20:1. Introduction. 20:2. Stresses in curved beams (Winkler-Bach theory). 20:3. Values of h? for various sections—rectangular section—circular section— triangular section— trapezoidal section T-section—I-section— 20-4. Stresses in a ring 20°5. Stresses in a chain link 20:6. Deflection of curved bars— deflection of a closed ring— deflection of a chain link— Typical Examples— 20-1. | INTRODUCTION Objective Type Questions— aol Unsolved Examples. In chapter 5 the bending equation | “7 = y FR was derived assuming the beam to be initially straight (besides other fundamental assumptions) before the application ofa bending moment. However, machine members and structures subjected to bending are not always straight, as in the case ofcrane hooks, chain links etc., before a bending ge is ‘plied to them. The simple flexure formula may be ust aa Surved beams for which the radius of curvature is more : vetimes the depth of the beam. The simple bending forms ss ever, is not applicable for deeply curved as see Neutral and centroidal axes do not coincide. To ‘ich cases Winkler-Bach Theory is used- STRESSES IN CURVED BARS (Winkler-Bach Theory) ae ined Fig. 204 shows a bar ABCD initially in its uns” LeLAB'CD be the strained position OF HE DNT Le, R = Radius of curvature of the axis HG, - ——— Mate,1164 w Strength of Materials y = Distance of the fibre EF from the centroidal layer 1G R’ = Radius of curvature of HG’, y’ = Distance between the EF’ and HG" after straining M = Uniform be fo increase the curvature), ding moment applied to the beam (assumed posit ve when tending @ = Original angle subtended by the centroidal axis HG at its centre cf curvature O, ang 6’ = Angle subtended by HG’ (after bending) at the centre of curvature O', The following assumptions are made in this analysis Plane sections (transverse) remain plane during bending The material obeys Hooke's law (limit of proportionality 1. 2 not exceeded), 3. Radial strain is negligible, 4. ‘The fibres are free to expand or contract without any constraining effect trom the adja fibres. ent For finding the strain and stress normal to the section, consider the fibre EF at a distance y from the centroidal axis. Fig. 20.1. Bending of a curved bar, Let o be the stress in the strained layer EF" under the bending moment M and e is strain in the same layer. Sian BY RS) 8 el oes Bias El (R+ y)@ e Also, y= Strain in the centroidal layer i.e. when y = 0 oe) oy Ina kine (20-1) Ro Rty 0 md (20-2) I +e 3 and, € wig— wh Nee hapter + 20 : Bendin ing eqns. (20°1) and (20.2), we get 9 Of Curvy : = edBars m= 1165 or or, 3 R According to assumption (3), radial strain is zero s yoy’ Strain, Sk eee 2—— 1166 m Strength of Materials en bending moment the | From the Fig. 20:1 it is obvious that, for th fe centroidal layer are in tension and layers below the centroidal layer are in compression, ie 1 Lt &) y G+ to) FR Stress, o= Ee=E|}e + Fi (20.4) 1+ R E = Young's modulus of the material) (wh Total force on the section, F = f 0+ dA Considering a small strip of elementary area dA, at a distance of y from the centroidal layey HG, we have pony (l +) a |» dA R F=Efe-dA+E| ae 1+ R i. nn =E af & -dA+E (1+e) war J 2 dA + R . aioe ay Fa 8 tes Agel | = \J ey dA (20:5) R (where, A = area of cross-section of the bar) The total resisting moment is given by 1 G+) |= | ; a fr (RR) 2 M =) G-y:dA=E | e»ydA+ E |———\—__“1 .y? da je R 1 =E O+E cot & x 0+ Fates ai [eJra= 0] M=Ed+a)(j- R 2 Let, Jews ar 142 R where, h? = a constant for the cross-section of the bar 1 7 M=Bd +e) (5-5 aK 20 (20-6): Bending of Curved Bars 1167 A ieee ee y ae (20:8) 20-5) becomes Hence ean. ( FeEe-A-FQ+ey() 1a L : (20-9) R)R since transverse plane sections remain plane during bending F=0 S DS rEcar ARTE (lietesy | oe) ae R RJR : se 2 (le en ean? 2 Ee: A Fite) ea |e ike (hat Ve as ac Pie) ie e@ R geal ‘ Se ees (20-10) or, we G ie 1 i suredhicnglevatuc ot gine . = Al in eqn. (20-7), we get Crane-cum-Forklift. —————— “=1168 m Strength of Materials m=. 20%. Ay? =e EAR h M t 0 Sal (20-11 a “0 EAR Substituting the value of e, in eqn. (20-4), we get Substitut kas — (Substituting e) = —— again Be ; EAR = or, (tensile) ...(20:12 2 gel Xe (20-13 AR When the bending moment is applied in such a manner that it tends to decrease the curvature then eqn. (20-12) will give compressive stress and eqn. (20-13), tensile stress. Position of neutral axis : At the neutral axis, o=0 2 ) Mie | 2 leo AR W\R+y RE oy. ‘ ae = on Ry =— IP (R+y) =— Ri? — ey or, y (R? +h) =— RW? Rh? R +h ..[20-12 (a) Hence the neutral axis is located below the centroidal axis. Ea VALUES OF h? FOR VARIOUS SECTIONS We know, (Eqn. (206)- 20: Bending of Curved Bars R 5 f ydA ~ [ R, Raa A j dA + [24] +y 1169 Rona ef = J xda=0 & ) oN and fda =A wak yaa Se eee A’ R+y (20-14) 44 rectangular Section fi 90-2 shows the rectangular section with centre of cury; jg, 204 ature 0 lying on YY-axis. XX-axis is oidal bending axis. Consider an elementary entt0 Strip of with B and depth dy at a distance y fror eer layer. . centroidal ry 4 Area of the strip, dA=B- dy ‘Area of the section, A=BxD nao p tan Bog BXD pak Yy i +DI2 =~ i108, (R+y) | -R? D -DI2 3 2R aD) ; wate, (Fe Pike 20-15) or, - “oe Garden moon bridge. lll1170 « Strength of Materials OF ty anne Fig. 20.2, Rectangular section. Fig. 20.3. Circular section 20-3-2. Circular Section Fig. 20-3 shows the circular section of diameter d of a curved bar of radius of curvature of R, from the centre of curvature 0 up to the centroid G of the section. m2 Area of cross-section, A = a d Consider a strip of width > and a depth dy at a distance y from the centroidal layer as shown. 