Chapter 16

Higher-Order Differential
Equations

16.1 Exact First-Order Equations

1. Since Py = 0 = Qx , the equation is exact.
3
fx = 2x + 4, f = x2 + 4x + g(y), fy = g 0 (y) = 3y − 1, g(y) = y 2 − y
2
3
The solution is x2 + 4x + y 2 − y = C.
2
2. Since Py = 1 and Qx = −1, the equation is not exact.
3. Since Py = 4 = Qx , the equation is exact.
5
fx = 5x + 4y, f = x2 + 4xy + g(y), fy = 4x + g 0 (y) = 4x − 8y 3 , g(y) = −2y 4
2
5 2
The solution is x + 4xy − 2y 4 = C.
2
4. Since Py = cos y − sin x = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = sin y−y sin x, f = x sin y+y cos x+g(y), fy = x cos y+cos x+g 0 (y) = cos x+x cos y−y,
1
g(y) = − y 2
2
1
The solution is x sin y + y cos x − y 2 = C.
2
5. Since Py = 4xy = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = 2y 2 x − 3, f = y 2 x2 − 3x + g(y), fy = 2yx2 + g 0 (y) = 2yx2 + 4, g(y) = 4y
The solution is y 2 x2 − 3x + 4y = C.
y  
3
 1 1
6. 2
− 4x + 3y sin 3x dx + 2y − + cos 3x dy = 0. Since Py = 2 + 3 sin 3x and Qx =
x x x
1
− 3 sin 3x, the equation is not exact.
x2
7. (x2 − y 2 )dx + (x2 − 2xy)dy = 0. Since Py = −2y and Qx = 2x − 2y, the equation is not exact.

288
16.1. EXACT FIRST-ORDER EQUATIONS 289

 y 1
8. 1 + ln x + dx + (ln x − 1)dy = 0. Since Py = = Qx , the equation is exact. fy =
x x
y y
ln x − 1, f = y ln x − y + g(x), fx = + g (x) = 1 + ln x + , g 0 (x) = 1 + ln x, g(x) = x ln x
0
x x
The solution is y ln x − y + x ln x = C.
9. (y 3 − y 2 sin x − x)dx + (3xy 2 + 2y cos x)dy = 0. Since Py = 3y 2 − 2y sin x = Qx , the equation
is exact.
fx = y 3 − y 2 sin x − x, f = xy 3 + y 2 cos x − 21 x2 + g(y), fy = 3xy 2 + 2y cos x + g 0 (y) =
3xy 2 + 2y cos, g(y) = 0
The solution is xy 3 + y 2 cos x − 21 x2 = C
1 4
10. Since Py = 3y 2 = Qx , the equation is exact. fx = x3 + y 3 , f = x + xy 3 + g(y), fy =
4
3xy 2 + g 0 (y) = 3xy 2 , g(y) = 0
1
The solution is x4 + xy 3 = C.
4
11. Since Py = 1 + ln y + xe−xy and Qx = ln y, the equation is not exact.
12. Since Py = 3x2 + ey = Qx , the equation is exact. fx = 3x2 y + ey , f = x3 y + xey + g(y), fy =
x3 + xey + g 0 (y) = x3 + xey − 2y, g(y) = −y 2
The solution is x3 y + xey − y 2 = C.
13. (2xex − y + 6x2 )dx − xdy = 0. Since Py = −1 = Qx , the equation is exact. fx = 2xex − y +
6x2 , f = 2xex − 2ex − yx + 2x3 + g(y), fy = −x + g 0 (y) = −x, g(y) = 0
The solution is 2xex − 2ex − yx + 2x3 = C.
   
3 3
14. 1 − + y dx + 1 − + x dy = 0. Since Py = 1 = Qx , the equation is exact.
x y
3 3 3
fx = 1 − + y, f = x − 3 ln |x| + xy + g(y), fy = x + g 0 (y) = 1 − + x, g 0 (y) = 1 − ,
x y y
g(y) = y − 3 ln |y|
The solution is x − 3 ln |xy| + xy + y = C.
15. Since Py = 3x2 y 2 = Qx , the equation is exact.
1 1 1
fy = x3 y 2 , f = x3 y 3 + g(x), fx = x2 y 3 + g 0 (x) = x2 y 3 − 2
, g 0 (x) = − =
3 1 = 9x 1 + 9x2
1 1 1 1 x 1
− , g(x) = − tan−1 = − tan1 3x
9 1/9 + x2 9 1/3 1/3 3
1 1
The solution is x3 y 3 − tan−1 3x = C or x3 y 3 = tan −13x = C1 .
3 3
16. 2ydx − (5y − 2x)dy = 0. Since Py = 2 = Qx , the equation is exact.
5
fx = 2y, f = 2xy + g(y), fy = 2x + g 0 (y) = −5y + 2x, g(y)= − y 2
2
5
The solution is 2xy − y 2 = C.
2
17. Since Py = sin x cos y = Qx , the equation is exact.
fy = cos x cos y, f = cos x sin y +g(x), fx = − sin x sin y +g 0 (x) = tan x−sin x sin y, g 0 (x) =
tan x, g(x) = ln | sec x|
The solution is cos x sin y + ln | sec x| = C or cos x sin y − ln | cos x| + C.
290 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2 2
18. (2y sin x cos x − y + 2y 2 exy )dx + (sin2 x + 4xyexy − x)dy = 0. Since Py = 2 sin x cos x −
2 2 2
1 + 4xy 3 exy + 4yexy = Qz , the equation is exact. fx = 2y sin x cos x − y + 2y 2 exy =
2 1 2
y sin 2x − y + 2y 2 exy , f = − y cos 2x − xy + 2exy + g(y),
2
1 2 1 2
fy = − cos 2x − x + 4xyexy + g 0 (y) = − (1 − 2 sin2 x) − x + 4xyexy + g 0 (y)
2 2
1 2 2
= − + sin2 x − x + 4xyexy + g 0 (y) = sin2 x + 4xyexy − x
2
1 1
g 0 (y) = , g(y) = y
2 2
1 2 1
The solution is − y cos 2x − xy + 2exy + y = C.
2 2
19. Since Py = 4t3 − 1 = Qt , the equation is exact.
ft = 4t3 y − 15t2 − y, f = t4 y − 5t3 − yt + g(y),
fy = t4 − t + g 0 (y) = t4 + 3y 2 − t, g 0 (y) − 3y 2 , g(y) = y 3 .
The solution is t4 y − 5t3 − yt + y 3 = C.
(t2 + y 2 ) + y(2y) y 2 − t2
20. Since Py = − =
(t2 + y 2 )2 (t2 + y 2 )2
−2t
and Qy = 2 , the equation is not exact.
(t + y 2 )2
21. Since Py = 2(x + y) = Qx , the equation is exact.
1
fx = (x+y)2 = x2 +2xy+y 2 , f = x3 +x2 y+xy 2 +g(y), fy = x2 +2xy+g 0 (y) = 2xy+x2 −1
3
1
g 0 (y) = −1, g(y) = −y A family of solutions is x3 + x2 y + xy 2 − y = C. Substituting x = 1
3
1 4
and y = 1 we obtain + 1 + 1 − 1 = = C. The solution subject to the given condition is
3 3
1 3 2 2 4
x + x y + xy − y = .
3 3
22. Since Py = 1 = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = ex + y, f = ex + xy + g(y), fy = x + g 0 (y) = 2 + x + yey , g 0 (y) = 2 + yey Using
integration by parts, g(y) = 2y + yey − y. A family of solutions is ex + xy + 2y + yey − ey = C.
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 we obtain 1 + 2 + e − e = 3 = C. The solution subject to the
given condition is ex + xy + 2y + yey − ey = 3.
23. Since Py = 4 = Qt , the equation is exact.
ft = 4y + 2t − 5, f = 4ty + t2 − 5t + g(y), fy = 4t + g 0 (y) = 6y + 4t − 1, g 0 (y) = 6y − 1, g(y) =
3y 2 − y A family of solutions is 4ty + t2 − 5t + 3y 2 − y = C. Substituting t = −1 and y = 2
we obtain −8 + 1 + 5 + 12 − 2 = 8 = C. The solution subject to the given condition is
4ty + t2 − 5t + 3y 2 − y = 8.
24. Since Py = 2y cos x − 3x2 = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = y 2 cos x − 3x2 y − 2x, f = y 2 sin x − x3 y − x2 + g(y), fy = 2y sin x − x3 + g 0 (y) =
2y sin x − x3 + ln y,
g 0 (y) = ln y, g(y) = y ln y − y A family of solutions is y 2 sin x − x3 y − x2 + y ln y − y = C.
Substituting x = 0 and y = e we obtain e − e = 0 = C. The solution subject to the given
condition is y 2 sin x − x3 y − x2 + y ln y − y = 0.
16.2. HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 291

25. We want Py = Qx or 3y 2 + 4kxy 3 = 3y 2 + 40xy 3 . Thus, 4k = 40 and k = 10.

26. We want Py = Qx or 18xy 2 − sin y = 4kxy 2 − sin y. Thus 4k = 18 and k = 92 .

∂M 1
27. We need Py = Qx , so we must have = exy + xyexy + 2y − x2 . This gives M (x, y) =
∂y
1 xy (yx − 1)exy y
xe + + y 2 − 2 + g(x) for some function g.
x x
∂N x
28. We need Py = Qx , so we must have = 12 x−1/2 y −1/2 − 2 . This gives N (x, y) =
∂x (x + y 2 )2
1
x1/2 y −1/2 + + g(y) for some function g.
2(x2 + y)
∂ ∂  4
29. Let µ(x, y = y 3 . Then [µ(x, y)M (x, y)] = xy = 4xy 3
∂y ∂y
∂ ∂  2 3 
[µ(x, y)N (x, y)] = 2x y + 3y 5 − 20y 3 = 4xy 3
∂z ∂x
Therefore, µ(x, y)M (x, y)dx + µ(x, y)N(x, y) = 0 is exact, and µ(x, y) is an integrating factor.
Now, if y 3 xydx + (2x2 + 3y 2 − 20)dy = 0, then xydx + (2x2 + 3y 2 − 20)dy =
0, provided
y 6= 0. Therefore, to solve the original DE, we solve xy 4 dx + 2x2 y 3 + 3y 5 − 20y 3 dy = 0.
fx = xy 4 , f = 12 x2 y 4 + g(y), fy = 2x2 y + g 0 (y) = 2x2 y 3 + 3y 5 − 20y 3 ,
g 0 (y) = 3y 5 − 20y , g(y) = 21 y 6 − 5y 4 , f = 21 x2 y 4 + 12 y 6 − 5y 4 .
The solution is therefore 21 x2 y 4 + 12 y 6 − 5y 4 = C.
1
30. True; a separable equation can be written as dy − g(x)dx = 0. Since g is a function of x
h(y)
only and h is a function of y only, we have Py = Qx = 0.

