Assignment on Video Display Worksation

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 Summary of Design Parameters of Video Display workstation

Video display workstations are used to edit and display videos. The use of VDTs is increasing
rapidly. Proper adjustment of the video display terminal is absolutely necessary for the comfort of
users as working in VDT requires fixation of eyes, hands, trunk, feet of the user. Proper adjustment
can be done in two ways: engineering and management interventions. Engineering measure
requires the proper design of workstation considering anthropometric, biomechanical and
physiological factors.

The adjustment should not be done using average value as for 50% of the user who is beyond the
average value, the workstation would be too small and for the other 50% who are below the average
value of the user, the workstation would be too big. So, selected percentile value for the upper and
lower extremes of the variable distribution should determine the adjustment ranges. Usually, 2.5th
or 5th percentile is used for the small side of the variable distribution and 99th, 95.5th or 95th
percentile would be used for the tall side of the distribution.

In table 1 of the paper, the relationships between design variables and anthropometric and
biomechanical parameters are shown.
Usually, male and female data are presented as separate populations. Since most female data are
smaller than male data, for the 5th percentile female data is used and for the 95th percentile, male
data is used. Only minute females and giant males are excluded from consideration. There is
another approach which uses the bimodal distribution. But for our design purposes, we shall be
using the first approach.

Primary equipment decisions should be:

1. The seat (seat pan height)

2. Support stands or tables for keyboard and monitor.

3. The support surface heights.

The equipment decisions should not be considered independently but need to be designed and
adjusted with respect to each other. There are two approaches:
1. Utilize full adjustment range for both seat and work surface

2. Fixed working surface, seat is adjusted likewise

For VDT redesign we will be using the first approach as it gives more independence and saves the
hassle to design a leg rest.

We assume a constant viewing distance D=40cm and constant declination angle α=15º.
Summary of Musculoskeletal disorders among visual display terminal workers: individual,
ergonomic, and work organizational factors

In this paper, A number of individual, ergonomic, and organizational factors of presumed

importance for the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders was investigated in a
group of 260 visual display terminal (VDT) workers. The cross-sectional study
utilized medical and workplace investigations as well as questionnaires, the results
were subjected to a multivariate analysis in order to find the major factors associated
with various upper-body muscular problems. Several such factors were identified
for each investigated type of musculoskeletal problem. Some were related to the
individual: age, gender, a woman with children at home, use of spectacles, smoking,
stomach-related stress reactions, and negative affectivity. Organizational variables
of importance were opportunities for flexible rest breaks, extreme peer contacts, task
flexibility. And over time, Identified ergonomic variables were static work posture,
hand position, use of lower arm support, repeated work movements, and keyboard
or VDT vertical position.

All factors relating to the individual, to the work organization and to ergonomic conditions which
were included in the analysis are listed below:

Individual Factors Organizational factors Ergonomic factors

Constitutional: Age, Gender Work and work organization: Position: Static work posture,
Limited or extensive peer Nonuse of lower arm support,
contacts. Routine work Hand in non-neutral position

Activities: Smoking, Children Time planning and flexibility : Table and chair: Insufficient
at home (For female workers) Limited rest break opportunity, leg space at table, Insufficient
Limited work task flexibility table work surfaces
 Attitudes and stress : Negative Work load: Frequent overtime Work movements: Repeated
affectivity, Tired related stress movements with risk of
reactions, Stomach related tiredness
stress reactions
Eye conditions: use of VDT utilities: Height
spectacles difference keyboard-elbow,
High visual angle to VDT,
Specular glare present on VDT

Several discomforts are identified in this paper. They are:

1. Neck/shoulder discomforts
2. Intensive neck/shoulder discomforts
3. Back discomforts
4. Arm/hand discomforts
There are several diagnoses used in this paper. They are:

1. TNS (Tension Neck Syndrome) diagnosis

2. Cervical diagnosis
3. Shoulder diagnosis
4. Arm/hand diagnosis
Several factors relating to the individual were found to be important in relation to musculoskeletal
problems, especially age, children at home for women, and stomach-related stress reactions.
Limited rest break opportunity appeared to be a major factor for several muscular problems.
Limited or extensive peer contacts were also associated with musculoskeletal problems--especially
for individuals who also reported stomach-related stress reactions. Neck and shoulder problems
were associated with posture factors such as 'only sitting or only standing'. Highly placed
keyboards, and possibly also with highly placed VDTs. Arm/hand problems were associated with
hand and keyboard position and non-use of lower arm support. The findings provide examples of
important factors for musculoskeletal problems of VDT operators and should be relevant for
intervention activities. Since the study group may be a favorably selected group for, e.g., certain
ergonomic conditions, it may not be appropriate to generalize from the lack of associations
between other factors and muscle problems, however.
 Summary of Assessment of video display workstation set up on risk factors
associated with the development of low back and neck discomfort

Back pain has become a serious piece of musculoskeletal disorder around the united- states
industry where approximately 75% of the employees do sedentary jobs in which Approximately,
33% of the visual display terminal operator report back pain yearly due to the significant use of
computer associated works.