243) - Area of strip, dA = b.dy Ai, na ey 2 ar? +424) % Spee, Mee Expanding the integral by binomial expression and then integrating, pee , lend! 16 128 | R? ae, wel 20° 16P we get- Pter : 3:3 triangular Section ie pefer to Fig. 20-4. Let, Rty=a dy = da | ’ wi = jth of elementary strip, p/ — Wi vs ‘ area of the elementary strip, ec dA =b'- dy=b' \ eS 2S fale aN as) ea cal ag R? | Rob 3 a [fg 4 2A)2 tog, (38*24)_2|- 2? - 3 }a 3R-d R= R+4, and 3 R=k=2 and R,-R =4 1 2R* b. 3R + 2d |e [ata] "bd [oa +2 3a 8 | ar-4 5 : 3Rt2d )oy)= Re (20:17) o, gt 2R? | (3R +24 iog, usa) A d 3d 3R - %, *4.Trapezodial Section ta 20.5 shows a trapezoidal section. Consider an fom the centroidal axis. eee elementary strip of width b' and depth dyateee eee 1172 m Strength of Materials sae ¥ dy=da R-d, d +d, x A 4 a 3 rai educa eee (E24) 0] R ‘ a 2201 where,Ne ee — Chapter i 20 + Bending of Curved Bars A173 | d(B+2p aise (er d,=d-d, section ? e : 20-6 shows a T-section ‘ig. let ae 20-19) Rs] _ RR? 2 +44, log. Hl we 2 ln pes ee ie Where, Aad +bst *6.hSection in Fig. 207 Consider the 1-Section shown in Let, R+ yea dy =da1174 wm Strength of Materials na R R, R, R or, kh? = —|b, log, — +1; log, +6, log, + | - R? elo Ri eee 6 log, R, R (20-21 where, A=b 1, +b, t, +b, t, Example 20-1. Fig. 20-8 shows a frame subjected to a load of 2-4 kN._ ieee. Chapter : 20 ; Bendin Find: (@ The resultant stresses at _ ' ss aoa eaten + i) Position of the neutral axis, z solution. Area of section at 1-2, A=48x 18x 10° = 8.64 x 10-4 m2 pending Moment, M=-24x 10° x (120 + 48) x 103 = mistaken -ve because it tends to decrease the curvatui @ Resultant stresses at points 1 and 2; 24x 10° S 64x10 * O° = 277 MNAn? (tensile) ~ 403.2 Nm re. pirect stress, Og = 3 2 =® top, 2R+D)_» D 2R-D Here, R= 48 mm = 0-048 m, D = 48 mm = 0.048 m v= 0.048" Jog, { 2%.0.048 + 0-048 | ———— |_ 0.048? 0.048 2x 0048 — 0.048 = 0-048? (logs — 1) = 227 x 10 m? Bending stress due to M at point 2, 2 62 jee A AR. 1+ (tensile)FO Chapter : 20 : 20 : Bend; ——— "9 Of Curved Bars mm 1177 Z P 150 7854x109 * 9, —| 1 +910" 0.05 =~ 12732 78545107 xoi9 ‘ 7031x 10 “010 + 005 : P+ 31831 Px 5.74 2 1699.78 p p=—!50_ pq - 1505103 : 169978 1690.78. KN = 88-25 kN ( pending stress at point 2 due to M, e M_| R? y oe 2 ee an aR I R- t (comp.) Total stress at point 2, 9, =0,+ 0, ge At | RL ia “ye (comp. ee 2a Se [a O10? 005 7854 x10? 7854 x 107 x 010 | 7031x10% ~ 010-005 = 127-32 P + 318-31 P x 13-22 = 4335.38 P 200 MN = 200 433538 4335-38 Comparing eqn. (i) and (ii) the safe load P will be lesser of these. =46-13kN (Ans.) 0-11 shows a circular ring of rectangular section, with a slit and subjected Example 20- LL sh i, ‘oload P. ; : (i) Calculate the magnitude of the force P if the maximum stress along the section 1-2 is not to exceed 225 MN/m’. (i) Draw the stress distribution along 1-2. Solution. Area of section at 1-2, A=9x 6 = 54 cm? = 0.0054 m? Permissible stress, 6 = 225 MN/m? Bending moment, M=Px (165 x 10? =+ 0-165 P Nm (Mis taken +ve because it tends to increase WN curvature) ‘) Magnitude of the force P: Ditect stress, 10° KN = 46.13 kN (i) Hence, >| 9cm Pee O,=-—= att — 3 A 00054 = 185-18 P N/m? (comp.) ) D 2 iP DR ns (2h D | ie D “\oneD Here, R= 16.5 x 10m = 0-165 m D=9cem=0-09 ma ee 1178 m= Strength of Materials 3 4 pe = 0165 ees 2x 0165 + 0-09 = 01652 0.09 “{ 2x 0165 - 0.09 = 0.0499 x 0-5596 — 0-165? = 6:99 x 10+ Resultant stress at point 2, Gp ee alee (comme AR|h? | R- A MP AR” A M {R? AR a? R Pi Ry eae Al R-y Elbow part. 2 te YOR s or, 225x10° = 18518 p(—O165"_,__—(0045_ 699x104 0165 - 0-045 (+ y= DI2 = 0-045 m) = 2704-68 P : P = 83189 N or 83:19 KN (Ans.) i) Stress distribution along the section 1-2 : Stress distribution along G 2: yg A pe Ry © varies from 0 to 0-045 m) 8319x 10? 0165? y Zi 5 o=— x ———_ x 10" 8 or, 0.0054 69910 * R—y x MN/m or, o = 600 x = eo Aty=0: o=0 0.015 = a C5080 xs al 2 Aty=0-015 m: 0165-0015 ~ 02 MN/m* (comp.) 0.03 Aty =0-03 m: 6 = 600 x —_—___ = 133. 2 y m 0765 — 003 = 1333 MN/m? (comp,) 0.045 =0. © = 600 x ——_—__ _ 2 Aty=0.045 m: 01165 — 0045 225 MN/m? (comp.) Stress distribution along G 1: Resultant stress, eM | hy P ome a J [> 0, (= P/A ) is compressive]Chapter ; 29; 5, eo ine= 0 ed Bs aty= 9! Ps Oar? = 0015 20015 m 5=600x— Sis . ALY 0165 + 0.015 50 MN/m?2 (tensile) 0.03 Pea: c= sok = ' - 0165 +003 = 923 MN/m? (tensile) E 0.045 y20.045m: o=600x— 0045 : BP 0.165 + 0045 ~ 1286 MN/m* (tensile) Fig. 20-12 shows the distribution of the Stresses along 1-2 128.6 MN/m* 225 MN/m* (comp.) Fig. 20.12 Example 20-4. Fig. 20-13. shows a ring carrying a load of 30 KN. Calculate the stresses at I and 2. secnemeesns fige20 nana es Solution, : cceaeotion == xigrome= 1131 em? = 00113 Area of cross-section = = 4950 Nm 2) Nm = Bending moment, M = 30% 10? x (13:5 x 10) Nm Eqn. 20-16) Cae Bee ee iG hoeee a ee 1180 & Strength of Materials Here, d= 120m, R=75+6=135cm , 22 >)! ‘ - =O, 02) 989 cm? = 989x104 m? 16” 128x13 _ 30x 10° Direct stress, o, - «107 = 2.65 MN/m? (comp,) ¢ 001131 Bending stress at point 1 due to M, ye es y ] AR| Ww \R+y E __4050 4 35x10" ‘ 0-01131 x (135 x 107) 9.89 x 10 2.65 x 6-67 = 17-675 MN/m? (tensile) Bending stress at point 2 due to M, _M|R OAR ge Ray] (where y= 2) s 4050 asoxi0e lf O00 Wal is 001131 x (135x107) | 989x10% — (0135 — 006 2.65 x 13-74 = 36-41 MN/m? (comp.) Hence, = 6, + 6,, = - 2-65 + 17-675 = 15-025 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) Oy + Gy = 2:65 + 36-41 = 39-06 MN/m?(comp.) ( Ans.) Example 20-5. A curved bar is formed of a tube of 120 mm outside diameter and 7-5 mm thickness. The centre line of this beam is a circular arc of radius 225 mm. A bending moment of 3 kNm tending to increase curvature of the bar is applied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses set up in the bar. Solution. Outside diameter of the tube, d,=120 mm = 0-12 m Thickness of the tube = 7-5 mm Inside diameter of the tube, d, =120-2x75= 105 mm = 0-105 m Area of cross-section, He 3 (0:12? — 0.105%] = 0.00265 m? and, 9, Bending moment, M=3kNm Area of inner circle, Ay = E x 0105? = 0.00866 m? Area of outer circle, A, = ax 0:12? = 0.01131 m? aey ee Chapter ; 2 120; ment, M=+3kj Bending of Curved Bars om 1 181 pending moments 3 kNm (tending to Seta wwe know for a circular section, ‘ase the Curvature) ¥ af. ie 6 128 pers 2_¢d i 1 4 - circle : Pea aed For inner circle : hy 16 + De sy = 0105? 