16.2 Homogeneous Linear Equations

1. 3m2 − m = 0 =⇒ m(3m − 1) = 0 =⇒ m = 0, 1/3; y + C1 + C2 ex/3

2. 2m2 + 5m = 0 =⇒ m(2m + 5) = 0 =⇒ m = 0, −5/2; y = C1 + C2 e−5x/2

3. m2 − 16 = 0 =⇒ m2 = 16 =⇒ m = −4, 4; y = C1 e−4x + C2 e4x

√ √ √ √
4. m2 − 8 = 0 =⇒ m2 = 8 =⇒ m = −2 2, 2 2; y = C1 e−2 2x + C2 e2 2x

5. m2 + 9 = 0 =⇒ m2 = −9 =⇒ m = −3i, 3i; y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x

1 1
6. 4m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m2 = −1/4 =⇒ m = −i/2, i/2; y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2 2
7. m2 − 3m + 2 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)(m − 2) = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 2; y = C1 ex + C2 e2x

8. m2 − m − 6 = 0 =⇒ (m + 2)(m − 3) = 0 =⇒ m = −2, 3; y = C1 e−2x + C2 33x

9. m2 + 8m + 16 = 0 =⇒ (m + 4)2 = 0 =⇒ m = −4, −4; y = C1 e−4x + C2 xe−4x

10. m2 − 10m + 25 = 0 =⇒ (m − 5)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 5, 5; y = C1 e5x + C2 xe5x

292 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
√ √ √
11. m2 + 3m − 5 = 0 =⇒ m = −3/2 ± 29/2; y = C1 e(−3/2− 29/2)x
+ C2 e(−3/2+ 29/2)x

√ √ √
12. m2 + 4m − 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −2 ± 5; y = C1 e(−2− 5)x
+ C2 e(−2+ 5)x

13. 12m2 − 5m − 2 = 0 =⇒ (3m − 2)(4m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −1/4, 2/3; y = C1 e−x/4 + C2 e2x/3

14. 8m2 + 2m − 1 = 0 =⇒ (4m − 1)(2m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −1/2, 1/4; y = C1 e−x/2 + C2 ex/4

15. m2 − 4m + 5 = 0 =⇒ m = 2 ± i; y = e2x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)

√ √ !
√ 23 23
16. 2m − 3m + 4 = 0 =⇒ m = 3/4 ± ( 23/4)i; y = e3x/4
2
C1 cos x + C2 sin x
4 4
√ √ !
√ 2 2
17. 3m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −1/3 ± ( 2/3)i; y = e−x/3 C1 cos x + C2 sin x
3 3
 
2 −x/2 1 1
18. 2m + 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −1/2 ± (1/2)i; y = e C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2 2

19. 9m2 + 6m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (3m + 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = −1/3, −1/3; y = C1 e−x/3 + C2 xe−x/3

20. 15m2 − 16m − 7 = 0 =⇒ (3m + 1)(5m − 7) = 0 =⇒ m = −1/3, 7/5; y = C1 e−x/3 + C2 e7x/5

21. m2 + 16 = 0 =⇒ m2 = −16 =⇒ m = ±4i; y = C1 cos 4x + C2 sin 4x; y 0 = −4C1 sin 4x +

C2 cos 4x
Using y(0) = 2 we obtain 2 = C1 . Using y 0 (0) = −2 we obtain −2 = 4C2 or C2 = −1/2. The
1
solution is y = 2 cos 4x − sin 4x.
2
22. m2 − 1 = 0 =⇒ m2 = 1 =⇒ m = ±1; y = C1 ex + C2 e−x ; y 0 = C1 ex − C2 e−x . Using
y(0) = Y 0 (0) = 1 we obtain the system C1 + C2 = 1, C1 − C2 = 1. Thus, C1 = 1 and C2 = 0.
The solution is y = ex .

23. m2 + 6m + 5 = 0 =⇒ (m + 1)(m + 5) = 0 =⇒ m = −5, −1; y = C1 e−5x + C2 e−x ;

y 0 = −5C1 e−5x − C2 e−x . Using y(0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 3 we obtain the system C1 + C2 = 0,
3 3
− 5C1 − C2 = 3. Thus, C1 = −3/4 and c2 = 3/4. The solution is y = − e−5x + e−x .
4 4
24. m2 − 8m + 17 = 0 =⇒ m = 4 ± i; y = e4x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x);
y 0 = e4x [(4C1 + C2 ) cos x + (−C1 + 4C2 ) sin x] .
Using y(0) = 4 and y 0 (0) = −1 we obtain the system C1 = 4, 4C1 + C2 = −1. Thus, C1 = 4
and C2 = −17. The solution is y = e4x (4 cos x − 17 sin x).
1 1 1
25. 2m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = 1/2 ± (1/2)i; y = ex/2 (C1 cos x + C2 sin x); y 0 = ex/2 [ (C1 +
2 2 2
1 1 1
C2 ) cos x− (C1 −C2 ) sin x]. Using y(0) = −1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain the system C1 = −1,
2 2 2  
1 1 x/2 1 1
C1 + C2 = 0. Thus, C1 = −1 and C2 = 1. The solution is y = e sin x − cos x .
2 2 2 2
16.2. HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 293

26. m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1; y = C1 ex + C2 xex ; y 0 = (C1 + C2 )ex +

C2 xex .
Using y(0) = 5 and y 0 (0) = 10 we obtain the system C1 = 5, C1 + C2 = 10. Thus,
C1 = C2 = 5. The solution is y = 5ex + 5xex .
√ √
2
√ −x/2 7 7
27. m + m + 2 = 0 =⇒ m = −1/2 ± ( 7/2)i; y = e (C1 cos x + C2 sin x);
" √ √ √ √2 # 2
1 7 7 7 1 7
y 0 = e−x/2 (− C1 + C2 ) cos x + (− C1 − C2 ) sin x .
2 2 2 2 2 2
√
1 7
Using y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain the system C1 = 0, − C1 + C2 = 0. Thus, C1 = C2 = 0.
2 2
The solution is y = 0.
28. 4m2 − 4 − 3 = 0 =⇒ (2m − 3)(2m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −1/2, 3/2; y = C1 e−x/2 + C2 e3x/2 ;
1 3
y 0 = − C1 e−x/2 + C2 e3x/2 . Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 5 we obtain the system C1 +C2 = 1,
2 2
1 3 7 11
− C1 + C2 = 5. Thus, c1 = −7/4 and C2 = 11/4. The solution is y = − e−x/2 + e3x/2 .
2 2 4 4
29. m2 −3m+2 = 0 =⇒ (m−1)(m−2) = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 2; y = C1 ex +C2 e2x ; y 0 = C1 ex +2C2 e2x .
Using y(1) = 0 and y 0 (1) = 1 we obtain the system eC1 + e2 C2 = 0, eC1 + 2e2 C2 = 1. Thus,
C1 = −e−1 and C2 = e−2. The solution is y = −ex−1 + e2x−2 .
0
30. m2 +1 = 0 =⇒ m2 = −1 =⇒ m = ±i; y = C1 cos x+C2 sin x; √ y = C1 sin√ x+C2 cos x. Using
1 3 3 1
y(π/3) = 0 and y 0 (π/3) = 2 we obtain the system C1 + C2 = 0, − C1 + C2 = 2.
√ 2
√ 2 2 2
Thus, C1 = − 3 and C2 = 1. The solution is y = − 3 cos x + sin x.
31. The auxiliary equation is (m − 4)(m + 5) = m2 + m − 20 = 0. The differential equation is
y 00 + y 0 − 20y = 0.
32. The auxiliary equation is [(m − 3) − i] [(m − 3) + i] = (m − 3)2 − i2 = m2 − 6m + 10 = 0. The
differential equation is y 00 = 6y 0 + 10y = 0.
33. The auxiliary equation is m2 +1 = 0, so m = ±i. The general solution is y = C1 cos x+C2 sin x.
The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0, y(π) = −C1 = 0, so y = C2 sin x.
34. The general solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x. The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 =
0, y(π) = −C1 = 1, which is a contradiction. No solution.
35. The general solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x. The boundary conditions yield y 0 (0) = C2 =
0 1


0, y 2 = −C1 = 2, so y = −2 cos x.
36. The auxiliary equation is m2 − 1 = 0, so m = ±1. The general solution is y = C1 ex + C2 e−x .
The boundary conditions yield y(0)  = C1 + C2 = 1, y(1) = C1e + C2 e−1 = −1, or C1 =
−1 −1
−1 − e e+1 −1 − e e+1
and C2 = , so y = ex + e−x.
e − e−1 e − e−1 e − e−1 e − e−1
37. The auxiliary equation is m2 − 2m + 2 = 0, so m = 1 ± i. The general solution is y =
ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) . The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 1 and y(π) = −eπ C1 =
−1, which is a contradiction. No solution.
294 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

38. The general solution is y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) . The boundary conditions yield y(0) =
C1 = 1 and y (π/2) = C2 eπ/2 = 1, so y = ex cos x + e−π/2 sin x

39. The auxiliary equation is m2 − 4m + 4 = 0, so m = 2 is a repeated root. The general solution

is y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x . The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0 and y(1) = C2 e2 = 1,
so y = xe−2 e2x = xe2(x−1) .

40. The general solution is y = C1 e2x +C2 xe2x . The boundary conditions yield y 0 (0) = 2C1 +C2 =
1 and y(1) = (C1 + C2 ) e2 = 2, or C1 = 1 − 2e−2 and C2 = −1 + 4e−2 , so y = (1 − 2e−2 )e2x +
(−1 + 4e−2 )xe2x .

41. Assuming a solution of the form y = emx we obtain the auxiliary equation m3 − 9m2 + 25m −
17 = 0. Since y1 = ex is a solution we know that m1 = 1 is a root of the auxiliary equation.
The equation can then be written as (m−1)(m2 −8m+17) = 0. The roots of this equation are 1
and 4±i. The general solution of the differential equation is y = C1 ex +e4x (C2 cos x+C3 sin x).

42. Assuming a solution of the form y = emx we obtain the auxiliary equation m3 +6m2 +m−34 =
0. Since y1 = e−4x cos x is a solution, we know that m1 = −4 + i is a root of the auxiliary
equation. Using the fact that complex roots of real polynomial equations occur in conjugate
pairs we have that m2 = −4−i is also a root. Thus [m−(−4+i)][m−(−4−i)] = m2 +8m+17 is
a factor of the auxiliary equation and we can write it as m3 +6m2 +m−34 = (m2 +8m+17)(m−
2) = 0. The general solution of the differential equation is y = C1 e2x +e−4x (C1 cos x+C2 sin x).

43. y 0 = memx , y 00 = m2 emx , y 000 = m3 emx ; m3 emx − 4m2 emx − 5memx = 0 =⇒ (m3 − 4m2 −
5m)emx = 0 =⇒ m3 − 4m2 − 5m = 0 =⇒ m(m − 5)(m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = 0, −1, 5; y =
C1 + C2 e−x + C3 e5x

44. y 0 = memx , y 00 = m2 emx , y 000 = m3 emx ; m3 emx + 3m2 emx − 4memx − 12emx = 0 =⇒
(m3 + 3m2 − 4m − 12)emx = 0 =⇒ m3 + 3m2 − 4m − 12 = 0 =⇒ m2 (m + 3) − 4(m + 3) =
0 =⇒ (m2 − 4)(m + 3) = 0 =⇒ m = −3, −2, 2; y = C1 e−3x + C2 e−2x + C3 e2x

45. Case 1: λ = −α2 < 0

Auxiliary equation is m2 − α2 = 0, so m = ±α and general solution is y = C1 eαx + C2 e−αx .
Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 +C2 = 0 and y(1) = C1 eα +C2 e−α = 0, or C1 = C2 = 0.
So Case 1 yields no nonzero solutions.

Case 2: λ = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 = 0, so m = 0 is a repeated root and general solution is y = C1 +C2 x.
Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0 and y(1) = C2 = 0. So Case 2 yields no nonzero
solutions.

Case 3: λ = α2 > 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 + α2 = 0, so m = ±αi and the general solution is y = C1 cos αx +
C2 sin x. Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0 and y(1) = C2 sin α = 0. Hence, nonzero
solutions exist only when sin α = 0, which implies α = ±nπ so that λ = n2 π 2 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(n = 0 is excluded since that would give λ = 0).
16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 295

4 4
46. (a) If the earth has density ρ then M = ρ πR3 and Mr = ρ πr3 , so that M/Mr = R3 /r3
3 3
and Mr = r3 M/R3 . Then

Mr m r3 M m/R3 mM
F = −k = −k = −k 3 r.
r2 r2 R

d2 r mM d2 r kM d2 r
(b) Since a = d2 r/dt2 ,F = ma = m = −k r =⇒ + r = 0 =⇒ + ω2 r =
dt2 R3 dt2 R3 dt2
0whereω 2 = kM/R3 . Since kmM/R2 = mg we have ω 2 = kM/R3 = g/R.
(c) The general solution of the differential equation in part (b) is r(t) = c1 cos ωt + c2 sin ωt.
The initial conditions r(0) = R and r0 (0) = 0 imply c1 = R and c2 = 0. Then r(t) =
R cos ωt. The mass oscillates back and forth from one side of the earth to the other with
a period of T = 2π/ω. If we use R=3960 mi and g=32 ft/s2 , then T ≈ 5079 s or 1.41 h.

