x]/km]/ ug]{ ljifo,
 sDkgLsf] gfd jf d'Vo p2]Zo kl/jt{g ug]{ ljifo,
 Pp6f sDkgL csf]{ sDkgLdf ufleg] ljifo,
 af]g; z]o/ hf/L ug]{ ljifo,
 sDkgLn] cfˆgf] z]o/ cfkm}n] vl/b ug]{ ljifo,
 l8:sfp06df z]o/ laqmL ug]{ ljifo,
  k|fOe]6 sDkgL klAns sDkgLdf jf klAns sDkgL k|fOe]6 sDkgLdf kl/0ft
x'g]ljifo,
 o; P]g jf lgodfjnLdf sDkgLn] ljif]z k|:tfj kfl/t ug'{ kg]{ elgPsf cGo ljifo .
 ;+rfns ;ldltsf] u7g ;DjGwL Aoj:yf
 k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsx¿sf] lgo'lQm /;+Vof lgodfjnLdf Joj:yf
ul/Padf]lhd x'g].
 klAns sDkgLdf sDtLdf # hgf / a9Ldf !! hgf;Dd ;~rfns /x]sf];~rfns ;ldlt
/xg] .
 ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g x'Fbf sDkgLsf] lgodfjnLdf tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf ePsf] /
;DalGwt sDkgLsf] Joj;fo;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf 1fg tyf cg'ej xfl;nu/]sf]
JolQmx?dWo] ;fthgf;Dd ;~rfns eP sDtLdf ! hgf / ;fthgfeGbf a9L ;~rfns
ePdf sDtLdf @ hgf JolQmnfO{ :jtGq ;~rfnssf] ?kdf lgo'Qm ug'{ kg{] .
 k|yd jflif{s ;fwf/0f ;ef geP;Dd ;~rfnsx¿sf] lgo'lQm;+:yfksx?åf/f ul/g] .;f]
kZrft ;+rfnsx?sf] lgo'lQm ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 ul/g] .
 cGoyf n]lvPsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s Ps k6s lgo'Qm ePsf] ;+rfns k'gM ;+rfns
lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg] .
 Jfflif{s ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 lgo'Qm ;+rfnssf] kb s'g} sf/0fn] l/Qm ePdf l/Qm
:yfgdf ;+rfns ;ldltn] ;+rfns lgo'lQm ug]{ .
 ;+rfns x'gsf] nflu slDtdf !)) lsQf z]o/ lnPsf] x'g'kg]{ . t/ :jtGq ;+rfnssf]
nflu z]o/ cfjZos gkg]{
 klAns sDkgLsf] ;+rfnssf] sfo{sfn jl9df $ jif{sf] x'g] .
 klAns sDkgLsf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] j}7s jif{df sDtLdf ^ k6s j:g' kg]{ .
 ;+rfnssf] kbdf lgo'lQm jf jxfn /xg g;Sg] cj:yf
b]xfosf s'g} JolQm;~rfnssf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg] 5}g M–
 klAns sDkgLsf] xsdf @! jif{ pd]/ gk'u]sf],
 duh lau|]sf] jf ax'nfPsf],
 bfdf;fxLdf k/L % jif{sf] cjlw k"/f gePsf],
 e|i6frf/ jf g}lts ktg b]lvg] s;"/df ;hfo kfPsf], t/ k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] xsdf o;/L
;hfo e'Qmfg ePsf] # jif{ k"/fgePsf],
 rf]/L, 7uL, sLt]{ jf cfˆgf] lhDdfsf] wgdfn cglws[t tj/n] df;]sf] jf b'?kof]u
u/]sf] cleof]udf s;"/bf/ 7x/L ;hfo e'Qmfg ePsf] # jif{ k"/f gePsf],
 sDkgLsf] Joj;fodf s'g} k|sf/sf]lghL :jfy{ ePsf],
 ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf] csf]{ s'g} sDkgLsf] ;~rfns, cfwf/e"t z]o/wgL,
 sd{rf/L, n]vfk/LIfs jf ;Nnfxsf/sf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] jf sDkgLdf lghL :jfy{
ePsf],t/ Pp6f k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] To:tf] JolSt ;dfg p2]Zo ePsf]
csf{]k|fOe]6 sDkgLdf ;~rfns x'g ;Sg]5 .