1 ons! x——s 16128" 02052 — 078x107 m? For outer circle : 2 AM ile RE hy pee 2, 16 128 R? SOizsonani2* Sn eee 4 2 16” 128x295? ~ 092% 10% m Also, An? = Ayh3 — AK 0-00265 h? = 0.01131 x 9-32 x 10-4 — 0.00866 x 7-078 x 104 ie, #2-= 0.00166 m?, and, ® = 9225" _ 39.49 h? 0.00166 Maximum stress at A, 6. BOS ihe fh re +y (where, y = 60 mm = 0-06 m) 3 ee ange 000265 x 0225 0225 + 0.06 or, 6, = 3732 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) Maximum stress at B, Malar any i =f jx 2 we Ry }« 10 MN/m* = ele 30.49 x oc pa 1 x10 MN/m? ~ 0.00265 x 0-225 0.225 — 0.06 oe 6, = 50-75 MNim* (comp.) (Ans.)1182 w Strength of Materials Example 20-6. Fig. 20-15 shows a crane hook lifting a load of 150 KN. Determine the maxima compressive and tensile stresses in the critical section of the crane hook. Solution. Refer Fig. 20-15 Here, B= 135 mm = 0-135 m 6=45 mm = 0-045 m d= 180 mm = 0-18 m = ISO kN Load, Area of cross-section, A = 0135+ 045) . 918 — 9.0162 m? 2 180 >| Section along AB Dimensions in mm v 150 KN. Fig. 20.15 a, = 4 [24%] _ 018 [0135 + 2x 0085] _ | 3| B+b 3 0135 + 0-045 -18 — 0-075 = 0-105 m 105 + 0.075 = 0-18 m R R+d, B-b =—|b log,| ——— }+| ——" |(r + a, we lon (2) Rt+d, 2 ed |-@--n Eqn. (20:18) 18° 18 +01 ; y = PAS |0.085 tog, | OB +0105 ) | (0135+ 0045) 615 ouos)x 0.0162 018 = 0075 018 0:18 + 0105 2 log, | > | -. (0135 — 0.045) | — 018 «(oreo | pole 0 | = 0:36 (0:0449 + 0-1425 x 0-998 — 0-09) — 0.0324 = 0-00256 m? Bending moment, M = — 150 x 10° x 0:18 = — 27000 Nm [-ve sign is taken because bending moment is tending to decrease the curvature] P15s0x10". = oe Direct stress, Aree 10 =~ 9.26 MN/m? (tensile)Chapter ; 3 pt : 20 * Bending of Curved Bars ending stress at A ee M 2 )4 = ! +5 dy ARS ee Rea 2 ~ const 07g! 5 ts 2 x O18 00 018+ O15 |%< 10° MN/m? — 926 (1 + 4.663) = 52-43 MNim? pending stress at B, 2 @)a= eo lae Be AR ~ 52:43 MN/m? (comp. =% = 27000 1-018? 0.075 0.0162 x 048 | 0.00256 | 018 — 0075 ~ 9:26 (1-9.04) = + 74.45 MN/m? (tensile) -d, siress at A, G4 = 94 + G, ), = 9:26 — 52-43 =~ 43-17 MN/m? ie. 6, = 43-17 MN/m? (comp.) (Ans.) ress at B, Oy = 9, + (G,)y = 9-26 + 74-45 = 83-71 MNim? A 6, = 83-71 MNim’ (tensile) (Ans.) Example 20-7. A central horizontal section of hook is a symmetrical trapezium 60 mm deep, the imer width being 60 mm and the outer being 30 mm. Estimate the extreme intensities of stress when the jaok carries a load of 30 KN, the load line passing 40 mm from the inside edge of the section and the centre of carvature being in the load line. Also plot the stress distribution across the section. Solution. Refer to Fig. 20-16. ~—_ 1 Axis of curvatureei NA ee Se Se eee 1184 m= Strength of Materials Here, B= 60 mm, b = 30 mm, d= 60 mm, P(load) = 30 kN Area of cross-section, A = e ae 2 }. 60 = 2700 mm? 26.7 mm B+b| 3 | 60+30 d,=d-d, = 60-267 = 333 mm R=40+ d,=40+26-7= 66:7 mm (R+d, © le (S24), (Be Flas an i e.| “G | @-0)- 2 A d ” ade [eos rx|- ee L \ Bd = OE | 5 x top, 07 2333 | nal } (667 + 333) x 2700 667-267)" | 60 ) og, | 0&2 +333 |_ 60 - 30)| - 66.77 | 667 — 267 = 109-90 [27-49 + 45-81 — 30] 4448.89 = 309-78 mm? Bending moment M =~ (30 x 1000) x 66-7 = — 2001000 Nmm (ve sign is taken because bending moment is tending to decrease the curvature). P _ 20x 1000 Direct stresses, 6, =— = ———— =11-11 N/mm? (tensile) 4A 2700 Bending stress at the outside edge of the section, M En on ee ee ae (vo A Ww R+d, = = 2001000 |, 667? 2700 x 667 | ~ 3097; = 64-25 N/mm? (comp.) Light aluminium component of aircraft machined from a solid billet._Shapter A +20: Bendi ung of + Total stress at the outside edge of the io ng of Curved | Bars em 1185 ion, Sort + ee = 84+ (Gy = 1-11 ~ 64-25 =_ 6, =534Nim? (comp) > =~ 53-14 N/mm? anand stresses at the inside edge of the sectio mn, = 66-77 >= I 14+ 26-7 a eee | 30978 * ae 11-11 x ~ 8-58 = 95.32 Nimm? (tensile) Total stress at the inside edge of the section, 6, = 6, + (6, ), = 1111 + 95:32 = 10643 N/mm? (tensile) At any point distant y from the centroidal axis, the total (6) stress is given by s M Ro O=0,4 +6, = oe i a+ Oy a, + tt lis = tea] Eqn. (20-12)] = 2 or, SS ea els, — 2700 x 66:7 309-78 | 667+y or, eae Yeas, 14.36 (- 10) 2 x ean 28:14 N/mm Aty=-10mm: 9 =111 riult ae 2 = 1436 © 20) | _ 69.39 Nrmm? diye-20mm eget alo AtaB es Se ul 14 1436) —0 gets o=1ii-1H =D 143610} __ 998 N/mm? Aty=+10mm: eins -unifis S| 1436 x 20| _ _ 368 N/mm? Aty=+20mm: g=1ut 1811+ Ser-¢20 ay 143630] _ _ 49.49 Nimm* Aty=+30mm: 6 =1H1- 41]! * 67 + 30 20:16. The stress distribution is shown in Fig.1186 m@ Strength of Materials (<— ye yi—>| | x 5 ie Cotte a b; TY Dearne = it 2 = B Axis of curvature Fig. 20.17 Solution. Permissible stress, 6 = 105 N/mm? Load P: Maximum compressive stress : Area of cross section = b, 1, + b, t, +b; t; = 40 x 20+ 60 x 30 + 40 x 20 = 3400 mm? To find c.g. of the section, taking moments about the edge LL, we get = 40 x 20 x 80 + 40 x 20 x 50 + 60 x 30 x 15 = 3400 y, & y, = 38-5 mm and, yy = 90 - 38-5 =51-5 mm R,= 60mm R, = 60 + 30=90 mm R= 60 + 38-5 =98-5 mm R, = 60 + 30+ 40 = 130 mm R, = 60 + 30 + 40 + 20 = 150 mm 3 Po -E lh on, ( Bi) ve} oe. ( £8 2 x = (985) 90 130 150 2 Saar [eo log, (&)- 20 log, (ae }* 40 log. = } — (98-5) = 281-08 (24:33 + 7:35 + 5-72] = 810-14 mm? P i o, = —=—— Nh Direct stress, nT ag- ee Chapter ; 29 ——_* £0 + Bendin es 9 of Ci peding moment, ee eurved! Bars wm -1187_ M=-PXR= Px 98.5 = =- 98.5 ‘The bending stress at any point is given by PNmm 2 oom | eee eo) AR| (Rey || 2 5=O8Sir 9852 ea et a [ae P LOT y; =e 3400 985 y Maximum bending stress (tensile) occurs at y=- 38:5 mm fe = (Op) max = seg | oe 3400 985 — 38: ..Maximum tensile stress, (Gnadt = 54 + (Oy max 28 ee 3400 5089 442-65 But this is not to exceed the permissible stress of 108 N/mm; Ee =108 442-65 or, P = 442-65 x 108 = 47806-2 = 47-8KN (Ans.) Maximum compressive stress occurs at y= > 51-5 mm P P oe (maze = 3499 3400| 985 +515 Pal alee hae =3400| | 985+515 _ 478062 441 =5.79N¢mm? (comp) (Ans) ~ 3400 1 i jus is 300 mm. Whe Example 20:9, A ema as a T-section (Fig. 20-18), The iner ae Ween 2002) ‘the eccentricity of the section? Solution, Refer to Fig. 20:19. = re1188 Strength of Materials LK—* is \ [4 ho 80 mm iauG eas g| tes by on ye : a Al pie ie | | Le — 60 mm & , (,) -—— R= 300 mm——>| ie R,=320 mm ____ = 327.14 mm _____ >| —+___- R= 380 mm Fig. 20.19 Area of T-section, =b, 1, +b, t = 60 x 20 + 80 x 20 = 2800 mm? To