47.

48.

16.3 Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

1. m2 − 9 = 0 =⇒ m = −3, 3; yc = C1 e−3x + C2 e3x ; yp = A, yp0 = yp00 = 0; −9A = 54 =⇒
A = −6; yp = −6; y = C1 e−3x + C2 e3x − 6

2. 2m2 − 7m + 5 = 0 =⇒ (2m − 5)(m − 1) = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 5/2; yc = C1 ex + C2 e5x/2 ; yp =

29
A, yp0 = yp00 = 0; 5A = −29 =⇒ A = −29/5; y = C1 ex + C2 e5x/2 −
5
3. m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 =⇒ (m + 2)2 = 0 =⇒ m = −2, −2; yc = C1 e−2x + C2 xe−2x ; yp =
Ax + B, yp0 = A, yp00 = 0; 4A + 4(Ax + B) = 2x + 6 =⇒ 4Ax + 4(A + B) = 2x + 6
Solving 4A = 2, 4A + 4B = 6, we obtain A = 1/2 and B = 1. Thus, y = C1 e−2x + C2 xe−2x +
1
x + 1.
2
4. m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex ; yp = Ax3 + Bx2 +
Cx + d, yp0 = 3Ax2 + 2Bx + C, yp00 = 6Ax + 2B
(6Ax + 2B) − 2(3Ax2 + 2Bx + c) + (Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D) = x3 + 4x
=⇒ Ax3 + (−6A + B)x2 + (6A − 4B + C)x + (2B − 2C + D) = x3 + 4x
Solving A = 1, −6A + B = 0, 6A − 4B + c = 4, 2B − 2C + D = 0, we obtain A = 1, B =
6, C = 22, and D = 32. Thus, y = C1 ex + C2 xex + x3 + 6x2 + 22x + 32.

5. m2 + 25 = 0 =⇒ m = ±5i; yc = C1 cos 5x + C2 sin 5x; yp = A sin x + B cos x, yp0 = A cos x −

B sin x, yp00 = −A sin x − B cos x; −A sin x − B cos x + 25(A sin x + B cos x) = 6 sin x =⇒
1
24A sin x + 24B cos x = 6 sin x; A = 1/4, B = 0; y = C1 cos 5x + C2 sin 5x + sin x
4
6. m2 − 4 = 0 =⇒ m = −2, 2; yc = C1 e−2x + C2 e2x ; yp0 = 4Ae4x , yp00 =
yp = Ae4x ,
7
16Ae4x − 4Ae4x = 7e4x =⇒ 12Ae4x = 7e4x =⇒ A = 7/12; y = C1 e−2x + C2 e2x + e4x
12
296 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

7. m2 − 2m − 3 = 0 =⇒ (m − 3)(m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 3; yc = C1 e−x + C2 e3x

yp = Ae2x + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E, yp0 = 2Ae2x + 3Bx2 + 2Cx + D, yp00 = 4Ae2x + 6Bx + 2C
(4Ae2x + 6Bx + 2C) − 2(2Ae2x + 3Bx2 + 2Cx + D) − 3(Ae2x + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E) =
4e2x +2x3 =⇒ −3Ae2x 3Bx3 +(−6B −3C)x2 +(6B −4C −3D)x+(2C −2D −3E) = 4e2x +2x3
Solving −3A = 4, −3B = 2, −6B − 3C = 0, 6B − 4C − 3D = 0, 2C − 2D − 3E = 0, we
obtain A = −4/3, B = −2/3, C = 4/3, D = −28/9, and E = 80/27. Thus,
4 2 4 28 80
y = C1 e−x + C2 e3x − e2x − x3 + x2 − x + .
3 3 3 9 27
√
1 3 √ √
8. m2 + m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = − ± i; yc = e−x/2 (C1 cos 3x/2 + C2 sin 3x/2)
2 2
yp = Ax2 ex + Bxex + Cex + D, yp0 = Ax2 ex + (2A + B)xex + (B + C)ex
yp00 = Ax2 ex + (4A + B)xex + (2A + 2B + C)ex
 2 x   
Ax  e2 + (4A + B)xex + (2A+ 2B + C)ex + Ax2 ex + (2A + B)xex + (B + C)ex
+ Ax ex + Bxex + Cex + D = x2 ex +3 =⇒ 3Ax2 ex +(6A+3B)xex (2A+3B +3C)ex +D =
x2 ex + 3
Solving 3A = 1, 6A + 3B = 0, 2A + 3B + 3C = 0, D = 3, we obtain A = 1/3, B =
−2/3, C = 4/9, and D = 3. Thus,
√ √ 1 2 4
y = e−x/2 (C1 cos 3x/2 + C2 sin 3x/2) + x2 ex − xex + ex + 3.
3 3 9

9. m2 − 8m + 25 = 0 =⇒ m = 4 ± 3i; yc = e4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x); yp = Ae3x + B sin 2x +

C cos 2x, yp0 = 3Ae3x + 2B cos 2x − 2C sin 2x, yp00 = 9Ae3x − 4B sin 2x − 4C cos 2x
(9Ae3x − 4B sin 2x − 4C cos 2x) − 8(3Ae3x + 2B cos 2x − 2C sin 2x) + 25(Ae3x + B sin 2x +
C cos 2x) = e3x − 6 cos 2x =⇒ 10Ae3x + (21B + 16C) sin 2x + (−16B + 21C) cos 2x = e3x −
6 cos 2x
Solving 10A = 1, 21B + 16C = 0, −16B + 21C = −6, we obtain A = 1/10, B = 96/697,
and C = −126/697. Thus,
1 3x 96 126
y = e4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x) + e + sin 2x − cos 2x.
10 697 697

10. m2 − 5m + 4 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)(m − 4) = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 4; yc = C1 ex + C2 e4x

yp = A sinh 3x + B cosh 3x, yp0 = 3A cosh 3x + 3B sinh 3x, yp00 = 9A sinh 3x + 9B cosh 3x
(9A sinh 3x+9B cosh 3x)−5(3A cosh 3x+3B sinh 3x)+4(A sinh 3x+B cosh 3x) = 2 sinh 3x =⇒
(13A − 15B) sinh 3x + (−15A + 13B) cosh 3x = 2 sinh 3x
Solving 13A − 15B = 2, −15A + 13B = 0, we obtain A = −13/28 and B = −15/28. Thus,
13 15
y + C1 ex + C2 e4x − sinh 3x − cosh 3x.
28 28

11. m2 − 64 = 0 =⇒ m = −8, 8; yc = C1 e−8x + C2 e8x ; yp = A, yp0 = yp00 = 0

1
− 64A = 16 =⇒ A = −1/4; y = C1 e−8x + C2 e8x − , y 0 = −8C1 e−8x + 8C2 e8x .
4
1
Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain C1 + C2 − = 1, −8C1 + 8C2 = 0, or C1 = C2 = 5/8.
4
5 5 1
Thus, y = e−8x + e8x − .
8 8 4
16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 297

12. m2 + 5m − 6 = 0 =⇒ (m + 6)(m − 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −6, 1; yc = C1 e−6x + C2 ex ; yp =

Ae2x , yp0 = 2Ae2x , yp00 = 4Ae2x ; Ae2x + 5(2Ae2x ) − 6(Ae2x ) = 10e2x =⇒ 8Ae2x = 10e2x =⇒
5 5
A = 5/4; y = C1 e−6x + C2 ex + e2x , y 0 = −6C1 e−6x + C2 ex + e2x .
4 2
5 5 9
Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain C1 + C2 + = 1, −6C1 + C2 + = 0, or C1 =
4 2 28
4 9 −6x 4 x 5 2x
and C2 = − . Thus, y = e − e + e .
7 28 7 4
 
 cos x sin x 
13. m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −i; i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =  =1
− sin x cos x 
u01 = − sin x sec x = − tan x, u1 = ln | cos x|; u02 = cos x sec x = 1, u2 = x
yp = cos x ln | cos x| + x sin x; y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + cos x ln | cos x| + x sin x
 
2
 cos x sin x 
14. m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =   =1
− sin x cos x 
sin2 x 1 − cos2 x
u01 = − sin x tan x = − =− = − sec x + cos x, u1 = − ln | sec x + tan x| + sin x
cos x cos x
u02 = cos x tan x = sin x; u2 = − cos x
yp = − cos x ln | sec x + tan x| + sin x cos x − sin x cos x = − cos x ln | sec x + tan x|
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x − cos x ln | sec x + tan x|
 
2
 cos x sin x 
15. m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =   =1
− sin x cos x 
1 1 1
u01 = − sin2 x, u1 = − x + sin x cos x; u02 = sin x cos x, u2 = sin2 x
2 2 2
1 1 1
yp = − x cos x + sin x cos2 x + sin3 x
2 2 2
1 1 1
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x − x cos x + sin x cos2 x + sin3 x
2 2 2
1 1 1
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x − x cos x + sin x(cos x + sin2 x) = C1 cos x + C3 sin x − x cos x
2
2 2 2
 
 cos x sin x  
16. m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =  =1
− sin x cos x 
0 2 2 0
u1 = − sin x sec x tan x = − tan x = 1−sec x, u1 = x−tan x; u2 = cos x sec x tan x = tan x
u2 = − ln | cos x|; yp = cos x(tan x − x) = x cos x − sin x − sin x ln | cos x|
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x cos x − sin x − sin x ln | cos x| = C1 cos x + C3 sin x + x cos x − sin x ln | cos x|
 
2
 cos x sin x 
17. m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =   =1
− sin x cos x 
u01 = − sin x cos2 x u1 = 31 cos3 x; u02 = cos x cos2 x = cos x−cos x sin2 x, u2 = sin x− 13 sin3 x
yp = 31 cos4 x + sin2 x − 13 sin4 x = sin2 x + 13 (cos2 x − sin2 x) = sin2 x + 13 cos 2x
1 1 1 1
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + sin2 x + cos 2x = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + − cos 2x + cos 2x
3 2 2 3
1 1
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x + − cos 2x
2 6
 
2
 cos x sin x 
18. m + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =   =1
− sin x cos x 
298 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

u01 = − sin x sec2 x = − tan x sec x, u1 = − sec x; u02 = cos x sec2 x = sec x;
u2 = ln | sec x + tan x|
yp = − cos x sec x + sin x ln | sec x + tan x| = −1 + sin x ln | sec x + tan x|
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x − 1 + sin x ln | sec x + tan x|
 −x 
2 −x x
 e ex 
19. m − 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 1; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W =  =2
−e−x ex 

1 1 1 1
u01 = ex cosh x = − (e2x + 1), u1 = − e2x − x;
2 4 8 4
1 1 1 1
u02 = e−x cosh x = (1 + e−2x ) u2 = x − e−2x ,
2 4 4 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
yp = e−x (− e2x − x) + ex ( x − e−2x = − ex − xe−x + xex − d−x
8 4 4 8 8 4 4 8
1 x 1 −x 1
= − e − e + x sinh x
8 8 2
1 1 1 1
y = C1 e−x + C2 ex − ex − e−x + x sinh x = C3 e−x + C4 ex + x sinh x
8 8 2 2
 −x 
2 −x x
 e ex 
20. m − 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 1; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W =  =2
−e−x ex 

1 1 1 1
u01 = − ex sinh 2x = − (e3x − e−x ), u1 = − e3x − e−x
2 4 12 4
1 1 1 1
u02 = d−x sinh 2x = (ex − e−3x ), u2 = ex + e−3x
2 4 4 12
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
yp = e−x (− e3x − e−x ) + ex ( ex + e−3x ) = − e2x − e−2x + e2x + e−2x
12 4 4 12 12 4 4 12
1 1 1
= e2x − e−2x = sinh 2x
6 6 3
−x x 1
y = C1 e + C2 e + sinh 2x
3
 e−2x
 
2 −2x 2x e2x 
21. m − 4 = 0 =⇒ m = −2, 2; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W =  =4
−2e−2x 2e2x 