The objective of this paper related task is to:

1. Assess the effects of monitor height and chair type on

a. Perceived level of discomfort (PLD).

b. Low back and neck muscle activity.

c. Posture shifts.

2. Determine if chairs at opposing ends of their price spectrum differ in the psychological benefits.

Methodology:

To make an experiment for determining the values of the associated parameters for assigning the
significance each of them to make a suitable configuration the followings are done :

1. Experimental design: A mixed model design was used to test for main effects and
appropriate interactions of the independent Variables like monitor height (high, low) and chair
(high, low)—on low back and neck surface EMG, number of posture shifts, and perceived levels
of discomfort (PLD).

2. Participants: Eight participants (four males and four females) ranging in age from 18 to 33
years were selected from a university student population. Potential participants also had to have a
net typing speed of 50 words per minute measured in a standard typing test (3 min test).

3. Independent variables: Monitor height. (high named MH/ low named ML).
And Chair parameters including

Seat type.

Seat height.

Backrest type.

Backrest angle.

Lumber support.

Effects of the armrest.

4. Dependent variables: dependent variables including,

Muscle activity.

A number of posture shifts.

Perceived level of discomfort (PLD).

Adjustable Arm Rest:
The invention is an adjustable ergonomic arm rest for a chair having at least a seat, a back, and an
arm rest provided on each side of the seat. Each arm rest comprises a vertical support mechanism
attached to the seat and a forward arm rest attached to the top of the vertical support mechanism.
A first extendable element, displaceable between a retracted position and an extended position is
pivotably attached to the vertical support mechanism at a location displaced from the forward arm
rest. A rear arm rest is pivotably attached to the free end of the first extendable element. The rear
rest pad being located adjacent to the forward arm rest pad when the extendable element is in the
retracted position and is displaced above and to the rear of the forward arm rest pad when the
extendable element is in the extended position. In the displaced position, the rear rest pad can
support the upper arm of the chair's occupant when his or her forearm is resting on the forward
arm rest.

In the preferred embodiment, the vertical support mechanism is vertically, horizontally and
transversely adjustable relative to the seat of the chair. Also, the support mechanism is rotatively
adjustable so as to switch the locations of the forward arm rest pad and the rear arm rest pad
permitting the rear rest pad to function as a wrist support which may be elevated for reading,
writing or holding a book. Also, the forward arm rest pad may be linearly and angularly displaced
relative to the vertical support mechanism to provide the best ergonomic support.

One advantage of the arm rest is that it has two arm rest pads which may be displaced from each
other providing a multiplicity of combinations of rest pad locations for ergonomically supporting
the forearm, upper arm and wrists of the chair's occupant.

Another advantage is that the arm rests may be vertically, horizontally and transversely adjusted
for the optimum ergonomic positions of the arm rest pads.

Still another advantage is that the positions of the forward and rear arm rest pads may be reversed,
increasing the flexibility of the arm rest for a multiplicity of applications.

Ergonomic arm rests 20 (only one of which is shown) are disposed on opposite sides of the seat
12. Each ergonomic arm rest 20 has an adjustable vertical support member 22 which is pivotably
attached, by means of extendable slides 24 and 26 to a mounting plate 28 attached to the bottom
of the seat 12, as shown in FIG. 2. The mounting plate 28 has a pair of arcuate bridge members 30
and 32 provided adjacent to the outer periphery thereof which form arcuate slots such as arcuate
slot 34, shown in FIG. 1. The arcuate slots 34 pivotably guide the pivotable motion of the
extendable slides 24 and 26, respectively. The bridge members 30 and 32 may be separate elements
fastened to the mounting plate 28 or may be a stamped depression adjacent to the periphery thereof.
The arcuate bridge members 32 and 34 each have a plurality of nipple receptors, such as apertures
36 provided therethrough at predetermined locations which receive the nipples 38 provided on the
bottom side of the extendable slides 24 and 26. Alternatively, the nipple receptors may be a
plurality of detents provided in the bridge members 32 and 34.
Adjustable leg rest:
Fig.1 shows a leg rest which is arranged resting against the front region of the seat cushion 2 in a
space saving fashion. This stowaway position does not affect the foot space available in the
vehicle. The leg rest 3 is moved forward to into a position of use in the view showed in figure 2.
It has been pivoted forward and upward and extended in order to form a good support for lower
legs. A foot plate 38 is arranged at the lower end of the lower leg rest 3. It is followed out in the
position of use and provides a comfortable support to the feet.