find c.g. of T-section, taking moments about the edge LL, we get 80x 29x} + 60x 20x (+ 20) = [80% 29 + (602013 ot, 16000 + 60000 = 2800 x oe x =27:14mm Now R, = 300 mm; R, = 320 mm; R, Using the relation : 327:14 mm; R, = 380 mm. ? Ry Ry 2 6 a sican BR ak »«{Egn. (20-19)]ne Chapter ; 20 ; Bending of Curved Bars m 1189 (327414)3 320 ee = ——___ = 3 2 2800 | 80x le 20 log, | ~ (32714)? = 12503-8 (5-16 + 3.44) _ 1070206 = 512.0¢ Rh we know that = = [i me _ [where y (= eccentricity e) = distance of the neutral axis from the centroidal axis). e(=y=-— RP __samaxsiz08_ Ro+h’ @2744) +510 08 neutral axes is located below the centrodal Example 20-10. Fig. 20-20 shows an open ring having T-section. Determine the stresses at us A and B if the ring is subjected to a load of 15 kN. rein Refer to Fig. 20-20. sa [Egn. (20-12(a))] =156 mm (-) Negative sign indicates that rence! be 6-210} 30 fa " "EA AL b, = 150 omni aa Section along AB 150 KN Dimensions in mm Fig. 20.20 2 = 0.0108 m? 0% m?= 001 9 = 10800 x | 30+ 50 x 3 abt +h a ; Area of T-section = b, t, + edge LL, Load, P = 150 kN ts about the ; ing momen = To find c T-Section taking M49 x 135 _ gs mm ( find c.g. of th nox 1342) 50% 0 Ae 150 x30 + 210% we get 0.085 m)1190 w Strength of Materials and, Y> = 240 — 85 = 155 mm (= 0-155 m) Now, 270 mm = 0-27 m 270 + 30 = 300 mm = 0:3 m = 270 + 85 = 355 mm = 0-355 m 270 + (30 + 210) = 510 mm = 051 m [Eqn. 20-19) _ 0355* ~ 0.0108 = 4-142 [0-0158 + 0-0159] — 0-126 or, 1? = 0.0053 m? (0.355) 3 0. O15 log, 93 0.03 log. ee 0.27 03 x 3 =P _150X10" 19-6 _ 13.89 MN/m? (comp.) A 0.0108 Bending moment M=+PxR Direct stress, (4sign is taken because bending moment is tending to increase the curvature) Bending stress at A, yr PXR 0355" 0155) (ya = — =——|1+ Je Spel ‘ R+ yy AR 0.0053 | 0355 + 0155 | = 13-89 x 8:227 = 114-27 MN/m? (tensile) ie. (G,), = 11427 MN/m? (tensile) ©y)s = React W\R- AR = 13-89 (1 — 7-485) = — 90-07 MN/m? ie. (6,)5 = 90:07 MN/m? (comp.) Hence, stress at A, 6, = 6, + (6,), =~ 13:89 + 114-27 = 100.38 MN/m? ie 6, = 100-38 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) Stress at B, 6, = 5, + (,)g = 13-89 (comp.) + 90:07 (comp.) or, Gj, = 103-96 MN/m? (comp.) (Ans.) Example 20-11. Fig. 20-2] shows a C-frame subjected to a load of 120 kN. Determine the stresses at A and B. Solution. Refer to Fig. 20:21 Load, P= 120kN Area of cross-section = b, 1, +b, ty +b, ty = 120 x 30 + 150 x 30 + 180 x 30 mm? = 0.0135 m2 To find c.g. of the section taking moments about the edge LL, we get 0-085 0.0053 | 0355 — 0085 % 120x30 + 150 x 30 x 180 x 30 = 113 mm = 0-113 m yp = 240-113 = 127 mm = 0-127 m R, = 225 mm = 0.225 m R, = 225 +30 R= 225+113Chapte' : ios 20: * Bending of Curved Bas m 1191 R, = 225 +210 = 435 mm = 0-435 m 225 + 240 = 465 mm = 0-465 m he ao by lo ms A | Be rae log, a Je wn -* Ry = (0338) 0.0135 > W [o: 15 tog, $259 +003 log, ——— yee 0255 + 012 log, oe )- 0338 = 2-86 [ 0.01877 + 0.016 + 0.008 ] - 0-142 = 0.008122 m2 y By a b= b, = 120 1 >| 20 fe | 30 ke Section at AB >! 130 KN Dimensions in mm Fig. 20.21 Direet p 120% 10? , yo = 889 MNim" (comp) SUBEE, Oy = ealeS Bendin, é ig moment, M = Px Bending stress at A due to the bending moment M[,. Rx coon ae a 0127, 0338 eed oa 28h et a Oto AR er1192 m Strength of Materials = 8-89 (1 + 3-842) = 43-04 MN/im? (tensile) Bending stress at B due to the bending moment oat et 1% a | Meo ABA a la yi Fae 08 4 fu 0113 | AR 0.008122 0338-04113 = 8:89 (1 — 7.064) = ~ 53:9 MN/m? = 53:9 MN/m? (comp.) Stress at A, 6, = 6, +(6,), = = 8:89 + 43.04 = 34:15 MN/t le) (Ans.) Stress at B, Gy = 9, + (9,)y — 8:89 — 53:9 = 62:79 MN/m? (comp.) (Ans.) Section at AB Dimension in cm Fig. 20.22 Solution. Area of the section =36x9+2x30x6+24x6 = 828 cm? = 0.0828 m? To find the position of c.g. of the section taking moments about the edge LL, we get . = 326x945 + 2x30 x 6% 24+ 24x 6x42 ; 36X9+2x30x6+424x6 5 — 19-5 = 25-5 cm 6 cm = 0-36 m (given) 16 +9=45 em=0-45 m 6 + 19-5 = 55-5 cem=0:555 m 16 + 39 = 75 cm , = 36445 =81 cm =19-5 cm and, Now, 2 R W” = —| 036 log, 2 . - h All te 2 006%, + 0280, ] - RFS Chapte: 1 pter ; 20; Bending of Curved Bars = 1193 0-555? [ 036l0g, 245 4 bee Be 36 t2 * 006 x log, 975 4 4 24 x 10g. 98! |_osget = 2-065 Ox 0:45 Og as [od 5 (0.0803 + 00613 + 0.0185) _ 9. 45 075 | pirect stress 18 = 0.0226 i 300 x 103 = x 6 ri 2 4 ~~ O.ogag * 10 3623 MN/n (tensile) Bending moment, M 300 x 10° (0.90 + R) =— 300 x 10° (0:90 + 0.555) =~ 436-5 x 103 Nm (-ve sign indicates that M tends to decrease the curvature) Bending stress at A due to the bending moment, + Rt x2 WO Ry, 4365 x 10° i * 0.0828 x 0555 | :25 MN/m? (comp.) Bending stress at B due to bending moment, epee 1 (_% AR nw \R-»% — 4365 x 10° 1 O55? (_! ~ 0.0828 x 0555| 00226 ( Stress at point A, 0, = 5, + (G,), = 3-623 = 50-25 =— 46-63 MN/m? ie, 6,= 4663 MN/m? (comp.) (Ans.) Stress at point B, : 6, 26 + (6,3 = 3-623 + 60-62 = 64:24 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) Be = = ~50-25 MN/m? | %10°° = 60.62 MN/m? (tensile.) ‘Arms of eal1194 wm Strength of Materials E Ey STRESSES IN A RING Fig. 20-23 shows a circular ring under the action of an axial pull P. Consider a section LL, at an angle @ from the line of the action of the applied pull P. The portion L,CDL, is in equilibrium under the action of the following Fr Fig. 20.23 Fe (®) Bending moment M' at CD, @) Pull ‘ at CD, (ii) Bending moment M at L,Ly, and (iv) Pull Fat LL. Taking moments about L,L, , we get pie M=M +7 (R- Rsin®) (1) teal alse Bea Ed to(% -z)ae 2) (Eqn. (20-7) hee: E = Young’s modulus, @, = Strain in centroidal layer, R = Initial radius of curvature, R' = Radius of curvature after bending, 2 and, An? =f 2. aa -{Ega. (2011 1 R Comparing eqns. (1) and (2), we get ANY i E(l tele R) a" =M +5 (R-Rsind) —Ne Chapter ; _Chapte ert 20: Bending Of Curved Bars Multiplying both sides by Rd® and integrating from 0 ae nj2 1 mM Oto 2/2, w J Ed +a e 2) Ala = a MCE sae i : a + 5 ® (1~ sino) a0 5 a Rl + e) ga x/2 y S i ae 4-E J d+ eyanao 0 i ‘ 72» = | MRa0+ [Pp i ! J 5 (sina @) RX 9 ; ites ae mee ene (1 +e) Rae s«[Eqn. (20-2)] Also @ = 90° = 1/2 and final angle 9’ = 90° = : . Be