2x 4x Z x 4t  2x 
1 e 1e 1 e 1 e 1 1
u01 = − e2x ( )=− , u1 = − dt; u02 = e−2x = , u2 = ln |x|
4 x 4 x 4 x0 t 4 x 4x 4
1 −2x x e4t
Z Z x 4t
1 2x 1 e 1
yp = − e dt + e ln |x|; y = C1 e−2x + C2 e2x − e2x dt + e2x ln |x|
4 x0 t 4 4 x0 t 4
 e−3x
 
e3x 
22. m2 − 9 = 0 =⇒ m = −3, 3; yc = C1 e−3x + C2 e3x ; W =  −3x =6
−3e 3e3x 
1 9x 3 3 1 9x 3
u01 = − e3x ( 3x = − x, u1 = − x2 ; u02 = e−3x ( 3x ) = xe−6x
6 e 2 4 6 e 2
Z
3 −6x
u2 = xe dx Integration by parts
2
1 1
= − xe−6x − e−6x
4 24
3 1 1 3 1
yp = − x2 e−3x − xe−3x − e−3x ; y = C3 e−3x + C2 e3x − x2 e−3x − xe−3x
4 4 24 4 4
16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 299

23. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 =⇒ (m  + 2)(m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m −x = −2, −1; yc = C1 e−2x + C2 e−x

 e−2x e −x 
−3x 1 e e2x
W =  −2x −x  = e
 ; u01 = − −3x =−
−2e −e e 1+e x 1 + ex
Z 2x
e
u1 = − dx v = 1 + ex , dv = ex dx, ex = v − 1
1 + ex
v−1
Z
=− dv = −v + ln |v| = −1 − ex + ln(1 + ex )
v
yp = e−2x [−1 − ex + ln(1 + ex )] + e−x ln(1 + ex ) = −e−2x − e−x + e−2x ln(1 + ex )
+ e−x ln(1 + ex )
y = C1 e−2x + C2 e−x − e−2x − e−x + e−2x ln(1 + ex ) + e−x ln(1 + ex )
= C3 e−2x + C4 e−x + e−2x ln(1 + ex ) + e−x ln(1 + ex )

24. m2 − 3m + 2 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)(m − 2) = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 2; yc = C1 ex + C2 e2x ;

 ex e2x  3x 0 1 2x e3x e2x
W =  x 2x  = e ; u1 = − 3x e =−

e 2e e 1+e x 1 + ex
Z 2x
e
u1 = − dx v = 1 + ex , dv = ex dx, ex = v − 1
1 + ex
v−1
Z
=− dv = −v + ln |v| = −1 − ex + ln(1 + ex )
v
1 e3x ex
u02 = 3x ex x
= , u2 = ln(1 + ex )
e 1+e 1 + ex
yp = ex [−1 − ex + ln(1 + ex )] + e2x ln(1 + ex ) = −ex − e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x ln(1 + ex )
y = C1 ex + C2 e2x − ex − e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x ln(1 + ex )
= C3 ex + C4 e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x ln(1 + ex )

−2x
25. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 =⇒ (m  + 2)(m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −2, −1; yc = C1 e + C2 e−x
 e−2x e −x 
−3x 1
W =  −2x −x  = e
 ; u01 = − −3x e−x sin ex = −e2x sin ex
−2e
Z −e e
u1 = − e2x sin ex dx Integration by parts

= ex cos ex − sin ex
1
u02 = −3x e−2x sin ex = ex sin ex , u2 = − cos ex
e
yp = e−2x (ex cos ex −sin ex )+e−x (− cos ex ) = −e−2x sin ex ; y = C1 e−2x +C2 e−x −e−2x sin ex

26. m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex ;

 ex xex  = e2x ; u01 = − 1 xex ex tan−1 x = −x tan−1 x

W =  x
e xe + ex 
x
e2x
300 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Z
u1 = − x tan−1 xdx Integration by parts
1 1 1
= − x2 tan−1 x − tan−1 x + x
2 2 2
1 x x 1
u2 = 2x e e tan x = tan x, u2 = x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 )
0 −1 −1
e    2 
1 2 1 1 1
yp = e − x tan x − tan x + x + xe x tan−1 x − ln(1 + x2 )
x −1 −1 x
2 2 2 2
1 2 x 1 1 1
= x e tan−1 x − ex tan−1 x + xex − xex ln(1 + x2 )
2 2 2 2
1 2 x 1 x 1
y = C1 e + C3 xe + x e tan x − e tan−1 x − xex ln(1 + x2 )
x x −1
2 2 2
27. m2 − 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex ;
 ex xex  2x 0 1 x ex x 1
W =  x x x  = e ; u1 = − 2x xe
 =− , u1 = − ln(1 + x2 );
e xe + e e 1+x 2 1+x 2 2
0 1 x ex 1 −1
u2 = 2x e = , u2 = tan x
e 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1
yp = − ex ln(1 + x2 ) + xex tan−1 x; y = C1 ex + C2 xex − ex ln(1 + x2 ) + xex tan−1 x
2 2
28. m2 − 2m + 2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1 ± i; yc = ex (C1 cos  x + C2 sin x);
x x
 e cos x e sin x 
 = e2x
W = 
−ex sin x + ex cos x ex cos x + ex sin x 
1 1
u01 = − 2x ex sin x ex sec x = − tan x, u1 = ln | cos x|; u02 = 2x ex sec x = 1, u2 = x
e e
yp = ex cos x ln | cos x| + xex sin x; y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) + ex cos x ln | cos x| + xex sin x
29. m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (m + 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, −1; yc = C1 e−x + C2 xe−x
 e−x xe−x  −2x 1
W =  −x −x −x  = e
 ; u01 = − −2x xe−x e−x ln x = −x ln x
−e
Z −xe + e e
u1 = − x ln xdx Integration by parts
1 2 1 2
= x − x ln x
4 2
1
u02 = −2x e−x e−x ln x = ln x, u2 = x ln x − x
e  
−x 1 2 1 2 1 3
yp = e x − x ln x + xe−x (x ln x − x) = x2 e−x ln x − x2 e−x
4 2 2 4
1 3
y = C1 e−x + C2 xe−x + x2 e−x ln x − x2 e−x
2 4
30. m2 + 10m + 25 = 0 =⇒ (m + 5)2 = 0 =⇒ m = −5, −5; yc = C1 e−5x + C2 xe−5x
 e−5x xe−5x  −10x 1 e−10x e−5x
W =  −5x −5x −5x  = e
 ; u01 = −10x xe−5x 2 = −
−5e −5xe +e e x x
Z −5x Z x −5t −10x −5x
e e 1 e e
u1 = − dx = − dt; u02 = −10x e−5x 2 = 2 ,
x x 0
t e x x
Z −5x Z x −5t Z x −5x Z x −5t
e e −5x e −5x e
u2 = dx = dt; yp = −e dt + xe dt
x2 x0 t 2
x0 t x0 t
2
16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS 301

x x
e−5t e−5t
Z Z
y = C1 e−5x + C2 xe−5x − e−5x dt + xe−5x dt
x0 t x0 t2

31. 4m2 − 4m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (2m − 1) 2

 = 0 =⇒ m = 1/2, 1/2; yc = C1 e
x/2
+ C2 xex/2
 e x/2 x/2
xe  1 x/2 −x 1 1
0
W =  1 x/2 1 x/2 x
x/2  = e ; u1 = − x xe (2e + x) = −2xe−3x/2 − x2 e−x/2
 
 e xe +e e 4 4
2Z 2 Z
1
u1 = −2 xe−3x/2 dx − x2 e−x/2 dx Integration by parts
4
4 8 1
= xe−3x/2 + e−3x/2 + x2 e−x/2 + 2xe−x/2 + 4e−x/2
3 9 2
1 1 1
u02 = x ex/2 (2e−x + x) = 2e−3x/2 − xe−x/2
eZ 4 Z 4
−3x/2 1 −x/2
u2 = 2 e dx + xe dx Integration by parts
4
4 1
= − e−3x/2 − xe−x/2 − e−x/2
3 2
x/2 4 −3x/2 8 1
yp = e ( xe + e−3x/2 + x2 e−x/2 + 2xe−x/2 + 4e−x/2 )
3 9 2
4 −3x/2 1 −x/2 8
x/2
+ xe (− e − xe − e−x/2 ) = e−x + x + 4
3 2 9
x/2 x/2 8 −x
y = C1 e + C2 xe + e +x+4
9
32. 4m2 − 4m + 1 = 0 =⇒ (2m − 1)2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1/2, 1/2; yc = C1 ex/2 + C2 xex/2
 ex/2 √
xex/2  1 x/2 ex/2 √ x 1 − x2 0
x 0 2
W =  1 x/2 1 x/2  = e ; u1 = − x xe 1−x = − u1 =
 
 e xe + ex/2  e 4 4
2 2 √
1 1 ex/2 √ 1 − x2
(1 − x2 )3/2 ; u02 = x ex/2 1 − x2 =
12 Z e 4 4
1 p 2
u2 = 1 − x dx Trig substitution
4
1 1 p
= sin−1 x + x 1 − x2
8 8
1 x/2 1 1 √
yp = e (1 − x2 )3/2 + xex/2 sin−1 x + x2 ex/2 1 − x2
12 8 8
1 x/2 1 1 √
y = C1 e x/2
+ C2 xe x/2
+ e (1 − x ) + xex/2 sin−1 x + x2 ex/2 1 − x2
2 3/2
12 8 8
 −x 
 e ex 
33. m2 − 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 1; yc = C1 e−x + C2 ex ; W =  =2
−e−x ex 
1 1
u01 = ex xex = − xe2x
2 Z 2
1 2x
u1 = − xe dx Integration by parts
2
1 1
= e2x − xe2x
8 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u02 = e−x xex = x, u2 = x2 ; yp = e−x ( e2x − xe2x ) + ex ( x2 ) = ex − xex + x2 ex
2 2 4 8 4 4 8 4 4
302 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1 1 1 1 1
y = C1 e−x + C3 ex − xex + x2 ex ; y 0 = −C1 e−x + C3 ex − ex + xex + x2 ex
4 4 4 4 4
0 1
Using y(0) = 1 and y (0) = 0 we have C1 + C3 = 1, −C1 + C3 − = 0, or C1 = 3/8 and
4
3 5 1 1
C3 = 5/8. Thus, y = e−x + ex − xex + x2 ex .
8 8 4 4
34. 2m2 + m − 1 = 0 =⇒ (2m − 1)(m + 1) = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 1/2; yc = C1 e−x + C2 ex/2
 e−x ex/2  3 2 (x + 1) 1 1
W = 1 x/2  = e−x/2 ; u01 = − −x/2 ex/2 = − (xex + ex ), u1 = − xex

 −e−x e  2 3e 2 3 3
2
0 2 −x (x + 1) 1
u2 = −x/2 e = e−x/2 (x + 1)
3eZ 2 3
1
u2 = e−x/2 (x + 1)dx Integration by parts
3
2
= − xe−x/2 − 2e−x/2
3
1 2
yp = e (− xex ) + ex/2 (− xe−x/2 − 2e−x/2 ) = −x − 2
−x
3 3
1
y = C1 e−x + C2 ex/2 − x − 2; y 0 = −C1 e−x + C2 ex/2 − 1
2
1
Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain C1 + C2 − 2 = 1, −C1 + C2 − 1 = 0, or C1 = 1/3
2
1 8
and C2 = 8/3. Thus, y = e−x + ex/2 − x − 2.
3 3
 
00 1 0 1 4  x x ln x 
35. y − y + 2 y = ln x; yc = C1 x + C2 x ln x; W =   =x
x x x 1 1 + ln x 
1 4 4 4 1 4 4
u01 = − (x ln x)( ln x) = − (ln x)2 , u1 = − (ln x)3 ; u02 = (x)( ln x) = ln x,
x x x 3 x x x
4 2 2
u2 = 2(ln x)2 ; yp = − x(ln x)3 + 2x(ln x)3 = x(ln x)3 ; y + C1 x + C2 x ln x + x(ln x)3
3 3 3
 2 
00 4 0 6 1 2 3
 x x3 
36. y − y + 2 y = 3 ; yc = C1 x + C2 x ; W =   = x4 ;
x x  x 2x 3x2 
  
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u01 = − 4 (x3 ) 3
= − 4 ; u1 = 3 ; u02 = 4 (x2 ) 3
= 5 , u2 = − 4 ;
x  x  x  3x x x x 4x
2 1 3 1 1
yp = x +x − 4 =
3x3 4x 12x
2 3 1
y = C1 x + C2 x +
12x
37. Writing the differential equation in the form d2 C/dx2 − (1/λ2 )C = −C(∞)/λ2 we see that
the auxiliary equation is m2 − 1/λ2 = 0. Thus, Cc = c1 ex/λ + c2 e−x/λ . Using undetermined
coefficients with Cp = A we find that A = C(∞). Then C(x) = c1 ex/λ + c2 e−x/λ + C(∞).
Since C(0) = c1 +c2 +C(∞) = 0 and lim C(x) = C(∞) we see that c1 = 0 and c2 = −C(∞).
x→∞
Thus, C(x) = C(∞)(1 − e−x/λ ).
38. If yc is the complementary function and yp is a particular solution, we have

ayc00 + byc0 + cyc = 0 and ayp00 + byp0 + cyp = g(x).