 ;DalGwt sDkgLnfO{ /sd a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] 7x/ ePsf] z]o/wgL,
 sDkgL P]gsf] bkmf !^) adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf ;hfo kfPsf]
ldltn] ! jif{ ggf3]sf] / bkmf !^! adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf] JolQmsf] xsdf ;hfo
kfPsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf ggf3]sf],
  vf; Joj;fo ;~rfng ug]{ sDkgLn] s'g} of]Uotf tf]s]sf]df To:tf] of]Uotf gk'u]sf]
jf cof]Uotf ePsf],
 nuftf/ tLg cfly{s jif{;Dd sDkgL P]g cg';f/ sfof{nodf k]z ug{'[ kg]{ ljj/0ftyf
k|ltj]bgx? k]z gug]{ s'g} cGo sDkgLsf] ;~rfns /x]sf],
 s'g} sDkgLaf6 lgoldt kfl/>lds jf s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{;~rfnssf] kbdf axfn
/x]sf]
 :jtGq ;+rfnssf] kbdf lgo'lQm jf jxfn /xg g;Sg] cj:yfx?
 Dfly pNn]lvt ;+rfnssf] kbdf lgo'lQm x'g g;Sg] AolQm
 ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] z]o/wgL,
 ;DalGwt sDkgLn] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]kflw
xfl;n u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf jf sDkgL Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfddf sDtLdf !) jif{sf]
cg'ejk|fKt jf cy{, ljQ, Joj:yfkg, n]vf, tYofÍ, jfl0fHo, Jofkf/ k|zf;g jf sfg"g
ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]kflw k|fKt u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf sDtLdf !) jif{sf] cg'ej
k|fKt gu/]sf],
 ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] kbflwsf/L, n]vfk/LIfs, sd{rf/L jf To:tf] s'g} kbaf6 cjsfz
k|fKt u/]sf] # jif{ k"/f gePsf],
 ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] glhssf] gft]bf/,
 ;DalGwt sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIfs jf lghsf] ;fe]mbf/ .
 ;~rfns ;ldltn] clwsf/ k|Toof]hg ug{ gldNg] ljifox?
 z]o/afkt a'emfpg afFsL /sdsf] e'QmfgL dfu ug{] clwsf/,
 l8a]~r/ hf/L ug]{ clwsf/,
 l8a]~r/afx]s cGo tl/sfaf6 C0f, ;fk6L lng] clwsf/,
 sDkgLsf] sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sd nufgL ug]{ clwsf/,
 C0f lbg] clwsf/ .
 sDkgLsf] n]vf kl/If0f ;ldlt
tLg s/f]8 ?k}ofF jf ;f]eGbf a9L r'Qmf k"FhL ePsf] sDkgLjf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{
jf cf+lzs :jfldTj ePsf] sDkgLn] b}lgs sfo{;~rfngjf Joj:yfkgfdf ;+nUg g/x]sf]
;~rfnssf] cWoIftfdf sDtLdf # hgf ;b:o /x]sf] Psn]vfk/LIf0f ;ldlt u7g ug'{ kg]{ .
 sDkgLsf] sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] glhssf] gft]bf/ n]vf k/LIf0f ;ldltsf] ;b:o x'g
g;Sg].
 ;ldltsf] sDtLdf Pshgf ;b:o n]vf;DaGwL Jofj;flos k|df0fkq k|fKt cg'ejL
JolSt jf n]vf, jfl0fHo, Joj:yfkg, ljQ jf cy{zf:qdf sDtLdf :gftssf]kflw k|fKt
u/L n]vf tyf ljQLo If]qdf cg'ejk|fKt JolSt x'g' kg]{ .
 n]vf kl/If0f ;ldltsf] sfd st{Ao / clwsf/
 sDkgLsf] n]vf tyf ljQLo laj/0fx?sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / To:tf ljj/0fx?df
plNnlvt tYosf];Totf olsg ug]{,
 sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s ljQLo lgoGq0f k|0ffnL tyf hf]lvd Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf]
k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,
 sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf0f;DaGwL sfo{sf] ;'k/Lj]If0f tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,
  sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu ;+efljt n]vfk/LIfsx?sf] gfd l;kmfl/;
ug]{/ lghsf] kfl/>lds tyf lgo'lQmsf zt{x? lgwf{/0f u/L cg'df]bgsf] nflu
;fwf/0f;efdf k]z ug]{]{]{,
 n]vfk/LIfsn] sfg"g cg';f/ clwsf/k|fKt lgsfon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf cfr/0f, dfkb08
tyf lgb]{lzsf kfngu/] jf gu/]sf] s'/fsf] /]vb]v tyf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{,
 n]vfk/LIfssf] lgo'lQm tyf 5gf}6sf]nflu sDkgLn]cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ gLlt to
ug]{,
 sDkgLsf] n]vf;DaGwL gLlt tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{,
 lgodgsf/L lgsfon] sDkgLsf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf v'nfpg' kg]{ lj:t[t ljj/0fsf]
Joj:yf u/]sf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ljj/0f tof/ ug{cfjZos zt{x? k"/f ug]{,
 sDkgLsf] n]vf, ljQLo Joj:yf tyf n]vfk/LIf0fsf] ;DaGwdf ;~rfns ;ldltn]
tf]s]sf] cGo sfo{ ug]{ .