online ae m/2.due to symmetry ie, ZUOV remains 90° after Cres) x = Substituting this in eqn. (3), we get m 2 E | A d0-E (+e) An? Zoyp.t, PR (| ‘ 2 Baa \2 5 2 BAW -E_E (+e) A= =MR- 24 PR (BR _y 2 2 Dn 2 \2 2 —E. 2, An Meee |e (A) 2 2 2 oke 1 4 Also, normal force F = E @ A+ E (1+ ep) [; - all 2 ha w{Egn, (20-5)} 1 zs R Ah? , where, J dha ae Se je R F=Ee A-E(+&%) Normal force on the section L,Ly + EA =—sin@ f 2 1 2 gon bg AAO ( 2 pean Oy 2 R [Eqn. (20-7)] nde wae d+0)( M F sind =F 6 ane 7 e eqn. we get Putting the value of M (from eqn. (1)] in the ae ot bok (R-R sino)| Feet P sina = BA ¢ il Z 2 mw’ _P,? sino “ P ing=FAM-~"R 2 2 2 a ———1196 m Strength of Materials & = ae ee (5) FAR 2EA Substituting the value of e, in eqn. (4), we get sh (6) M'= ae m(R +h) 2 2 ot PR ‘ Now, M=M'+—(1—sin@) «Eqn. (1)] 3 PRIMO 2 | R+h PR{__R? or, Me—|> 2 lz +A [6(a)] ‘The value of M will be maximum when 0 = 0° PR Mn = — R(R? +h) (7) The value of M will be zero when 2 pete Sind=0 R+h or, (8) Thus there will be 4 sections, one in each quadrant where the bending moment M will be zero and consequently the stress due to bending will be zero. Now substituting the value of M' in egn. (5) from eqn. (6) we get ot BR lear P ° BAR 2 | Rae 2EA B. R* oS (9) i is are curved or, 0~ 7B aR + =| This mulleysone8CC Chapter : 80 : Bending of Curved Bars = 1197 Also, Wi ee a Again, from eqns. (1) and (2), we get RJ\+ yr (10) (Eqn. (20-3) be) cara) (y ake 4 +5 Rd -sing) 1 i M’ o+e(p-z = ee ; of, Oe it re EAR oe cE (1. sing) nian 1a tituting the value of (1+ e))|—- =). Subst ie OP Re R | inthe eqn. (10), we get Mw’ ene |, PR = sino] Ry FAR” 2AnE May (11) ee cal eR lee ea m(R? +h) ara 1 PR Ry x tp ee EAR * 2ARE ( sn) a 5] ~. Stress, O=Ee 2 2 == ee a ie a ain) A |m(R? +h’) 2Ah? | 1 (R? +h?) 2Ah’ Rt+y iP R? Re 2R? . y we eg Bn es 7 aes l: (R? +h) 2h — +1) Rey ee) Direct stress at any section, or, pe or sin® —— Oy = =—-sin@ : - 7 (20-22) Resultant stress, 6,=G,4 5 a (a) Stresses on a section ‘taken along the line of action of P, where 6=0°: (i) At outside of ring : : Ps {iscutieat | gs Revel 292 st 20-23) te. At the point A, Oa = a4 +k he | R+y (i) At inside of the ring : ie. At the point B, i pa col (6,)g = f(aee R+k Sees (20-24) where 0 = 90°: of action of P, (6) Stresses on a section perpendicular ' the line ()) Atoutside of the ring * "e. At the point C, : B aie i i x Bee a El agtet (e= Al RR? +h) oN - compressive Wes + 2 m «»(20-25) we lll1198 m Strength of Materials (ii) At inside of the ring i.e. At the point D, { Yi Be — + tensile iy BI = (20-26) Example 20:13. A ring is made of round steel bar 30 mm diameter and the mean radius of the ring is 180 mm. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the material Of the ring if it is subjected to a pull of 12 kN, 12kN Fig. 20.24 Solution. Diameter of round steel bar, d=30mm=003m Area = F x 0.03? = 7-068 x 10+ m? Mean radius of the ring, R= 180 mm =0-18 m Pull, P=12KkN (0.03)? | _(003)* SS 3564x107 m* 16 128 x 018? a Now,R Os TAR ee ae | 12x 10° 018? + 564x105 Shs eee 0:18? TX 7-068 x 104 2 } + sae __ 0015 564 x 10° Bis-+ 005 | x 10° MN/m? = d/2 = 0-015 m) = 243-7 MN/m? (tensile) (2 P R R (G)r=— |e s a a ct aA le ‘ 7) WAR» (where, y, = d/2) 12x 10° 0.182 og? ae ae 6 2 mx 7-068 x 10 | 0:18? + 5:64 x 10° Seetlaae 5] x1 ae = 276-3 MN/m? (compressive) ie R R 2k” Nl ae (Oe Tap eer ae ee A|n(R? +h?) 2h? [n(R? +h?) | (Rt 2A _ 12x10? x10 0:18? poe Oise 768104 | m (018? +564x10%) 2x564x 10° 2x 018" 0.015 12x10° é Soyer + Gz % 10 7 (018? + 5-64 x10") 0:18 +0015 }} 2x 7068 x10 = 16-98 [0-3177 + 287-23 x (- 03645) x 0.0769] + 8-49 =~— 1313+ 849 =- 1228 MNim? ie. (6,), = 1228 MN/m2 (compressive) P| R? 2R? ie o), = |= (=e (6,)p 12 ew aR _ 1210? x10 7.068 x 107 + ae (tensile) 2A 0.18? gt EE 2% 56410"1200 & Strength of Materials + ois + 564x10%) | 2x 7068x107 = 16.98 [287-23 (0.6355 - 1) (0.0909) + 03177] + 8-49 = 166.99 + 8:49 = 175-48 MN/m? (tensile) :. Maximum tensile stress = 243-7 MN/m?_ (Ans.) Maximum compressive stress = 2763 MN/m? (Ans.) Example 20-14. A steel ring has a rectangular cross-section and 45 mm perpendicular to the radial direction. If the mean radius of the ring is 150 mm and maximum tensile stress is limited to 180 MN/n? calculate the tensile load the ring can carry. Solution. Refer Fig. 20:25 TGS om Yn ak; =| 75 mm 2 2102 ai 018? 12x10" 10° MN/m? nm, 75 mm in the radial direction iP Fig. 20.25. Area of cross-section = D x B = 0-075 x 0-045 = 0.003375 m2 R 2R+D pee oo Deel oe |r safEqn. (20:15)] _ 01s? : (eaesee| - 075 8 | 3c01s L075 | 01S = 487x107 me? The maximum tensile stress will occur at A (i.e, at @= 0°) Now, = R See ys “A ie +e LP fe J eea 3B Snding of Curved Bors 1201 180 x 10° -—— 0182 me cal j sama 1+ O15? ga375 180 x 105 = 92-3 P x 19.04 487 x 10-4 Sane p = 180x 10° 923 x10.94 “10” =19044 an oe P=1944kN (Ans) STRESS IN A CHAIN LIN KR Consider a chain link shown in Fig. 20-26 y) M Let, = Pull on the chain link, Uy, Bap Reniicncala: R = Mean radius of the semi- BE end circular ends, / W/D xX 1 = Length of the straight portion 2 i D\_\v\c/M’_ of the link, i M = Bending moment on the section L, Ly, and we M' = Bending moment on the section CD, Taking moments about the section L,L,, we get M =M'+ 2 (R-Rsin®) sree 1 1 Also, M = E (1 + €) a —— |Ap ..[Eqn. (20-7)]...2) where, R = Initial radius of curvature, R' = Final radius of curvature, éy = Strain in the centroidal layer, v E = Young’s modulus, and , ig. 20.26 A = J as Fig. 20. fe Comparing eqns. (1) and (2), we have E(1+6) 4-3) aie +E R- Rsin®) an > om 10-712, We Bet Multiplying both sides by Ra® and ieee m2 + J Fd+e) ba} An? Rd®= ‘i ee 0 Rew ea M’ Rd® Ls P R? sin) dO m2 Ane 0 Ef Ril eep) aie (+e) Si . 5 ee 0 " P p2 q—sin@) 49 e cece 0 ———1202 «= Strength of Materials R g ..[Eqn. (20-2) Re nes Fe ase initial angle @ = ZVOU = 90°, however, the final angle 9" will not be 90° and there Now, (+4)= will be slight change from 90° M‘ll2_ Mi Sl f the tangent at V = = lope of the tangen a 3EI (where, / = moment of inertia of the section) ™2 RL + €0) ao-* Mi 3 Substituting in eqn.