16.4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 303

Therefore, letting y = yc + yp , we have

ay 00 = by 0 + cy 0 = a(yc + yp )00 + b(yc + yp )0 + c(yc + yp )

= ayc00 + ayp00 + byc0 + byp0 + cyc + cyp
= [ayc00 + byc0 + cyc ] + [ayp00 + byp0 + cyp ]
= ayp00 + byp0 + cyp = g(x)

39. (a) Substituting Aex in for y in the DE, we have Aex + 2Aex − 3Aex = 10ex or 0 = 10ex ,
which is a contradiction for any value of A.
(b) Substituting Axex for y, we have

A(x + 2)ex + A(2x + 2)ex − 3Axex = 10ex .

Equating coefficients of xex and coefficients of ex , we get

A + 2A − 3A = 0 and 2A + 2A = 10
5 5
which gives A = . Therefore, yp = xex .
2 2
(c) The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m − 3 = 0, so m = −3 or m = 1. This gives yc =
C1 e−3x + C2 ex . Therefore, the general solution is
5
y = yc + yp = C1 e−3x + C2 ex + xex
2

40. The auxiliary equation is m2 − 1 = 0, so m = ±1. This gives yc = C1 e−x + C2 ex . We look for a
particular solution of the form yp = Axex + B(x − 2)e−x − Axex − Bxex = e−x − ex . Equating
coefficients of xex , ex , xe−x , and e−x , we get A − A = 0, 2A = −1, B − B = 0, −2B = 1,
1 1 1 1
which gives A = − , B = − . Therefore, yp = − xex − xe−x and the general solution is
2 2 2 2
1 1
y = yc + yp = C1 e−x + C2 ex − xex − xe−x
2 2

16.4 Mathematical Models

1. A weight of 4 pounds is pushed up 3 feet above the equilibrium position. At t = 0 it is given
an initial speed upward of 2 feet per second.
2. A mass of 2 pounds is pulled down 0.7 feet below the equilibrium position and held. At t = 0
it is released from rest.
1 1
3. Using m = W/g = 8/32 = 1/4, the initial value problem is x00 + x = 0; x(0) = , x0 (0) =
4 2
3 1
. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so m = ±2i and x = C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t,
2 4
3
x0 = −2C1 sin 2t + 2C2 cos 2t. Using the initial condition, we obtain C1 = 1/2 and C2 = .
4
1 3
The equation of motion is x(t) = cos 2t + sin 2t.
2 4
304 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4. From Hooke’s law we have 24 = k(1/3), so k = 72. Using m = W/g = 24/32 = 3/4, the initial
3 3
value problem is x00 +72x = 0; x(0) = −3, x0 (0) = 0. The auxiliary equation is m2 +72 =
√ 4 √ √ √ √ √ 4 √
0, so m = ±4 6i and x = C1 cos 4 6t+C2 sin 4 6t, x0 = −4 6C1 sin 4 6+4 6C2 cos 4 6t.
1 √
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = −1/4 and C2 = 0. Thus, x(t) = − cos 4 6t.
4
5. From Hooke’s law we have 400 = k(2), so k = 200. The initial value problem is 50x00 + 200x =
0; x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = −1 = . The auxiliary equation is 50m2 + 200 = 0, so m = ±2i and
x = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x, x0 = −2C1 sin 2x + 2C2 cos 2x. Using the initial conditions, we
obtain C1 = 0 and C2 = −5. Thus, x(1) = −5 sin 2x.
1 00
6. Using m = W/g = 2/32 = 1/16, the initial value problem is x + 4x = 0; x(0) =
16
2 4
, x0 (0) = − . The auxiliary equation is m2 /16 + 4 = 0, so m = ±8i and x = C1 cos 8x +
3 3
C2 sin 8x, x0 = −8C1 sin 8x + 8C2 cos 8x. Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 2/3
2 1
and C2 = −1/6. Thus, x(t) = cos 8t − sin 8t.
3 6
7. A 2 pound weight is released from the equilibrium position with an upward speed of 1.5 ft/s.
A damping force numerically equal to twice the instantaneous velocity acts on the system.
8. A 16 pound weight is released from 2 feet above the equilibrium position with a downward
speed of 1 ft/s. A damping force numerically equal to the instantaneous velocity acts on the
system.
1 00
9. Using m = W/g = 4/32 = 1/8, the initial value problem is x + x0 + 2x = 0; x(0) =
8
−1, x0 (0) = 8. The auxiliary equation is m2 /8 + m + 2 = 0 or (m + 4)2 = 0, so m = −4, −4
and x = C1 e−4t + C2 te−4t , x0 = (C2 − 4C1 )e−4t − 4C2 te−4t . Using the initial conditions, we
obtain C1 = −1 and C2 = 4. Thus, x(t) = −e−4t +4te−4t . Solving x(t) = −e4t +4te−4t = 0, we
see that the weight passes through the equilibrium position at t = 1/4s. To find the maximum
displacement we solve x0 (t) = 8e−4t − 16te−4t = 0. This gives t = 1/2. Since x(1/2) = e−2 ≈
0.14, the maximum displacement is approximately 0.14 feet below the equilibrium position at
t = 1/2s.
10. From Hooke’s law we have 40(980) = k(10), so k = 3920. The initial value problem is 40x00 +
560x0 + 3920x = 0; x(0) = 0, x0 (0) − 2. The auxiliary equation is 40m2 + 560m + 3920 = 0
or m2 + 14m + 98 = 0, so m = −7 ± 7i and x = e−7t (C1 cos 7t + C2 sin 7t),
x0 = −7(C1 + C2 )e−7t sin 7t − 7(C1 − C2 )e−7t cos 7t. Using the initial conditions, we obtain
2
C1 = 0 and C2 = 2/7. Thus, x(t) = e−7t sin 7t.
7
11. From Hooke’s law we have 10 = k(7 − 5), so k = 5. Using m = W/g = 8/32 = 1/4, the
1 1
initial value problem is x00 + x0 + 5x = 0; x(0) = ; x0 (0) = 1. The auxiliary equation is
4 2
m2 /4+m+5 = 0 or m2 +4m+20 = 0, so m = −2±4i. Thus, x = e−2t (C1 cos 4t+C2 sin 4t) and
x0 = −2(C1 − 2C2 )e−2t cos 4t − 2(2C1 + C2 )e−2t sin 4t. Using the initial conditions, we obtain
1 1 1
= C1 and 1 = −2( − 2C2 ), so C1 = 1/2 and C2 = 1/2. Therefore x(t) = e−2t (cos 4t +
2 2 2
sin 4t).
16.4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS 305

12. From Hooke’s law we have 24 = k(4), so k = 6. Using m = W/g = 24/32 = 3/4, the initial
3
value problem is x00 + βx0 + 6x = 0; x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = −2. The auxiliary equation
4
3 p
is m2 + βm + 6 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, m = (−β ± β 2 − 18/(3/2). When
4
√ √ 2 2p 2 2 2p 2
β > 18 = 3 2, we have m1 = − β + β − 18 and m2 = − β − β − 18. Thus,
3 3 3 3
√ 2 √ 2
x(t) = C1 e−2βt/3+2t β −18/3 + C2 e−2βt/3−2t β −18/3
  p   p  
−2βt/3 2 2
2 2
=e C3 cosh β − 18 t + C4 sinh β − 18 t
3 3
see Example 5 in Section 16.2.
2p 2
From x(0) = 0 we obtain C3 = 0 so that x(t) = C4 e−2βt/3 sinh( β − 18t). The velocity is
3
2p 2 2p 2 2β 2p 2
x0 (t) = β − 18C4 e−2βt/3 cosh( β − 18t) − C4 e−2βt/3 sinh( β − 18t).
3 3 3 3
2p 2 p
From x0 (0) = −2 we obtain −2 = β − 18C4 or C4 = −3/ β 2 − 18. Therefore,
3
−3 2p 2
x(t) = p e−2βt/3 sinh( β − 18t).
β 2 − 18 3

13. From Hooke’s law we have 10 = k(2), so k = 5. Using m = W/g = 10/32 = 5/16, the
5 00 5 2
differential equation is x + βx0 + 5 = 0. The auxiliary is m + βm + 5 = 0 Using the
16 p 16
2
quadratic formula, m = (−β ± β − 25/4)/(5/8). For β > 0 the motion is
(a) overdamped when β 2 − 25/4 > 0 or β > 5/2

(b) critically damped when β 2 − 25/4 = 0 or β = 5/2

(c) underdamped when β 2 − 25/4 < 0 or β < 5/2.

14. Since W = mg = 1(32) = 32, we have from Hooke’s law 32 = k(2), so k = 16. The initial
value problem is x00 + 8x0 + 16x = 8 sin 4t; x(0) = x0 (0) = 0. The auxiliary equation is
m2 + 8m + 16 = (m + 4)2 = 0 so m = −4, −4, and xc = C1 e−4t + C2 te−4t . Using
xp = A sin 4t + B cos 4t we find A = 0 and B = −1/4. Thus,
1
x(t) = C1 e−4t + C2 te−4t − cos 4t and x0 (t) = −4C1 e−4t − 4C2 te−4t + C2 e−4t + sin 4t.
4
1
Using the initial conditions, we obtain 0 = C1 − and 0 = −4C1 + C2 . Thus, C1 = 1/4 and
4
1 1
C2 = 4C1 = 1. Therefore x(t) = e−4t + te−4t − cos 4t.
4 4
306 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