 ;+:yfut Aoj:yf
s_ sDkgL ;Nnfxsf/ jf]8{
 sDkgL P]g tyf sDkgL k|zf;g;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf]
Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx?sf] cWoog u/L k|rlnt sDkgL sfg"gdf ;'wf/ tyf sDkgL
k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf g]kfn;/sf/nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/ k/fdz{ lbg u7g x'g]
.
 g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf sfg"g, n]vf
Joj;fo, s/ k|zf;g, jfl0fHo jf Jofkf/ k|zf;g If]qaf6 ;f] ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]Q/
pQL0f{ u/L sDtLdf ;ft jif{ sfo{ u/L ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf] Ps Pshgf JolQm /
g]kfn pBf]u jfl0fHo dxf;+3sf] k|ltlglw;d]t /xg] u/La9Ldf ( ;b:oLo /x]sf]
sDkgL ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{sf] u7g ug]{ .
 sDkgL /lhi6«f/ sfof{nosf] /lhi6«f/ sDkgL ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{sf] ;b:o–;lrj x'g]5 .
 af]8{sf;b:ox?dWo]af6 s'g} Ps ;b:onfO{ cWoIfsf] sfd ug{] u/L tf]lsg] .
 sDkgL ;Nnfxsf/ af]8{n] jflif{sk|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt dGqfnodf k]z
ug'{ kg]{ .
 k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt dGqfnon] ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{];fy} d"No ltl/ ;j{;fwf/0fn] k|fKt
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ .
v_ sDkgL jf]8{
sDkgL P]g cGtu{t Aoj:yf ul/Psf] d'2f dfldnf x]g{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cbfnt gtf]s];Dd
/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L b]xfoadf]lhd /xg] u/L] tLg ;b:oLo sDkgL af]8{ u7g
ug]{ M–
!= sfg"gdf :gfts eO{ jfl0fHo sfg"gsf] If]qdf cg'ej ePsf] lhNnf Gofoflwz jf
lhNnf GofofwLz eO;s]sf] jf x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm – cWoIf
@= k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd clwjQmfsf] ?kdf btf{ eO{ jfl0fHo sfg"gsf] If]qdf
sDtLdf bz jif{ sfg"g Joj;fo u/]sf] jf g]kfn Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqflÍt låtLo
>]0fLsf] kbdf sDtLdf rf/ jif{ sfd u/]sf] JolQm – ;b:o
#= Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHo zf:q jf n]vf ljifodf :gfts eO{ sDkgL Joj:yfkg, s/ k|zf;g jf
n]vf If]qdf sDtLdf bz jif{;Dd sfd u/]sf] jf n]vf;DaGwL Jofj;flos k|df0fkq
k|fKt u/L n]vf Joj;fodf sDtLdf kfFr jif{sf] cg'ejk|fKt n]vf Joj;foL – ;b:o
 u_ sDkgL ;lrj
 Ps s/f]8 jf ;f] eGbf j9L r'Stf kF"hL ePsf] sDkgLn] sDkgL ;lrj lgo'Qm
ug'{kg]{ .
 sDkgL ;lrj;DaGwL Jofj;flos k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L slDtdf @ jif{ ;DalGwt
If]qdf sfd u/]sf] jf sfg"g, Joj:yfkg, jfl0fHo jf cy{zf:q ljifodf sDtLdf
:gftsf]kflw xfl;n u/L sDtLdf # jif{;Dd ;DalGwt If]qdf jf sDkgLJoj:yfkg
If]qdf sfd u/]sf] g]kfnL gful/s sDkgL ;lrj kbdf lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg] .
 sDkgLsf] ;~rfns To:tf] sDkgLsf] ;lrjsf] ?kdf lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg.
 s'g} JolQm Ps}k6s PseGbf a9L sDkgLsf] ;lrjsf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g g;Sg]
. t/ s'g} d'Vo sDkgLsf] sDkgL ;lrjnfO{ To:tf] sDkgLsf] ;xfos sDkgLsf]
sDkgL;lrj kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] .