(3), we get my {® M2 )\_ pa +e) Ah-= 2m Oer 2 or, ae an = a] 3 ( gi TT 2 & mM’ Bn Ait) Pe -§)-3 ea" & (4) \2 a a Py) 1(P Mu ' Now, “== (E + = (Eqn. 20-27) (Eqn. (5) of article 20-4] Substituting the value of e, in eqn. (4), we get 2 2 : alee )-£( -£)_* gan? alé+ u ) Spr 2 Dy ea) FA\2" R 2 2 fi be (hn om Ee, ® \epl, Bhe 2 es 2) 4 a; 2 WONT ae > = |= op Hos (where, k = radius of gyration) p 5 R (20-28) and, . Ro ihe) (20-29) {(By substituting the value of M’ in eqn, (1)]Chapter : 20: 0: Bending of Curved Bars 1203 gubstituting eqn (20-28) in eqn. 20. 27), we get 2 rei > eae a P R eh eee ‘ Ree wes We EA (20.30) stress at any layer at distance y from the Neutral layer 1s. Ga y 2 i (Eqn. (20-4)] a : " R)1+y/R Also, E(@+e)|}—>-—/s—_ Carer (Eqn. (20-7) o= Be, + ea Ah” \Rt+y Substituting the values of M and €q > Stress due to bending moment, ROR 1 aes MD IED P LAER 6, =— | ee se a i a) Re A \Ah* R+y 2 2 2 rele ee 1 2 a 1 . Wow AW R+ R+ + 2 2 eid P sin® Direct stress dueto = F = ——— Resultant stress, Th 7 e like curved members etc. Leaves of the leaf spring, U-cliP®1204 wm Strength of Materials or y yo eae - + PR a —sine) x/ — |+ — + ain) (20-31) 2A? R+y) 2A It may be noted that 1. Eqn. (20-31) gives the resultant stress in any section along the curved portion of the chain link. 2. On the straight portion of the chain link the bendin’; moment M’ will remain constant. The bending stress in the straight portion will be found by using the general flexural formula P and to get the resultant stress, direct tensile stress 3A will be added to bending stress. Stresses on a section taken along the line of action of P, where @ = 0° : (i) At outside of ring = ea los ie., At the point A,(6,),4 = = [t+ a ae piles R 2 (2032) R+y,} 2A (ii) At inside of the ring ; ie. Atpoint B, & R 6p =e ee 2033) 2A ‘Stresses on a section perpendicular to the line of action of P, where @ = 90° : (i) At outside of the ring; R ; je. Atthe point C, (6,)¢ = ——|1+ —(i) at the point D, ie Bending moment, Bending stress, Direct stress, Resultant stress 245mm, At inside of the lapter : 29. B * Bending of ring : ‘9 Of Curved Bars (Gj aa AR P aa A p| x M’=\t R+ 1k” My .— rs P OG =a 2A 6,=0, +0, and tensile stress at the same section. A= x x (0.015)? =1767 x 10m? Bd ede ROOTS Bet lees 4 et 4, (0015) 16 128R? 16 128 x 0-045? 1205 (20-35) [Eqn. (20-28)] A chain link (Fig. 20-27) is made of round steel rod of 15 mm diameter. If R 75 mm and load applied is 1-5 kN determine the maximum compressive stress in the link = 1425 x 107m?— ——— 1206 & Strength of Materials r deat ! | 64 d _ 0015 _ 9.00375 m 4 Radius of gyration, k i | 4 I? = 1.406 x 105 nv? 5 R? Rh? _ 0.045? 0-045? a Doth yg = 6-445 x 10-4 1.0125 x 10° = 0-7125 x 10° =— 0375 x 10% We 0.075 «1-425 x10" | 1425 «10° R+—7 +—=0045 + ws oe mR x 1406 x 10> 0.045 = 0-045 + 0-0242 + 0-000316 = 0-0695 P=1.5KN P=1,5kN Fig. 20.27 Compressive stress is maximum at @ = 0° on inside of the link i.e, at point B. R toe= Sx PR? oA (Eqn. (20-33)] 15 10° x 10% ued 0.045? (7.90075 [- 0375 = ~ 767 x10 x 0045 | 142510 "| 0-045 - 0.0075 0.06954 + 5 ORUO 0045" 106 Bars = 1207 * 1767 10 x 495 5495 {0.0075 = 188-66 x (— 27-42) 0” |o. __ 15x10? )* 0.00539) _ 15, 175 axes = 27-88 — 120-63 +4.244 ate 0-63 + 4.044 x10 im? ive) (Ans, e outsi utside surface Of the link ie at point A. mnt R 2 P R ; eh Ga = AR > y2 } RO Qe ERAS koe Rea Tk? oR + eee eee 2a "| R+y, | 2q “lan. 2032)) 15 x 10° x 10% 145? 7: 7. 0.045' 7 1 0.0075 0375 x10* 1-767 x 10™ x 0.045 1425 x 10° ss te + 0.0075 0.0695 i 2 15 x 10° x 0.045? x 10% ( 0.0075 } 15x 10° 4 2 x 1-767 x 10% x 1-425 x 10° (0045 + 0.0075} * 2x 1.767 x 107 = 188.66 x (21:3) x 0.00539) + 86:16 + 4.244 = — 21-66 + 86-16 + 4:244 = 68-74 MNim? ie. (6), = 68:74 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) 20-6, DEFLECTION OF CURVED BARS Under situations where it is required to design a curved beam from stiffness or rigidity point of view it becomes necessary to determine the deflection of the curved beam. In case of curved beams with small initial curvature the deflection may be estimated by straight beam theory; but in case of curved beams having large initial curvature the influence of the initial curvature of the beam must be considered while calculating deflection. Fig, 20-28 shows the centre line AEB of curved bar under the action of variable bending moment. M Centre line of Fig. 20.28 ae a ature) Let, ent at any point E (reckoned positive if it increases the curvature’ M = Bending moment i dl = Length of the small portion EF, St from the chord AB Gazo ‘cular distance of the point in sidered to find the rotation of F with - a = Perpendicular ¢ ted about te point E econ sumed rigid. Due to tne rotation do ropes stall Hength, EP (= di) situal ne curved bar i iar s of displacement BC are t0 Edue to bending moment M and rest ana BG Oe With respect to E let the portion EB shifts and BD perpendicular to the chord AB, a a — ofp1208 «@ Strength of Materials (i) DC parallel to the chord AB, i.e. the line join ng the ends of the centr line of the curveq beam condidered. DC shows negative displacement towards the point A Deflection of the point B with respect to A is given as AS, DC =~ BC cos 0 or, A 8_,=— (EB dip) cos oH) where, dy = ZCEB (The portions AE and FB being considered rigid, a will also represent the rotation of the end F wt. E of the element EF) ZGBC = ZBCD =a [CD II Gey (aa angle GE Tors zeso =(2- 0) [:+ CB EB (for small angle of roration do) 2d In the right angled triangle EBG, ZGEB = 0. EG cosa: = EB Eqn. (1) reduces to A 3g4 = — EB (do) x £& = - BG dp =a (dd) (+: EG=a)..2) Also, Pei (3) EI 5 aM dl 3,, <-aMal (4) : a Fi Total deflection of B war. A along the chord AB, 4 Mdl 8 =— t a ...(20.36) 2 20-6-1. Deflection of a Closed Ring (Deflection along the load line : Consider a small length d/ at A at an angular displacement 0. AA, = Perpendicular distance on chord from the point A Rsin ® Bending moment at the section A, w= m’s 7B sing) pee. ene AEE ae a |S eee ee rel eana zn ...