15. The initial value problem is x00 + 8x0 + 16x = e−t sin 4t; x(0) = x0 (0) = 0. Using xp =
Ae−t sin 4t + Be−t cos 4t we find A = −7/625 and B = −24/625. Thus,
7 −t 24 −t
x(t) = C1 e−4t + C2 te−4t − e sin 4t − e cos 4t,
625 625
28 −t 7 −t 96 −t
x0 (t) = −4C1 e−4t − 4C2 te−4t + C2 e−4t − e cos 4t + e sin 4t + e sin 4t
625 625 625
24 −t
+ e cos 4t.
625
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 24/625 and C2 = 100/625. Thus,
24 −4t 100 −4t 7 −t 24 −t
x(t) = e + te − e sin 4t − e cos 4t.
625 625 625 626
As t −→ ∞, e−t −→ 0 and x(t) −→ 0.
16. A 32 pound weight is pulled 2 feet below the equilibrium position and held. At time t =
0 an external force equal to 5 sin 3t is applied to the system. The auxiliary equation is
m2 + 9 = 0, so m = ±3i and xc = C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t. Using variation of parameters
5 5
xp = − t cos 3t + sin 3t, so
6 18
5
x(t) = C1 cos 3t + C3 sin 3t − t cos 3t
6
5 5
x0 (t) = −3C1 sin 3t + 3C2 cos 3t + t sin 3t − cos 3t.
2 6
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 2 and C2 = 5/18. Thus, x(t) = 2 cos 3t +
5 5
sin 3t − t cos 3t. The spring-mass system is in pure resonance.
18 6
17. The DE describing charge is .05q 00 + 2q 0 + 100q = 0. The auxiliary equation is 0.5m2 + 2m +
100 = 0, so m = −20 ± 40i. The general solution is q = e−20t (C1 cos 40t + C2 sin 40t). The
0
initial conditions yield q(0) = C1 = 5 and i(0)  = q (0) = −20C1+ 40C2 = 0, which gives
5
C1 = 5 and C2 = 25 . Therefore q(t) = e−20t 5 cos 40t + sin 40t , and q(0.01) = 4.568C.
2
q(t) = 0 when 5 cos 40t + 52 sin 40t = 0 which first occurs at t = 0.0509 s.
18. The DE describing charge is 41 q 00 +20q 0 +300q = 0. The auxiliary equation is 41 m2 +20m+300 =
0, so m = −20 or m = −60. The general solution is q(t) = C1 e−20t + C2 e−60t . The initial
conditions yield q(0) = C1 + C2 = 4 and i(0) = q 0 (0) = −20C1 − 60C2 = 0, which give C1 = 6
and C2 = −2. Therefore, q(t) = 6e−20t − 2e−60t . The charge is never equal to zero.
5 00
19. The DE is q + 10q 0 + 30q = 300. The auxiliary equation is 53 m2 + 10m + 30 = 0. so
3
m = −3 ± 3i. This gives qc = e−3t (C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t). Assume a particular solution of the
form qp = A. Substituting into the DE, we have 30A = 300 so that A = 10 and therefore
qp = 10. Thus, the general solution is q = qc + qp = e−3t (C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t) + 10. The initial
conditions yield q(0) = C1 +10 = 0 and i(0) = q 0 (0) = −3(C1 −C2 ) = 0, which gives C1 = −10
and C2 = −10. Therefore, q(t) = e−3t (−10 cos 2t − 10 sin 3t) + 10 − 10 − 10e−3t (cos 3t + sin 3t),
i(t) = q 0 (t) = 60e−3t sin 3t. The charge q(t) attains a maximum of 10.432 C at t = π3 .
16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS 307

20. The DE is q 00 +100q 0 +2500q = 30. The auxiliary equation is m2 +100m+250000, so m = −50
is a repeated root. This gives qc = C1 e−50t + C2 te−50t . Assume a particular solution of the
3
form qp = A. Substituting into the DE, we have 2500A = 30 so that A = 250 and therfore
3 −50t −50t 3
qp = 250 . The general solution is q = qc + qp = C1 e + C2 te + 250 . The general solution
is q = qc + qp = C1 e−50t + C2 te−50t + 250 3
. The initial conditions yield q(0) = C1 = 0 and
i(0) = q (0) = −50C! + C2 = 2 which give C1 = 0 and C2 = 2. Therefore, q(t) = 2te−50t + 250
0 3
0 −50t 1
and i(t) = q (t) = (2 − 100t)e . The charge q(t) attains a maximum of 0.0267 C at t = 50
s.

21.

16.5 Power Series Solutions

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
1. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + cn xn = (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + ck xk
n=2 n=0 k=0 k=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X
= [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck ]xk = 0
k=0
ck
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck = 0; ck+2 = − , k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0 c0 c1 c1 c2 c0 c0
c2 = − = − , c 3 = − = − , c4 = − = = ,
2 2! 3·2 3! 4 cos 3 4 · 3 · 2! 4!
c3 c1 c1 c4 c0 c0
c5 = − = = , c6 = − =− =− ,
5·4 5 · 4 · 3! 5! 6·5 6 · 5 · 4! 6!
c5 c1 c1
c7 = − =− =−
7 · 6 7 · 6 · 5! 7!   
1 2 1 4 1 6 1 3 1 5 1 7
y = c0 1 − x + x − x + · · · + c1 x − x + x − x + · · ·
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
∞ ∞
X 1 X 1
= c0 (−1)n x2n + c1 (−1)n x2n+1
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n + 1)!
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
2. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − cn xn = (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − ck xk
n=2 n=0 k=0 k=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X
= [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − ck ]xk = 0
k=0
ck c0
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − ck = 0; ck+2 = , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; c2 = ,
(k + 2)(k + 1) 2!
c1 c1 c2 c0 c3 c1 c4 c0 c5 c1
c3 = = , c4 = = , c5 = = , c6 = = , c7 = =
3 ·2 3! 4·3 4!  5 · 4 5! 6·5 6! 7 · 6 7!
1 1 1 1 1 1
y = c0 1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + · · · + c1 x + x3 + x5 + x7 + · · ·
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!
∞
X 1 ∞
X 1
= c0 x2n + c1 x2n+1
n=0
(2n)! n=0
(2n + 1)!
308 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
3. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − ncn xn−1 = (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − (k + 1)ck+1 xk
n=2 n=1 k=0 k=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n−1
∞
X
= [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0
k=0
ck+1 c1 c1
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k + 1)ck+1 = 0; ck+2 = , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; c2 = = ,
(k + 2) 2 2!
c2 c1 c3 c1
c3 = = , c4 = = ,
3 3!
 4 4! 
1 2 1 3 P∞ 1
y = c0 + c1 x + x + x + · · · = c0 + c1 n=1 xn
2! 3! n!

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
n−2 n−1 k
4. n(n − 1)cn x − ncn x =2 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x + (k + 1)ck+1 xk
n=2 n=1 k=0 k=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n−1
∞
X
= [2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0
k=0
ck+1
2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 = 0; ck+2 = − , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ;
2(k + 2)
c1 c1 c2 c1 c3 c1
c2 = − =− , c3 = − = 2 , c4 = − =− 3 ,
2·2 2 · 2! 2·3 2 · 3! 2 · 4 2 · 4!
1 2 1 1
y = c0 + c1 x − x + 2 x3 − 3 x4 + · · ·
2 · 2! 2 · 3! 2 · 4!

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
5. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − x cn xn = (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − ck−1 xk
n=2 n=0 k=1 k=1
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n+1
∞
X
= 2c2 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − ck−1 ]xk = 0
k=0
ck−1
c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − ck−1 = 0; ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ;
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0 c2 c3 c0 c4 c1
c3 = , c5 = = 0, c6 = = , c7 = =
3·2 5·4 6·5 6·5·3·2 7·6 7·6·4·3
c5 c6 c0 c7 c1
c9 = = 0, c9 = = c9 = , c10 = =
8 ·7 9·8 9·8·6·5·3·2 10 ·9 10 · 9 · 7 · 6 · 4 · 3
1 3 1 1
y = c0 1 + x + x6 + x9 + · · ·
3·2 6·5·3·2 9·8·6·5·3·2
 
1 4 1 7 1 10
+ c1 x + x + x + x + ···
4·3 7·6·4·3 10 · 9 · 7 · 6 · 4 · 3
16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS 309

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
6. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 +x2 cn xn = (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + ck−2 xk
n=2 n=0 k=0 k=2
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n+2
∞
X
= 2c2 + +c3 x + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck−2 ]xk = 0
k=2
ck−2
c2 = c3 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck−2 = 0; ck+2 = − , k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ;
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c0
c4 = − , c5 = − , c6 = − = 0, c7 = − , c8 = − =
4·3 5·4 7·6 7·6 8·7 8·7·4·3
c5 c1 c6 c7
c9 = − = , c10 = − = 0, c11 − = 0,
9·8 9·8·5·4 10 · 9 11 · 10
c8 c0 c9 c1
c12 = − =− , c13 = − =− ,
 12 · 11 12 · 11 · 8 · 7 · 4 · 3   13 · 12 13 · 12 · 9 · 8 · 5 · 4
1 4 1 1 1
y = c0 1 − x + x8 − · · · c1 x − x5 + x9 − · · ·
4·3 8·7·4·3 5·4 9·8·5·4

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
7. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 −2x cn xn−1 + cn x n
n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
k k
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x − kck x + ck xk
k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= c0 + 2c2 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (2k − 1)ck ]xk = 0
k=1
c0
c0 + 2c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (2k − 1)ck = 0; c2 = −
2
(2k − 1)ck c1 c1 3c2 3c0
ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = = , c4 = =− ,
(k + 2)(k + 1) 3·2 3! 4·3 4!
5c3 5c1 7c4 7 · 3c0 9c5 9 · 5c1
c5 = = , c6 = = , c7 = =
5 · 4 5! 6·5 6!  7
 · 6 7! 
1 2 3 4 7·3 6 1 3 5 9·5 7
y = c0 1 − x − x − x − · · · + c1 x + x + x 5 + x + ···
2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7!

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
8. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 −x ncn xn−1 + 2 cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − kck xk + 2 ck x k
k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= 2c0 + 2c2 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k − 2)ck ]xk = 0
k=1
2c0 + 2c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k − 2)ck = 0; c2 = −c0
(k − 2)ck c1 c1 c3 c1
ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = − = − , c4 = 0, c5 = =− ,
(k + 2)(k + 1) 3·2 3! 5·4 5!
310 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3c5 3c1 5c7 5 · 3c1

c6 = c8 = c10 = 0, c7 = =− , c9 = =−
 7 · 6 7! 9 · 8 9! 
2 1 3 1 5 3 7 5·3 9
y = c0 (1 − x ) + c1 1 − x − x − x − x + ···
3! 5! 7! 9!

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
9. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + x2 ncn xn−1 + x cn x n
n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z } | {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n+1 k=n+1
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + (k − 1)ck−1 xk + ck−1 xk
k=0 k=2 k=1
∞
X
= 2c2 + (6c3 + c0 )x + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck−1 ]xk = 0
k=2
c0
2c2 = 0, 6c3 + c0 = 0 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck−1 = 0; c2 = 0, c3 = −
3·2
kck−1 2c1 4c3 4c0
ck+2 = − , k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 = − , c5 = 0, c6 = − =
(k + 2)(k + 1) 4·3 6·5 6·5·3·2
5c4 5 · 2c1 7c6 7 · 4c0
c7 = − = , c8 = c11 = c14 = · · · = 0, c9 = − =−
7·6 7·6·4·3 9·8 9·8·6·5·3·2
8c7 8 · 5 · 2c1
c10 = − =−
 10 · 9 10 · 9 · 7 · 6 · 4 · 3
1 3 42 6 72 · 42 9 22 4 52 · 22 7 82 · 52 · 22 10
  
y = c0 1 − x + x − x · · · + c1 x − x + x − x + ···
3! 6! 9! 4 7! 10!

