STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN

CHAPTER 8
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM PART 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sumatera Utara

Ir. DANIEL R. TERUNA, MT; Ph.D, (P.E)
 8.1 Introduction

• Beams constructed of two or more different materials are

called composite beams
• Engineers design beams in this manner to develop a more
efficient means for carrying applied loads
• Flexure formula cannot be applied directly to determine
normal stress in a composite beam
• Thus a method will be developed to “transform” a beam’s x-
section into one made of a single material, then we can
apply the flexure formula
steel headed studs or short lengths of small steel channel shapes—
are welded to the top flange of the steel beam at prescribed
intervals and provide the connection mechanically through
anchorage in the hardened concrete

Shear
connector

Steel deck

9.1 Composite Beam

 • Typical floor arrangement

Concrete floor

Steel deck
 • Typical composite system
Composite primary beams

Floor slab
span between columns

Composite secondary beams span

between primary beams (or columns)
Primary beam

secondary beam
Steel deck (embossed decking)

Shear Stud
 Metal/steel decking

composite decking noncomposite decking

• Shear connector

Shear connectors create a strong bond

between the steel beam and the concrete
floor slab which is poured on top of the
metal decking
AWS D1.1 – Structural Welding Code – Steel,
Section 7: Stud Welding (AWS 2004) specifies
the tests and inspections for shear studs
• Introduction to Cambering
Beams are not cambered
The use of cambered beams will, to a certain degree, be limited by other
aspects of the design for a structure

Due to the complexity in detailing, fabrication, and fit-up associated with

moment connections (above left), camber should not be used in moment
connected beams

Beams with simple framing connections (above right) may be cambered

because the end rotational resistance of a simple connection is small in
comparison to that of a moment connection
• Alternatives to Cambering
• Cost of Cambering
Composite beam with prefab slab
8.2 Elastic behavior of composite beam

Without shear
connector
L/2 L/2
(a) elevation (b) section

fb fv

(c) Bending stress

(d) shear stress

No interaction
Full interaction
• NO INTERACTION

My max 1 / 8( w / 2) L2 (h / 2) 3wL2
Bending stress: fb   3

I 1 / 12bh 8bh 2

3 V 3 wL 1 3wL
Shear stress: f v , max   
2 A 2 4 bh 8bh

5 ( w / 2) L4 5wL4
Maximum deflection:  
384 EI 64 Ebh 3
• FULL INTERACTION

Mymax 1 / 8wL2 (h) 3wL2

Bending stress: f  
I 1 / 12b(2h) 16bh 2
3

3 wL 1 3wL
Shear stress: f v , max  
2 2 b(2h) 8bh

5wL4
Maximum deflection: 
256 Ebh 3
8.3 Elastic Stress Analysis

Flexural and shearing stresses in beams of homogeneous materials can be

computed from the formulas

Mc VQ
fb  and fv 
I tI

A composite beam is not homogeneous, however, and these formulas are

not valid. To be able to use them, an artifice known as the transformed
section is employed to ―convert‖ the concrete into an amount of steel that
has the same effect as the concrete.

We first require that the strain in the concrete at any point be equal to the
strain in any replacement steel at that point:

fc f
c  s;  s
Ec E s
Es E
f s  fc  nf c , n  s is modular ratio
Ec Ec
 b b/n
ts ts
y yt
yb

We can then compute bending stresses with the flexure formula. At the top
of the steel,
My t fc
f st 
I tr
My b f st
At the bottom of the steel: f sb 
I tr

My
The stress in the concrete: fc  f sb
nI tr strain
Actual stress
Contoh : Tentukan tegangan pada penampang komposit WF dengan pelat
beton, bila momen yang bekerja 320 kNm

b  2040mm b / n  240mm

t s  140mm 140mm
y
yt
450 x200x9x14 yb

f c'  25MPa
Section properties WF 450 x200 x9 x14
E  4700 f c'  23500MPa
I x  33500cm , I y  180cm , A  96.8cm
4 4 2

S x  1490cm 3 Es 200000
n   8.5
Ec 23500
Assumed the neutral axis at steel section
Taking moment at the top of the slab

As (225  140)  Ac (70)  ( As  Ac ) y

As (225  140)  Ac (70)

y  136mm  140mm
( As  Ac )
Thus, the neutral axis lies within the slab.