[Eqn. 6(a) of article 20-4] Deflection along the load line, yo = Deflection along the load Bese PRY R 2 El 2 aoa Rd® a [Substituting the values of f, M, and dl in eqn, (20:36)) H/2 pp} 2 ’ PR R 2 Total deflection, Sy, =-2 | — [a Sore i uu 42g Rea me *5in 8 — sin 8} d0a 20 : Benay x ~| 0431 = 1.0109 (01459 + 0.0306 + 0.0328) -0:1857=0.0259 \ Circumferential stress at point U, wml alas) a me A __ 18054 10° x10® [ _ 0437 ( 0191 ie 8484x10 ys 0.0792 x 0-431 0.0259 | 0.431 - at 0.0792 5.289 (1 — 5-708) + 1-071 = 25:97 MN/m? (tensile) ie, Gy =25:97 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) Circumferential stress at point Vy M Re yn FP =—|1+—* +— eo | he c vow A 3 18054 x10? x10 |, , 043i? .(__0289 I 8484 x10" | 19-6 ~~ 9.0792 x 0-431 0.0250 * | 0431 + 0289 0.0792 = — 5.289 (1 + 2879) + 1.071 =- 19-44 MN/m* ie y= 19-44 MN/m? (comp.) (Ans.) : : Example: 20-19. A curved bar of rectangular section 60 mm a ve a isa Penting initially unstressed, is subjected to bending moment of 2:25 kNm “bar. The mean radius of curvature is 150 mm. Find: (i) The position of the neutral axis; (i) The : : greatest bending stresses. Boe csita section: Draw a diagram to show approximately how the stress varies Solution, Depth of the section, D=75 mm =0075 m Radius of curvature, R= 150 mm= 015m Bendin, kNm bar) igmoment, M=-225 ten the bar “ve sign is taken because bending moment eee A Of the section, A = 0-06 X 0.075 = 0 “Ban. 20415) D\_R We ORD know, n= © loge| 5R-D re1216 m= Strength of Materials en aad +0075) _ 452 L075 | = 4-88 x 104 m? ois? . (2x0 = log, | ——— 0.075 2x 015 - = 0-045 log, (1-6667) — 0-02 (Position of the neutral axis : Ri _ 015x488 x10 vafEgn. (20-12 (a Rt 015? +488x10* =~ 0.00318 m = ~ 3-18 mm ie y =-348 mm (Ans.) (ii) The greatest bending stress : Bending stress at the inside face, We know, y= (G)inside tace ¥ 34.06 0.0375 0.03 0.0225 0.015 0.0075 N—- -0,0031 - 0.0075; - 0.015) - 0.0225 = 0.03) 47.88 - 0.037. +30-40-30-20-10 | 10 20 30 40 50 ¥ Aircraft component machined from a single billet. Stress MN/m > Fig. 20.32 __ 225x10* x 10% 0.157 0.0375 0.0045 x 0.15 488 x 10+ Ee - cae =~ 3333 x (I- 15.368) [i = 0.0375 m = +4788 MN/m? (tensile) (Ans.) Bending stress at the outside face, 2 Onan = He|* (92>) _ 225x100 x10 [: 4 01s? 0.0375 _ 488 x 104 0.0045 x 015 O15 + 0.0375- Ne (ii) bending moment (M) tending to decrease the curvature (M is taken as ‘negative') y Sikes hae yea ee compressiventhenty is tye AR ig Rty ter : s 20 - B % end 9 Of Curved Bars 4 1217 =~ 330 Sey i = 3406 M =~ 34.06 MN/m2 N/m? (comp, stress at any point, (Ans.) (0) = Be + & ty AR Rt #5] on o=- sn +4e1{—*y es O15 + y 00375 | 0.03 | 0.015] 9 co. m= = = 0.00318] - 0.015 | — ee 3406 | = 2806'|= 80) 356 13-74 i See eet The variation of stress across the section is shown in Fig. 20:32. = HIGHLIGHTS ‘] 1, Ifacurved bar of radius of curvature R and area of cross-section A is subjected to a (i) bending moment (M) tending to increase the curvature (M is taken as ‘positive’ ) cas ' _M R y Stas IED Ser a I +o5x lam = J tensile when y is +ve M R and, eas [ aa ce f 5) compressive when y is -ve M Ro and, cr oR data ry tensile when y is -ve Ri? R+h? ~ve sign indicates that neutral axis is located below the centroidal axis. 2 Position of neutral axis. Y =— 3. Values of h? for various sections; (=a constant for the cross-section of the bar) (i) For a rectangular section : | ae Re Eee (5) R 2R-D d hi D= es of the section, an vee ‘k= Radius of curvature of the curved bar (ii) For a cireular section : i i e eae ie Jar section, and a pa | _ : ays of curvature oF me curve OA | i) For a triangular section ¢ - | 2n* [(3R +24 ) og, 3R + 2% )-- me ieee aed aR-4 Je, and where, d= Heightdepth of the ae so R= Radius of curvature f . bh —— llWe es a ee = =6—hl 12 1 8 = Strength of Materials (iv) For a trapezoidal section ; aaa) ») | g-(<*22}.(2 PY (+ dp) lo \R-d) \d where, d(B+2b d= i; 3\ B+b d,=d=d., and B, b = width of the inner and outer surfaces; depth of the section 4. A circular ring of mean radius R is subjected to a diametral load 2, then resultant stress on any section at an angle @ from the load line is 2 2 Pp a= aa Rel aE OT “(z5) +—sind Alm (R248?) 2h? | (R? +1?) R+y)| 2A where, _y = distance of the layer under consideration from the centroidall layer. 5. A chain link of radius at end R, length of the straight portion f, and subjected to an axial tensile load P: Resultant stress on any s tion inclined at an angle @ from the load line, ; 2 ; P Me Vice PR eee eee ce ein on 2 R+y) 2A Rty 2Ah = Distance of the layer under consideration from the centroidal layer; = Radius of gyration of the section. 6. Deflection in a curved bar along a chord, and, 4 = Perpendicular distance from the point on the centre line of the section to the chord, Young's modulus of elasticity, and Moment of the inertia of the section. 7. A circular ring of mean radius R subjected to a diametral load P : 3 2 Deflection along the load line=?R | _ 2 F R ] EI [4 ml ran? EL {2 nlp? 432 8. A chain link of mean radius at ends R and length of the straight porti i axial los s ti I load P = a maiemd ight portion /, subjected to axi pent 3 Deflection perpendicular to the load line - PR” | 1 { R? J -2C'- n)- RECN 20k: 1 ET \ 4 El * 2AB Deflection perpendicular to the load line 2PR* 7 BE” (crank) BPC = Se EL as above in 5) 4 (The value ofy ae the Correct Answer : on spe theory of curved beam was postulated by +) Rankline (b) Mohr @ Castigliano (d)_ Winkler-Bach : curved beams the distribution of bending stress oO linear () parabolic () uniform (@) hyperbolic, ‘The neutral axis in curved beams (a) lies at the top of the beam (b) lies at the bottom of the beam (o) does not coincide with the geometric axis (@ coincides with the geometric axis, For acrane hook the most suitable section is (@) triangular (b) trapezodial (0) circular (@) rectangular. The nature of stress at the inside surface of a crane hook is (@) shear (6) tensile (c) compressive (@) none of the above. Which of the following statements is correct with reference to the curved beam theory ? (@) Shear stress is zero (0) Hoop stress is zero. (c) Radial stress is zero (d) Bending stress is zero. The maximum stress in a ring under tension occurs (@) along the line of action of load (b) perpendicular to the line of action of load (©) at 45° with the line of action of the load (@) none of the above. = 1219 8. When fabricatin come at which (@) Parallel io (6) 45° with (©) 60° '€ @ chain link the joint should of the following locations ? the line of action of the load ‘th the line of action of the load (oe a ie line of action of the load one ae cular to the line of action of the load a Ting when a small cut is made at the onzontal diameter the maximum stress will () decrease (6) increase (©) remain same (4) become infinite. ‘Which of the following assumptions is made in the analysis of curved beams ? (a) Limit of proportionality is not exceeded (6) Radial strain is negligible (C) Plane to transverse sections remain plane after bending (4) The material considered is isotropic and obeys Hooke’s law (e) All of the above. < yas ‘Aircraft component machined from a single billet. 