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
10. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 +2x ncn xn−1 + 2 cn x n
n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 2 kck xk + 2 ck xk
k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= 2c2 + 2c0 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck ]xk = 0
k=1
2c0 + 2c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck = 0; c2 = −c0
ck 2c1 2c2 2c0 2c3 22 c1
ck+2 = − , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = − , c4 = − = , c5 = − = ,
k+2 3 4 4 5 5·3
2 3 3
2c4 2 c0 2c5 2 c1 2c6 2 c0
c6 = − =− , c7 = − =− , c8 = − =
6 6·4 7 7·5·3 8 8·6·4
22 6 23 22 5 23
 
2 2 4 8 2 3 7
y = c0 1 − x + x − x + x + · · · +c1 x − x + x − x + ···
4 6·4 8·6·4 3 5·3 7·5·3
16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS 311

∞
X ∞
X
11. (x − 1) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + ncn xn−1
n=2 n=1
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn−1 − n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + ncn xn−1
n=2 n=2 n=2
| {z } | {z } | {z }
k=n−1 k=n−2 k=n−1
∞
X ∞
X X∞
= (k + 1)kck+1 xk − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + (k + 1)ck+1 xk
k=1 k=0 k=0
∞
X
= c1 − 2c2 + [(k + 1)kck+1 − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0
k=1
c1
c1 − 2c2 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 = 0; c2 =
2
(k + 1)ck+1 2c2 c1 3c3 c1
ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = = , c4 = =
k+ 2  3 3 4 4
∞
1 2 1 3 1 4 X 1 n
y = c0 + c1 x + x + x + x + · · · = c0 + c1 x
2 3 4 n=1
n

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
12. (x + 2) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + x ncn xn−1 − cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X X∞ ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn−1 +2 n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + ncn xn − cn xn
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−1 k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 1)kck+1 xk + 2 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + kck xk − ck xk
k=1 k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= 4c2 − c0 + [(k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k − 1)ck ]xk = 0
k=1
c0
4c2 − c0 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k − 1)ck = 0; c2 =
4
(k + 1)kck+1 + (k − 1)ck kck+1 (k − 1)ck
ck+2 = − =− − , k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2(k + 2)(k + 1) 2(k + 2) 2(k + 2)(k + 1)
c2 c0 2c3 c2 c0 c0
c3 = − =− , c4 = − − = 2
− =0
2·3 2·3·4 2·4 2·4·3 2·3·4 2 · 3 · 42
2c3 c9 4c5 c0
c5 = 0 − = , c6 = − −0=−
 2·5·4 5 · 42 · 3 · 2 2·6  6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 22
1 1 1
y = c0 1 + x2 − x3 + 2
x5 − · · · + c1 x
4 4·3·2 5·4 ·3·2
312 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
13. (x2 − 1) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + 4x ncn xn−1 + 2 cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X X∞ ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn − n(n − 1)cn xn−2 +4 ncn xn + 2 cn xn
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= k(k − 1)ck xk − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 4 kck xk + 2 ck xk
k=2 k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= (2c0 − 2c2 ) + (2c1 + 4c1 − 6c3 )x + [k(k − 1)ck − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 4kck + 2ck ]xk
k=2
=0
2c0 − 2c2 = 0; 6c1 − 6c3 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0; c2 = c0 , c3 = c1 ;
ck+2 =ck , k = 2, 3, 4, . . .; c4 = c2 = c0 , c5 = c3 = c1 ,Pc6 = c4 = c0 , Pc7 = c5 = c1
∞ ∞
y = c0 1 + x2 + x4 + · · · + c1 [x + x3 + x5 + · · · ] = c0 n=0 x2n + c1 n=0 x2n+1

∞
X ∞
X
14. (x2 + 1) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − 6 cn xn
n=2 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn + n(n − 1)cn xn−2 −6 ncn xn
n=2 n=2 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
k k
= k(k − 1)ck x + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x − 6 ck x k
k=2 k=0 k=0
∞
X
= (2c2 − 6c0 ) + (6c3 − 6c1 )x + [k(k − 1)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − 6ck ]xk = 0
k=2
2c2 − 6c0 = 0; 6c3 − 6c1 = 0; (k − 3)(k + 2)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0; c2 = 3c0 , c3 = c1 ;
(k − 3)ck −c2 c4 c0
ck+2 = − , k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 = − = c0 , c5 = 0, c6 = − = −
k+1 3 5 5
3c6 3c0 5c8 5 · 3c0
c7 = c9 = c11 = · · · = 0, c8 = − = , c10 = − =−
 7  7·5 9 9·7·5
2 4 3 6 3
y = c0 1 + 3x + x − x + · · · + c1 (x + x )
5·3
16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS 313

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
15. (x2 + 2) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + 3x ncn xn−1 − cn x n
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn + 2 n(n − 1)cn xn−2 +3 ncn xn − cn xn
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= k(k − 1)ck xk + 2 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3 kck xk − ck xk
k=2 k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= (4c2 − c0 ) + (12c3 + 3c1 − c1 )x + [k(k − 1)ck + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3kck − ck ]xk
k=2
=0
c0 c1
4c2 − c0 = 0; 12c3 + 2c1 = 0; 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 2 + 2k − 1)ck = 0; c2 = , c3 = − ;
4 6
(k 2 + 2k − 1)ck 7c2 7 14c3
ck+2 =− , k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 = − =− c0 , c5 = − =
2(k + 2)(k + 1) 2·4·3 4 · 4! 2·5·4
14
c1
2 · 5!  
23c4 23 · 7 34c5 34 · 14 1 7 4 23 · 7 6
c6 = − = 3 c0 , c7 = − =− c1 y = c0 1 + x2 − x + x − ··· +
 2·6·5 2 · 6! 2 · 7 ·6 4 · 7! 4 4 · 4! 8 · 6!
1 3 14 5 34 · 14 7
c1 x − x + x − x + ···
6 2 · 5! 4 · 7!

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
16. (x2 − 1) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + x ncn xn−1 − cn xn
n=2 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn − n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + ncn xn − cn x n
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= k(k − 1)ck xk − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + kck xk − ck x k
k=2 k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= −(2c2 + c0 ) + (c1 − 6c3 − c1 )x + [k(k − 1)ck − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck − ck ]xk
k=2
=0
c0
2c2 + c0 = 0; −6c3 = 0; (k + 1)(k − 1)ck − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0; c2 = − , c3 = 0;
2
(k − 1)ck c2 c0 3c4
ck+2 = , k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 = =− , c5 = c7 = c9 = · · · = 0, c6 = =
k+2 4 4·2 6
c0
−
4 · 22 
1 2 1 4 1 6
y = c0 1 − x − x − x − · · · + c1 x
2 8 16
314 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
17. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − (x + 1) ncn xn−1 − cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − ncn xn − ncn xn−1 − cn x n
n=2 n=1 n=1 n=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n−1
∞
X ∞
X X∞ ∞
X
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − kck xk − (k + 1)ck+1 xk − ck x k
k=0 k=1 k=0 k=0
∞
X
= 2c2 − c1 − c0 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − kck − (k + 1)ck+1 − ck ]xk = 0
k=1
c0 + c1
2c2 − c1 − c0 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k + 1)ck+1 − (k + 1)ck = 0; c2 =
2
ck + ck+1 c1 + c2 c1 + c0 /2 + c1 /2 c0 + 3c1
ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = = =
k+2 3 3 6
c2 + c3 c0 /2 + c1 /2 + c0 /6 + c1 /2 2c0 + 3c1
c4 = = =
4 4 12
c3 + c4 c0 /6 + c1 /2 + c0 /6 + c1 /4 4c0 + 9c1
c5 = = =
5 5   60 
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 2 1 3 1 4
y = c0 1 + x + x + x + · · · + c1 x + x + x + x + · · ·
2 6 6 2 2 4

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
18. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − x ncn xn−1 − (x + 2) cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
n−2 n n+1
= n(n − 1)cn x − ncn x − cn x −2 cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0 n=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n+1
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − kck xk − ck−1 xk − 2 ck x k
k=0 k=1 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= 2c2 − 2c0 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − kck − ck−1 − 2ck ]xk = 0
k=1
2c2 − 2c0 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k + 2)ck − ck−1 = 0; c2 = 0
ck ck−1 c1 c0 c0 c1
ck+2 = ++ , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = + = +
k+1 (k + 2)(k + 1) 2 3·2 3! 2
c2 c1 2c0 2c1 c3 c2 c1 c0 c0 11c0 3c1
c4 = + = + , c5 = + = + + = +
3 4·3 3! 4! 4 5·4 4·2 4! 5·4 5! 4!
c4 c3 2c0 2c1 c1 c0 52c0 4c1
c6 = + = + + + = +
5 6 · 5 5 · 3! 5! 6 · 5 · 2 6 · 5 · 3! 6! 5! 
2 1 3 2 4 11 5 1 3 2 4 3 5
y = c0 1 + x + x + x + x + · · · + c1 x + x + x + x + · · ·
3! 3! 5! 2 4! 4!
16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS 315

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
19. (x − 1) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − x ncn xn−1 + cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn−1 − n(n − 1)cn xn−2 − ncn xn + cn xn
n=2 n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−1 k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 1)kck+1 xk − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − kck xk + ck xk
k=1 k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= c0 − 2c2 + [(k + 1)kck+1 − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − kck + ck ]xk = 0
k=1
1
c0 − 2c2 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − (k − 1)ck = 0; c2 = c0
2
(k + 1)kck+1 − (k − 1)ck 2c2 c0
ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = =
(k + 2)(k + 1) 3·2 3·2
3 · 2c3 − c2 c0 − c0 /2 c0
c4 = = =
 4 · 3 4 · 3 4 · 3·2   
1 2 1 3 1 1
y = c0 1 + x + x + x4 + · · · + c1 x; y 0 = c0 x + x2 + · · · + c1
2 3·2 4·3·2 2
Using the initial conditions, we obtain −2 = y(0) = c0 and 6 = y 0 (0) = c1 . The solution is
 
1 1 3 1 1 1 4
y = −2 1 + x2 + x + x4 + · · · + 6x = −2 + 6x − x2 − x3 − x + ···
2 3·2 4·3·2 3 4·3

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
n−2 n−1
20. (x − 1) n(n − 1)cn x − 2x ncn x +8 cn x n
n=2 n=1 n=0
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= n(n − 1)cn xn−2 −2 ncn xn + 8 cn xn
n=2 n=1 n=0
| {z }
k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk − 2 kck xk + 8 ck xk
k=0 k=1 k=0
∞
X
= 2c2 + 8c0 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − 2kck + 8ck ]xk = 0
k=1
2c2 + 8c0 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 − 2(k − 4)ck = 0; c2 = −4c0
2(k − 4)ck −2 · 3c1 −2 · 2c2 4
ck+2 = , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = = −c1 , c4 = = c0
(k + 2)(k + 1) 3·2 4·3 3
−2 · 1c3 1 2 · 0c4
c5 = = c1 , c 6 = = 0, c8 = c10 = c12 = · · · = 0
5 · 4 5·2   6·5 
2 4 4 3 1 5
y = c0 1 − 4x + x + c1 x − x + x + · · ·
 3   10 
0 16 3 2 1 4
y = c0 −8x + x + c1 1 − 3x + x + · · ·
3 2
316 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Using the initial conditions, we obtain 3 = y(0) = c0 and 0 = y 0 (0) = c1 . The solution is
 
4 4
y = 3 1 − 4x + x = 3 − 12x2 + 4x4
2
3

Chapter 16 in Review
A. True/False
1. True

2. True. We know a general solution is y = Aex + Be−x . Now

e + e−x e − e−x
 x   x 
C1 cosh x + C2 sinh x = C1 + C2
2 2
   
C1 C2 C 1 C 2
= + x
e + − e−x .
2 2 2 2

By varying C1 and C2 , we see that the two equations are different forms of the same general
solution.

3. False. y2 is a constant multiple of y1 . Specifically, y2 = 0 · y1 .

4. False. Plugging yp = A into the DE gives 0 = 10, a contradiction.

5. True. Any constant function solves the DE.

6. False. Py = 2x while Qx = −2x.

7. True

8. True

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. By inspection, the constant function y = 0 solves the DE.