FIG. 5 shows the lower leg rest 3, on the one hand, in a stowaway position with retracted telescopic
component 32, 33, 34 and, on the other hand, in the position of use with extended telescopic
component 32, 33, 34. The lower leg rest 3 is pivotably connected to the mount 27 of the
supporting profile 23 by means of an electrically driven pivoting device 39. Said lower leg
rest 3 has a three-part telescopic component with an upper telescopic element 32, a central
telescopic element 33 and a lower telescopic element 34. The footplate 38 is swivelably attached
to the lower telescopic element 34. The telescopic elements are embodied and dimensioned in such
a way that they can largely be moved one into the other, the uppermost telescopic
element 32 holding the others. In this way, the lower leg rest 3 requires only a small stowaway
space in the stowaway position and at the same time has a large usable length in the position of
use. The upper telescopic element 31 has laterally arranged guides which secure the carriage 31.
The upper side of the carriage 31 which faces the seat upholstered element 25 has coupling
elements for attaching the seat upholstered element 25. The carriage 31 is connected to a tension
belt 55 which applies a force to the carriage 31 which is as constant as possible and is directed
toward the footplate, in order to clamp the seat upholstered element 25.

In order to be able to adjust the length of the lower leg rest 3 easily and comfortably, the latter has
an electric drive. FIG. 6 shows this drive with the telescopic component retracted, and FIG. 7
shows it with the telescopic component extended. The drive is embodied as a spindle drive and
has an electric drive motor 35 which drives a first spindle drive 36 and a second spindle drive 37.
The drive is connected via a bridge to the central telescopic element 33. The first spindle drive 36
engages between the central telescopic element 33 and the upper telescopic element 32, and the
second spindle drive 37 engages between the central telescopic element 33 and the lower telescopic
element 34. The upper telescopic element 32 and the lower telescopic element 34 are moved
synchronously away from the central telescopic element 33 or toward the central telescopic
element 33 by the spindle drive 36, 37.

The electric drive motor 35 drives, via a gear mechanism, a first spindle nut 41 which is connected
to the first spindle drive. This first spindle nut 41 intermeshes with a second spindle nut 42 which
is connected to the second spindle drive 37. By means of the intermeshing spindle nut, the electric
motor 35 drives the second spindle drive 37 in the opposite sense of rotation to the first spindle
drive 36. As a result, the electric motor 35 drives the telescopic elements 32, 33, 34 in such a way
that in one sense of direction the upper telescopic element 32 and the lower telescopic element 34
are driven away from the central telescopic element 33, and in the opposite sense of direction the
upper telescopic element 32 and the lower telescopic element 34 are driven toward the central
telescopic element 33.
Angle of different parts between hands and legs:

Preferred Sitting Angle - Sitting leads to 40 - 90% more stress on the back (disc pressure)
than standing posture.

 Studies - From a study of college students the preferred seat back angle for comfort is
15-degrees. This is in keeping with other studies by Etienne Grandjean where VDT
operators have preferred 13-15-degree backward incline. At this angle the pressure on the
intervertebral discs is minimal.
 "Keegan's normal posture" - X-ray studies on 5 people lying on their sides (1955,
1960) show that stresses on the spine are most evenly distributed when legs are at 135-
degrees from torso, i.e. 135-degrees hip angle and 45-degrees knee angle

Figure: Angle between different parts of hand and legs (suggested by US Ergo)
Your back should be at a 90- to 100-degree angle to your legs. Make sure your seat back isn’t
reclined.

When using the keyboard or mouse, the chair tilt setting for the back should be locked upright,
and when on the phone the lock should be released to recline, to open the hip angle.

Feet should be flat on the ground and shoulder and back muscles should be loose and relaxed.
Elbows should be in line with the torso without putting too much pressure on the armrests and
without having to reach for the keyboard and mouse

The keyboard and mouse should be at the level to allow your elbow to bend at a near 90-degree
angle. Wrists should be straight to minimize pressure and the risk of carpal tunnel. Costello
suggests using a contoured keyboard to promote straighter wrists, or keyboard trays, which slide
out of a desk and can be adjusted to the right height. “Bending the wrist 45 degrees can zap 55%
of your strength,” he said. “Our goal is to use, on average, less than 20% of our muscle strength to
do the job.
Anthropometric parameters for arm and leg rest:

We use 5th percentile data for female and 95th percentile male data so that it only excludes minute
female and giant male. The data were collected from anthropometric database of IPE students of
15 and 16 batch.

Parameter 5th percentile(cm) 95th percentile(cm)

61.45
Buttock Knee Depth, sitting 45.874
58
Sittings Popliteal Height 39
95.45
Sitting Height 73.847
65
Sitting shoulder Height 50.91
24
Sitting Thigh Height (Clearance) 11
62
Sittings Knee Height 45.874
31
Sitting Elbow Height 16.7795
55
Elbow-Fingertip Length 39.7165
79
Forward Grip reach 55.946
44
Shoulder Breadth ( Biacromial) 44
55
Shoulder Breadth ( Bideltoid) 56
50.225
Shoulder Elbow Length 32

References:

1. Vehicle seat with an adjustable leg rest US 20060186721 A1

https://www.google.ch/patents/US20060186721

2.https://patents.google.com/patent/US5536070A/en?q=adjustable&q=arm&q=rest&oq=adjustab
le+arm+rest
3. Cornell university ergonomics web: Sitting and chair design
http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/dea3250flipbook/dea3250notes/sitting.html

4. The complete guide to sitting at your desk https://qz.com/300742/the-complete-guide-to-

sitting-at-your-desk/