2.2) &@ %@ 10. (0). ) L® 2@ 3@ 40 50 6&0 EXAI Ss vaeotve? ar ment of 2 kKNm, its centre c ere bending mo! 5 , '- A bar of rectangular section 40 mm x 60 min = ae to increase the curvature determine: bending line is curved to a radius of 200.mm. If the (The maximum tensile and compres (ii) Stress at the c.g. of the section. sive stresses in beam; ‘Ans. 642 MN/m? (tensile) 884 MN/m? (comp.) 416 MN/m? (tensile)1220 = Strength of Materials 2: A steel bar 38 mm in diameter is bent into a curve of mean radius 31-7 mm. If a bending moment of ar find the intensities of maximum tensile and ? (tensile), 1-6 MN/m? (comp.)) 8), is bent in the shape of a horse 4-6 Nm tending to increase the curvature, acts on the b: compressive stress. [Ans. 0-56 MN/t A curved bar of rectangular section 60 mm (width) x 40 mm (thickn 3 shoe having a mean radius of 70 mm. Two equal and opposite forces of 10 KN each are applied at a distance of 120 mm from the centre line of the middle section so that they tend to straighten the rod. @ Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses; (i) Construct a diagram showing the variation of normal stresses over the central section, [Ans. 75 MN/m? (tensile), 34 MN/m? (comp.)] A bar of circular cross-section has a radius of curvature of 25 mm at the inner fibres. The bending moment acting on the bar causes a tensile stress of 20 MN/m? in the inner fibres. Find the stress in the outer fibres [Ans, 5-9 MN/m?] A bar of circular cross-section is bent in the shape of a horse shoe. The radius of the section is 40 mm and the mean radius is 80 mm. Two equal and opposite forces of 15 kN each are applied so as to straighten the bar. (i) Find the maximum tensile and compressive stresses. (Construct a diagram showing the variation of normal stresses along the central section, Ams. 998 MN/m? (tensile) 39.2 MN/m? (comp.) A curved bar is formed of a tube 40 mm outside radius and 5 mm thickness. The centre line of this beam is a circular arc of radius 150 mm. A bending moment of 2 KNm tending to increase curvature of the bar is appplied. Calculate the maximum tensile and compressive stresses set up in the bar. me 8361 MN/m2 a 11356 MN/m? (comp.) At the critical section of a crane hook, trapezium in section, the inner and outer sides are 4 cm and 2-5 cm respectively and depth is 7-5 cm. The centre of curvature of the section is a distance of 6 cm from the inner fibres and the load line is 5 cm from the inner fibres. If the maximum stress is not to exceed 120 MN/m? what maximum load the hook can carry ? [Ans. 30-56 kN] A curved bar of rectangular section is 40 mm (width) by 50 mm (depth) in the plane of bending and has a mean radius of curvature 100 mm. Itis subjected to a bending moment of 1:5 kNm which tends to straighten the bar. (Find the position of the neutral axis; (fi) Magnitudes of greatest bending stresses; (iii) Construct a diagram to show approximately the stress variation across the section. (Ans. (#) - 2-12 mm; (ii) 107-9 MN/mn? (tensile); (iii) 76-78 MN/m? (comp,)| ‘An open ring having channel section as shown in the Fig, 20-33 is subjected to compressive load of 75 kN. Determine the stresses at A and B. ‘Ans. 0, =1535 MNim? (tensity | _‘iteraft component machined from a single billet. y= 164-46 MN/m? (comp,)e ee A chain link is made of round steel rod of 1 A chain link is made of a steel rod of 24 Chapter ; 2 n +20 Baas Bending Of Curved Bars m 1221 Section at AB 15 kN Dimensions in mm Fig. 20.33 .Aring is made of round steel bar 25 mm diameter and the mean radius of the ring is 150 mm. Calculae the ee tensile and compressive stresses in the material of the ring if it is subjected to a pull of 10 KN. Ie 2922 MN/m? | 3312 MN/m? (comp.) A ting is made of round steel bar 24 mm diameter and the mean diameter of the ring is 144 mm. Determine the greatest intensities of tensile and compressive stresses along a diameter XX if the ring is subjected to a pull of 12 KN along diameter YY. ‘Ans. 1602 MNim” eed 7736 MNim? (comp.) gular cross-section 6 em in the radial direction and 3-6 cm perpendicular to the radial direction. If the maximum tensile stress is limited to 144 MN/m?, determine the tensile load that the ring can carry. [Ans. oe KN] 2 mm diameter, R= 36 mm, /= 60 mm and load applied is stress in the link and tensile stress at the same section. ‘Ans. 1105 MN/m” (compressive) 8585 MN/m? (tensile) i is subjected to a i . ameter and a mean diameter 225 mm is subjec ae ee ed ee ii direction ndicular to ina a ae KN. Calculate the deflection ofthe ring along the perpe eae [Ans. 002758 mm] Keene ‘amete! saht portion is 120 mm in length and the a s ae en ae the load line when subjected t the deflectit Asteel ring 24 cm mean diameter has a rectan; 1-2 kN, Determine the maximum compressive ends are 120 mm in radius. Determine lead of 20 KN. Take : E =200 GN/m?. A curved bar of rectangular section 80 a Unstressed, is subjected to a bending momel ; Tadius of curvature is 200 mm. sg: (iy The test bending ates Find: (j iti neutral axis; es across the 5 : : (The position of the Nea ne os oth tensile: 19:16 MV? (comp, [Ams. 26" [Ans. 2-14 mm ' bending, initiall F deep in the plane o! mm wi tends to straighten the bar ‘The meal ol Draw a diagram to show approximal