2. The auxiliary equation is m2 − m = 0, so m = 0 or m = 1. The general solution is y =

C1 + C2 ex . Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 + C2 = 
1 and y(1)
 = C1 + C2 e = 0, which
e −1 e 1
give C1 = and C2 = . Therefore, y = − ex .
e−1 e−1 e−1 e−1

3. 10 = k(2.5) =⇒ k = 4 lb/ft;
32 = 4x =⇒ x = 8 ft

4. We have a repeated root m = −7. Therefore, y = C1 e−7x + C2 xe−7x .

5. yp = Ax2 + Bx + C + Dxe2x + Ee2x

CHAPTER 16 IN REVIEW 317

C. Exercises
1. Py = −6xy 2 sin y 3 = Qx , and the equation is exact.
fx = 2x cos y 3 , f = x2 cos y 3 + g(y), fy = −3x2 y 2 sin y 3 + g 0 (y) = −1 − 3x2 y 2 sin y 3 ,
g 0 (y) = −1, g(y) = −y, f = x2 cos3 y − y.
Therefore, the solution is x2 cos y 3 − y = C.
2. Py = 6y 2 = Qx , and the equation is exact. fx = 3x2 + 2y 3 , f = x3 + 2xy 3 + g(y), fy =
6xy 2 + g 0 (y) = 6xy 2 + y 2 ,
y3 y3
g 0 (y) = y 2 , g(y) = , f = x3 + 2xy 3 + .
3 3
3
y
Therefore, the solution is x3 + 2xy 3 + = C.
3
3. Py = −2xy −5 = Qx , and the equation is exact.
fx = 21 xy −4 , f = 14 x2 y −4 + g(y), fy = −x2 y −5 + g 0 (y) = 3y −3 − x2 y −5
g 0 (y) = 3y −3 , g(y) = − 32 y −2 , f = 14 x2 y −4 − 32 y −2 .
Therefore, the general solution is 14 x2 y −4 − 32 y −2 = C. Since y(1) = 1, we have 41 (1)(1)− 32 (1) =
C or C = − 54 . Thus, the solution is 41 x2 y −4 − 32 y −2 = − 54 .
4. Py = 2x + sin x = Qx and the equation is exact.
fx = y 2 + y sin x, f = xy 2 − y cos x + g(y), fy = 2xy − cos x + g 0 (y) = 2xy − cos x − 1+y
1
2,

1
g 0 (y) = , g(y) = tan−1 (y), f = xy 2 − y cos x + tan−1 (y). Therefore, the general
1 + y2
solution is xy 2 − y cos x + tan−1 (y) = C. Since y(0) = 1, we have −1 + π4 = C. Thus, the
π
solution is xy 2 − y cos x + tan−1 (y) = − 1
4
√ √ √
5. m2 − 2m − 2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1 ± 3; y = C1 e(1− 3)x + C2 e(1+ 3)x
√ √ √
6. m2 − 8 = 0 =⇒ m = ±2 2; y = C1 e−2 2x + C2 e2 2x
7. m2 − 3m − 10 = 0 =⇒ (m − 5)(m + 2) = 0 =⇒ m = −2, 5; y = C1 e−2x + C2 e5x
8. 4m2 + 20m + 25 = 0 =⇒ (2m + 5)2 = 0 =⇒ m = −5/2, −5/2; y = C1 e−5x/2 + C2 xe−5x/2
1 x x
9. 9m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = ± i; y = C1 cos + C2 sin
3 3 3
10. 2m2 − 5m = 0 =⇒ m(2m − 5) = 0 =⇒ m = 0, 5/2; y = C1 + C2 e5x/2
11. Letting y = ux we have
dx
(x + uxeu )dx − xeu (udx + xdu) = 0 =⇒ dx−xeu du = 0 =⇒ − eu du = 0
x
=⇒ ln |x| − eu = C1 =⇒ ln |x| − ey/x = C1 .

Using y(1) = 0 we find C1 = −1. The solution of the initial-value problem is ln |x| = ey/x − 1.
12. The auxiliary equation is m = m2 + 4m + 4 = 0, so m = −2 is a repeated root. The
general solution is y = C1 e−2x + C2 xe−2x . Initial conditions yield y(0) = C1 = −2 and
y 0 (0) = −2C1 +C2 = 0 which give C1 = −2 and C2 = −4. The solution is y = −2e−2x −4xe−2x .
318 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

13. m2 − m − 12 = 0 =⇒ (m − 4)(m + 3) = 0 =⇒ m = −3, 4; yc = C1 e−3x + C2 e4x

yp = Axe2x + Be2x , yp0 = 2Axe2x + (A + 2B)e2x ; yp00 = 4Axe2x + 4(A + B)e2x
[4Axe2x +4(A + B)e2x ] − [2Axe2x + (A + 2B)e2x ] − 12[Axe2x + Be2x ]
= −10Axe2x + (3A − 10B)e2x = xe2x + ex
Solving −10A = 1, 3A − 10B = 1 we obtain A = −1/10 and B = −13/100. Thus,
1 2x 13 2x
y = C1 e−3x + C2 e4x − xe − e .
10 100

14. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 4 = 0, so m = ±2i. Therefore, yc = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x.

Assume a particular solution of the form yp = Ax2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the DE, we
have
2A + Ax2 + Bx + C = 16x2 .
Equating coefficients, we get 2A+C = 0, B = 0, and A = 16. This gives C = −32. Therefore,
yp = 16x2 − 32. The general solution is y = yc + yp = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + 16x2 − 32.
15. m2 − 2m + 2 = 0 =⇒ m = 1 ± i; yc = ex (C1 cos  x + C2 sin x)
x x
 e cos x e sin x 
 = e2x
W =  x x x x
−e sin x + e cos x e cos x + e sin x 
1 sin2 x cos2 x − 1
u0 = − 2x ex sin x ex tan x = − = = cos x−sec x, u = sin x−ln | sec x+tan x|
e cos x cos x
1
v 0 = 2x ex cos x ex tan x = sin x, v = − cos x
e
yp = ex cos x(sin x − ln | sec x + tan x|) − ex sin x cos x = −ex cos x ln | sec x + tan x|
y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) − ex cos x ln | sec x + tan x|
 −x 
2 −x x
 e ex 
16. m − 1 = 0 =⇒ m = −1, 1; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W =  =2
−e−x ex 


1 2ex e2x e3x

u0 = − ex x −x
=− x −x
= − 2x
2Z e + e e +e e +1
e3x x x
u=− dx t = e , dt = e dx
e2x + 1
t2
Z Z  
1
=− dt = − 1 − dt = tan−1 t − t = tan−1 ex − ex
t2 + 1 t2 + 1
1 2ex 1 ex
v 0 = e−x x = =
Z2 e + e−x ex + e−x e2x + 1
ex
v= dx t = ex , dt = ex dx
e2x + 1
Z
dt
= = tan−1 t = tan−1 ex
t2 + 1
yp = e−x (tan−1 ex − ex ) + ex tan−1 ex = (ex + e−x ) tan−1 ex − 1
y = C1 e−x + C2 ex + (ex + e−x ) tan−1 ex − 1
 
 cos x sin x 
17. m2 + 1 = 0 =⇒ m = ±i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W =  =1
− sin x cos x 
1
u0 = − sin x sec3 x = − tan x sec2 x, u = − sec2 x; v 0 = cos x sec3 x = sec2 x, v = tan x
2
CHAPTER 16 IN REVIEW 319

1 1 sin2 x 1
yp = − cos x sec2 x + sin x tan x = sin x tan x − sec x = −
2 2 cos x 2 cos x
2 sin2 x − 1 sin2 x − cos2 x 1 1
= = = sin x tan x − cos x
2 cos x 2 cos x 2 2
1 0 1
y = C3 cos x + C2 sin x + sin x tan x, y = −C3 sin x + C2 cos x + sin x sec2 x + sin x
2 2
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C3 = 1 and C2 = 1/2. Thus,

1 1 2 cos2 x sin2 x 1
y = cos x + sin x + sin x tan x = + + sin x
2 2 2 cos x 2 cos x 2
cos2 x + 1 1 1
= + sin x = (sin x + cos x + sec x).
2 cos x 2 2

18. The auxiliary equation is m2 +2m+2 = 0, so m = −1±i. Therefore, yc = e−x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) .
Assume a particular solution of the form yp = A. Substituting this into the DE, we have
2A = 1, or A = 21 . Therefore, the general solution is y = yc +yp = e−x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)+ 21 .
The initial conditions yield y(0) = C1 + 12 = 0 and y 0 (0) = −C
1 + C2 = 1 which give C1 = − 21
and C2 = 12 . Thus, the solution is y = e−x − 21 cos x + 12 sin x + 12 .

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
19. n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + x cn xn = (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + ck−1 xk
n=2 n=0 k=0 k=1
| {z } | {z }
k=n−2 k=n+1
∞
X
= 2c2 + [(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck−1 ]xk = 0
k=1
ck−1
c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck−1 = 0; ck+2 = − , k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0 c1 c3 c0
c3 = − , c4 = − , c5 = 0, c6 = − = ,
3·2 4·3 6·5 6·5·3·2
c4 c1
c7 = − =
7·6 7·6·4·3
c6 c0 c7 c1
c8 = 0. c9 = − =− , c10 = − =−
 9·8 9·8·6·5·3·2 10 · 9  ·9·7·6·4·3
10
1 3 1 1
y = c0 1 − x + x6 − x9 + · · ·
3·2 6·5·3·2 9·8·6·5·3·2
 
1 4 1 7 1 10
+ c1 x − x + x − x + ···
4·3 7·6·4·3 10 · 9 · 7 · 6 · 4 · 3
320 CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

∞
X ∞
X
20. (x − 1) n(n − 1)cn xn−2 + 3 cn xn
n=2 n=1
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (n)(n − 1)cn xn−1 − n(n − 1)cn xn−2 +3 cn xn
n=2 n=2 n=0
| {z } | {z }
k=n−1 k=n−2
∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
= (k + 1)kck+1 xk − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3 ck x k
k=1 k=0 k=0
∞
X
= 3c0 − 2c2 + [(k + 1)kck+1 − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3ck ]xk = 0
k=1
3c0
3c0 − 2c2 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 − (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3ck = 0; c2 = ;
2
kck+1 3ck c2 3c1 c0 c1 2c3 3c2
ck+2 = + , k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = + = + , c4 = + =
k + 2 (k + 2)(k + 1) 3 3·2 2 2 4 4·3
c0 c1 3c0 5c0 c1
+ + = + ,
4 4 8 8 4
3c4 3c3 3c0 3c1 3c0 3c1 9c0 9c1
c5 = + = + + + = +
5 5·4 8 20 40  40  20 40 
3 3 1 3 5 4 1 3 1 4
y = c0 1 + x + x + x + · · · + c1 x + x + x + · · ·
2 2 8 2 4

21. The differential equation is mx00 + 4x0 + 2x = 0. The solutions of the auxiliary equation are

1 √ 1 √
(−4 ± 16 − 8m) = (−2 ± 4 − 2m).
2m m
The motion will be non-oscillatory when 4 − 2m ≥ 0 or 0 < m ≤ 2.

22. Substituting xp = αA into the differential equation we obtain ω 2 αA = A, so α = 1/ω 2 and

xp = A/ω 2 .
1 00
23. Using m = W/g = 4/32 = 1/8, the inital value problem is x + x0 + 3x = e−t ; x(0) = 2,
8
x0 (0) =√0. The auxiliary equation is√m2 /8 + m + √3 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, m =
−4 ± 2 2i. Thus, xc = e−4t (C1 cos 2 2t + C2 sin 2 2t). Using xp = Ae−t , we find A = 8/17.
Thus,
√ √ 8
x(t) = e−4t (C1 cos 2 2t + C2 sin 2 2t) + e−t
17

√ √ √ √ 8
and x0 (t) = e−4t [(2 2C2 − 4C1 ) cos 2 2t − (2 2C1 − 4C2 ) sin 2 2t] − e−t .
17
√
√ we obtain 2 = C1 + 8/17 and 0 = 2 2C2 − 4C1 − 8/17. Then
Using the initial conditions,
C1 = 26/17 and C2 = 28 2/17 and
√ 28 √ √
 
26 8
x(t) = e−4t cos 2 2t + 2 sin 2 2t + e−t .
17 17 17
CHAPTER 16 IN REVIEW 321

24. (a) From k1 = 2W and k2 = 4W we find 1/k = 1/2W + 1/4W = 3/4W. Then k = 4W/3 =
4mg/3. The differential equation
p mx00 + kxp= 0 then becomes x00 + (4g/3)x = 0. The
solution is x(t) = C1 cos 2 g/3t + C2 √
sin 2 g/3t. The initial conditions x(0) = 1 and
x0 (0) = 2/3 imply C1 = 1 and C2 = 1/ 3g.
(b) To find the maximum speed of the weight we compute
r r r r
0 g g 2 g 0 g 4 2p
x (t) = 2 sin 2 + cos 2 t and |x (t)| = 4 + = 3g + 1.
3 3 3 3 3 9 3

25. The auxiliary equation is m2 /4 + m + 1 = 0 or (m + 2)2 = 0, so m = −2, −2 and x(t) =

C1 e−2t + C2 te−2t and x0 (t) = −2C1 e−2t − 2C2 te−2t + C2 e−2t . Using the initial conditions, we
obtain 4 = C1 and 2 = −2C1 +C2 . Thus, C1 = 4 and C2 = 10. Therefore x(t) = 4e−2t +10te−2t
and x0 (t) = 2e−2t − 20te−2t . Setting x0 (t) = 0 we obtain the critical point t = 1/10. The
maximum vertical displacement is x(1/10) = 5e−0.2 ≈ 4.0937.