sDkgL ;lrjsf] sfd st{Ao / clwsf/
 ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s jf ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfpg],
 ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s jf ;fwf/0f ;efdf 5nkmn ul/g] ljifox¿sf] ;"rL jgfO{
;DalGwt ;~rfns jf z]o/wgLsxfF k7fpg],
 ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s jf ;fwf/0f ;efsf] lg0f{ox¿sf] clen]v /fVg],k|dfl0ft ug]{
tyf lhDdf lng],
 ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ z]o/ afF8kmfF8sf] ;"rgf tyf ls:tf dfusf];"rgf
k7fpg],
 z]o/wgLx¿sf] btf{lstfa / z]o/wgL tyf l8a]~r/jfnfx¿sf] nut b'?:t/fVg],
lhDdf lng] / k|dfl0ft ug]{,
 z]o/ jf l8a]~r/sf] lwtf] aGws hgfpg], x:tfGt/0f jf bflvn vf/]h ug{;~rfns ;ldlt
jf sfo{sf/L k|d'v;dIf k]z ug]{,
 z]o/wgL jf l8a]~r/jfnfsf] bfaL, ph'/L, u'gf;f], ;'emfj, ;Nnfx lnlvt?kdf k]z
x'g cfPdf ;~rfns ;ldlt jf sfo{sf/L k|d'v jf sfof{no jf cGo lgsfox¿;dIf
k'¥ofpg] / ;f] ;DaGwdf eP u/]sf] sf/afxLsf] glthflnlvt?kdf ;DalGwt
z]o/wgL jf l8a]~r/jfnfnfO{ lbg],
 k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ sDkgL ;lrjn] ug'{ kg]{ egL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
jftf]lsPadf]lhdsf] cGo sfo{ ug]{ .
 k|fOe]6 sDkgL / klAns sDkgLdf km/s
klAns sDkgL Kf|fOe]6 sDkgL
!= sDkgLsf] gfd k5f8L lnld6]8 != Gffdsf] k5fl8 k|fOe]6 lnld6]8
@= /xg] . @= x'g] .
# z]o/wgL;+Vof hlt;'s} -& hgf # Zf]o/wgL ;+Vof l;ldt -jl9df %)
eGbf dfly_ hgf_ x'g]
klAns sDkgLsf] ?kdf z]o/ k|fOe]6 sDkgLn] z]o/ sf/f]jf/,
$ sf/f]jf/, jLdf, j}s, lwtf]kq, $ jLdf, j}s, lwtf]kq, cjsfzsf]if
cjsfzsf]if cflb sfd ug]{ ul/ cflb sfd ug{ gkfp‘g]
% vf]Ng ;lsg] . %=
v'Nnf ?kdf ;fj{hlgs z]o/ v'Nnf ?kdf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ z]o/
^= lgZsf;g ug{ ;Sg] . ^= ljlqm ljt/0f ug{ gkfOg] .
&= btf{ ePkl5 sj'n z]o/ /sd zt &= btf{ ePkl5 sf/f]jf/ z'? ug{
*= k|ltzt r'Qmf u/]kl5 sf/f]jf/ z'? *= kfpFg] .
ug{ kfp‘g] .
(= sDkgL ;lrj /fVg'kg]{ . (=;fwf/0ftof sDkgL ;lrj g/fv] klg
Go"gtd ! s/f]8 ?k}of r'Qmf x'g] .
!)= k"FhL x'g'kg]{ . !)= r'Qmf k"FhLsf] xb gtf]lsPsf] .
;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k'¥ofO s7f]/ k|lqmof ckgfpFg' gkg]{
!!= ;fwf/0f;ef, ;+rfns ;ldltsf] j}7s !!= . j}7s ;DjGwL ;/n lgodsf]
j:g} kg]{ . Aoj:yf .
;+rfns ;ldltsf] j}7s Go"gtd ;+rfns ;ldltsf] j}7ssf] nflu cjlw
!@= jflif{s ^ k6s j:g} kg]{ . !@= gtf]lsPsf], lgodfjnL cg';f/ x'g]
e|i6«frf/ jf g}lts ktg b]lvg] .
!#= s;'/df ;hfo kfPsf] AolQm !#= ;hfo e'Qmfg ePsf] # jif{ k'/f
;+rfns x'g gkfp‘g] . ePdf ;+rfns x'g kfpFg] .
;dfg pb]Zo ePsf] csf]{ Pp6f ;dfg pb]Zo ePsf]
sDkgLdf ;+rfngs ePsf] jf k|fOe]6 sDkgLsf] ;+rfns csf]{
cGo lghL :jfy{ ePsf] AolQm ;dfg pb]Zo ePsf] k|fOe]6
;+rfns x'g gkfpFg] . sDkgLsf] ;+rfns x'g kfp‘g] .
Zf]o/sf] c+lst d"No Go"gtd ? Zf]o/sf] c+lst d"No
%) x'g] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v eP cg';f/
x'g] .
n]vf kl/Ifssf] lgo'lQm ;fwf/0f n]vf kl/Ifssf] lgo'lQm
;efaf6 ug'{kg]{ . k|jGwkq lgodfjnL jf ;j{;Ddt
;Demf}tfdf Aoj:yf eP jdf]lhd /
;f] gePdf dfq ;fwf/0f ;efn]
ug]{ .