If the concrete is assumed to have no tensile strength, the concrete

below the neutral axis should be discounted.
compute the new location of the neutral axis as follows:

As (225  140)  1 / 2(240) y 2  ( As  Ac ) y

120 y 2  (43280) y  3533200  0

y  125mm
The moment of inertia of this composite area is

1
I tr  (240)(125) 3  (33500 x10 4 )  (9680)( 225  15) 2
3
I tr  1.049 x109 mm 4

Calculation of the stress

My t 320 x10 6 (15)

f st   9
 4.6 MPa
I tr 1.049 x10
My b 320 x10 6 (465)
f sb   9
 141.8 MPa
I tr 1.049 x10

My 320 x10 6 (125)

fc    4.5MPa
nI tr 8.5 x1.049 x109
8.4 Composite Beam with Flat Soffit Concrete Slab

• Effective of slab width

Shear connector be  L / 4  s

Because of shear lag in the composite section, the compressive stress in

the concrete slab is not uniform but varies in intensity over the width of
the slab.

To simplify computation, an effective width of slab is defined with an

assumed equivalent uniform stress.

In accordance with AISC 360 Sec. I3.1a, the maximum effective width
of the concrete slab, on either side of the beam centerline, is given as
 be = one-eighth of the beam span
≤ one-half of the beam spacing
≤ the distance to edge of the slab

• Nominal Strength

The nominal flexural strength of a composite beam is determined by

assuming a fully plastic stress distribution across the section.

At the ultimate load, the location of the plastic neutral axis may be
either within the depth of the concrete slab, within the flange of the
steel beam, or within the web of the steel beam

It is further assumed that any portion of the concrete slab below the
plastic neutral axis has zero stress and is neglected.
• Nominal Strength of Fully Composite Beam

be 0.85 f c'
a a/2
ycon  t c y2 PNA
tf y
d /2
d As
tw T  As Fy
(a)

bf
0.85 f c' Fy
0.85 f c'
a a
PNA
PNA

(b) (c)
Fy Fy Fy Fy
Case a: As Fy  0.85 f c' Ac

Equating horizontal forces gives

T  Ccon As Fy  0.85 f c'be a a  As Fy / 0.85 f c'be

The distance from top of steel beam to top of concrete slab is

ycon  t c
The distance from top of steel beam to compression force in concrete slab is

y2  ycon  a / 2

The moment arm between centroids of the tensile force and the
compressive force is

y  y2  d / 2
 The nominal flexural capacity is then

M n  Ty  As Fy ( y2  d / 2)

Design flexural capacity is

b M n  0.9 As Fy ( y2  d / 2)

Allowable flexural capacity is

M n / b  As Fy ( y2  d / 2) / 1.67
When the plastic neutral axis is in the concrete slab, the steel beam has
fully yielded in tension. Then the shear force developed at the interface
between the point of maximum positive moment and the point of zero
moment is given by AISC 360 Eq. (I3-1b) as

Vr'  Fy As
When the plastic neutral axis is within the steel beam, the full depth of the
concrete slab is stressed to its maximum capacity in compression. Then
the shear force developed at the interface between the point of maximum
positive moment and the point of zero moment is given by AISC 360 Eq.
(I3-1a) as

Vr'  0.85 f c' Ac , Ac  be tc

The number of steel anchors required between the point of maximum

positive moment and the point of zero moment to provide full composite
action is

n  Vr' / Qn
where is Qn nominal strength of one steel anchor