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Jet Engines - Introduction To Turbojets

The document provides an overview of different types of jet engines including turbojets, turboprops, turbofans, and turboshafts. It explains that turbojets work by compressing air, adding fuel, burning it to increase temperature and pressure, then expelling the gases through a nozzle for thrust. Turboprops are similar but use the turbine to power a propeller for propulsion. Turbofans have a large fan at the front that draws in air, with some passing through the engine and some bypassing it for greater efficiency. Turboshafts power helicopter rotors independently of the gas generator speed. Ramjets have no moving parts and rely solely on forward motion for compression.

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40 views

Jet Engines - Introduction To Turbojets

The document provides an overview of different types of jet engines including turbojets, turboprops, turbofans, and turboshafts. It explains that turbojets work by compressing air, adding fuel, burning it to increase temperature and pressure, then expelling the gases through a nozzle for thrust. Turboprops are similar but use the turbine to power a propeller for propulsion. Turbofans have a large fan at the front that draws in air, with some passing through the engine and some bypassing it for greater efficiency. Turboshafts power helicopter rotors independently of the gas generator speed. Ramjets have no moving parts and rely solely on forward motion for compression.

Uploaded by

Waqas
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Jet Engines - Introduction to TurbojetsThe

basic idea of the turbojet engine is simple. Air taken in from an opening
in the front of the engine is compressed to 3 to 12 times its original
pressure in the compressor. Fuel is added to the air and burned in a
combustion chamber to raise the temperature of the fluid mixture to
about 1,100 F to 1,300 F. The resulting hot air is passed through a
turbine, which drives the compressor.

If the turbine and compressor are efficient, the pressure at the turbine
discharge will be nearly twice the atmospheric pressure, and this excess
pressure is sent to the nozzle to produce a high-velocity stream of gas
which produces a thrust. Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained
by employing an afterburner. It is a second combustion chamber
positioned after the turbine and before the nozzle. The afterburner
increases the temperature of the gas ahead of the nozzle. The result of
this increase in temperature is an increase of about 40 percent in thrust
at takeoff and a much larger percentage at high speeds once the plane is
in the air.

The turbojet engine is a reaction engine. In a reaction engine, expanding


gasses push hard against the front of the engine. The turbojet sucks in air
and compresses or squeezes it. The gasses flow through the turbine and
make it spin. These gasses bounce back and shoot our of the rear of the
exhaust, pushing the plane forward.

Turboprop Jet Engine A turboprop engine is a jet engine


attached to a propeller. The turbine at the back is turned by the hot
gasses, and this turns a shaft that drives the propellor. Some small
airliners and transport aircraft are powered by turboprops.

Like the turbojet, the turboprop engine consists of a compressor,


combustion chamber, and turbine, the air and gas pressure is used to run
the turbine, which then creates power to drive the compressor.
Compared with a turbojet engine, the turboprop has better propulsion
efficiency at flight speeds below about 500 miles per hour. Modern
turboprop engines are equipped with propellers that have a smaller
diameter but a larger number of blades for efficient operation at much
higher flight speeds. To accommodate the higher flight speeds, the
blades are scimitar-shaped with swept-back leading edges at the blade
tips. Engines featuring such propellers are called propfans.

Hungarian, Gyorgy Jendrassik who worked for the Ganz wagon works in
Budapest designed the very first working turboprop engine in 1938.
Called the Cs-1, Jendrassik's engine was first tested in August of 1940;
the Cs-1 was abandoned in 1941 without going into production due to the
War. Max Mueller designed the first turboprop engine that went into
production in 1942.

Turbofan Jet Engine A turbofan engine has a large fan at


the front, which sucks in air. Most of the air flows around the outside of
the engine, making it quieter and giving more thrust at low speeds. Most
of today's airliners are powered by turbofans. In a turbojet, all the air
entering the intake passes through the gas generator, which is composed
of the compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. In a turbofan
engine, only a portion of the incoming air goes into the combustion
chamber.

The remainder passes through a fan, or low-pressure compressor, and is


ejected directly as a "cold" jet or mixed with the gas-generator exhaust to
produce a "hot" jet. The objective of this sort of bypass system is to
increase thrust without increasing fuel consumption. It achieves this by
increasing the total air-mass flow and reducing the velocity within the
same total energy supply.

Turboshaft Engines This is another form of gas-turbine


engine that operates much like a turboprop system. It does not drive a
propellor. Instead, it provides power for a helicopter rotor. The
turboshaft engine is designed so that the speed of the helicopter rotor is
independent of the rotating speed of the gas generator. This permits the
rotor speed to be kept constant even when the speed of the generator is
varied to modulate the amount of power produced.

Ramjets The most simple jet engine has no moving parts.


The speed of the jet "rams" or forces air into the engine. It is
essentially a turbojet in which rotating machinery has been
omitted. Its application is restricted by the fact that its
compression ratio depends wholly on forward speed. The
ramjet develops no static thrust and very little thrust in
general below the speed of sound. As a consequence, a ramjet
vehicle requires some form of assisted takeoff, such as another
aircraft. It has been used primarily in guided-missile systems.
Space vehicles use this type of jet. What is a jet engine?

A jet engine is a machine that converts energy-rich, liquid fuel into a powerful
pushing force called thrust. The thrust from one or more engines pushes a
plane forward, forcing air past its scientifically shaped wings to create an
upward force called lift that powers it into the sky. That, in short, is how planes
work—but how do jet engines work?

Jet engines and car engines

One way to understand modern jet engines is to compare them with the piston
engines used in early airplanes, which are very similar to the ones still used in
cars. A piston engine (also called a reciprocating engine, because the pistons
move back and forth or "reciprocate") makes its power in strong steel "cooking
pots" called cylinders. Fuel is squirted into the cylinders with air from the
atmosphere. The piston in each cylinder compresses the mixture, raising its
temperature so it either ignites spontaneously (in a diesel engine) or with help
from a sparking plug (in a gas engine). The burning fuel and air explodes and
expands, pushing the piston back out and driving the crankshaft that powers
the car's wheels (or the plane's propeller), before the whole four-step cycle
(intake, compression, combustion, exhaust) repeats itself. The trouble with
this is that the piston is driven only during one of the four steps—so it's
making power only a fraction of the time. The amount of power a piston
engine makes is directly related to how big the cylinder is and how far the
piston moves; unless you use hefty cylinders and pistons (or many of them),
you're limited to producing relatively modest amounts of power. If your piston
engine is powering a plane, that limits how fast it can fly, how much lift it can
make, how big it can be, and how much it can carry.

Peaking power plants, also known as peaker plants, and occasionally just
"peakers," are power plants that generally run only when there is a high
demand, known as peak demand, for electricity.
Base load is the minimum level of electricity demand required over a period
of 24 hours. It is needed to provide power to components that keep running at
all times (also referred as continuous load). Peak load is the time of high
demand.Jun 9, 2015

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