RMIT University

School of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Metamaterial Resonators

by

Ronald Philip Almeida

S3187585

EEET 2267 – Engineering Design

2010 Semester 1 Project Report

Submitted: 28/05/2010
Supervisor: Dr. Wayne Rowe
Revision Number: 1.3
 Abstract

This project relates to research on “Metamaterial” resonators, a class of planar electromagnetic res-
onating structures, and the applications of these in RF and microwave systems. More specifically, the
aim is to model and analyze a notch filter for an antenna system using a complimentary split ring res-
onator (CSRR) coupled to a coplanar waveguide. In this semester, a simple coplanar waveguide and
an ordinary annular ring resonator has been analyzed, and its transmission characteristics have been
studied. Various theoretical models have been used for this purpose. In the following semester, these
methods will be generalized to more complicated geometries.
 Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor, Professor Wayne Rowe for his constant
guidance and support in this endevour. Also thanks to Prof. Kamran Ghorbani, who looked over a
few of the weekly meetings, for sharing his insight. And also to my other colleagues, Chilukuri, Koh,
Liem, Lipshut and Mohan for the many discussion.
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 History of Metamaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Waveguide Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Wave Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Transmission Line Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Conformal Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4 Ring Resonators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1 Magnetic Wall Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2 Dispersion Relation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Results and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.1 Coplanar Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.2 Ring Resonator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Concluding Remarks and Further Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

1
List of Figures

1 Basic Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Magnetic Wall Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3 Coplanar Waveguide (|E|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4 Even Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5 Odd Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6 Characteristic Impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7 Slot line Ring (2πr = 2λg ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
8 Slot line Ring (2πr = 3λg ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9 Slot line Ring Resonator Coupled With a Coplanar Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
10 Transmission Characteristics (S21 parameter) of the CPW coupled with Ring. . . . . . 19

2
1 Introduction
The theory of electromagnetism, condensed in Maxwell’s equations, is one of the most successful the-
ories ever put forward, in terms of the range of the physical phenomenon it explains. Although the
electromagnetic properties of most naturally occurring materials depend on their microscopic structure
and composition, materials may be engineered by designing the constituent “atoms” artificially. Artifi-
cial materials have a long history[1]. While the term “Metamaterials” (from the Greek meta, meaning
“beyond”) may be used to refer to this broad range of materials, the term is usually used to refer to
materials which obtain their properties from structure, rather than their chemical composition. More
specifically, the term is used to describe materials with negative permittivity and permeability (ε and
µ), or the constituent structures themselves. These materials have properties not found in natural mate-
rials, and leads to the reversal of well known electromagnetic and optical phenomenon such as Snell’s
law, Doppler shift, etc. For instance, the phase of an electromagnetic wave traveling through such a
medium travels in a direction opposite to the flow of energy. For this reason, they are also known as
Left Handed Materials (LHM) or Double-Negative materials. It has been shown that such a medium
would in principle makes it possible to create the “perfect lens”, and invisibility cloaks[1].
In this project, we shall focus on trying to understand the workings of metamaterial resonators (i.e.
the constituent “atoms”) in more detail, and how these may be used in design of devices. Metama-
terial resonators may be classified in a general class of planar electromagnetic resonating structures.
However, they have several characteristics which make them more attractive than conventional devices.

1.1 History of Metamaterials

LHM were first hypothesized by Veselago[2] in 1968, who studied their physical properties, and were
later realized experimentally and by Pendry, Smith et al[3, 4]. The negative ε and µ were achieved by
constructing a periodic1 arrangement of metamaterial resonators such as Split Ring Resonators (SRR),
thin wire meshes, etc. The SRR consists of a planar metallic ring with a split. Several variations of
this geometry exist, such as the double SRR, which consists of two concentric SRR, and the Comple-
mentary SRR (CSRR) and their analysis is of similar nature. Later, Itho et al[5, 6] also proposed a
transmission line approach to metamaterial design. Currently, metamaterials are being used in various
RF and microwave systems, and is an active research topic[6].

1.2 Applications
One important application of metamaterial resonators (among others) is in microwave filter design.
Filters form an essential part of Wide Band Antenna systems; which by definition, operate on a broad
1 Whileperiodicity is not essential in order to imply the term metamaterials, most bulk metamaterials are periodic,
because these are easier to analyze.

3
spectral range. Filtering is thus necessary for isolating different frequency bands, eliminating un-
wanted frequency components etc. Microwave filters usually consists of a planar resonating structure.
Metamaterials, due to their strong resonant characteristics, can provide performance comparable to
conventional structures at much smaller geometries. The main premise of this design methodology
is coupling of these resonators with conventional planar waveguide structures, in order to modify its
transmission characteristics as required. Other applications include frequency selective surfaces (FSS),
bandgap structures, antenna design, etc[6].
The aim of this project is to model and design a notch filter for an antenna system using meta-
material principals. The proposed device would involve a metamateirial resonator (CSRR), designed
to resonate at the required frequency, which is coupled to a coplanar waveguide. An illustrative di-
agram is shown in Figure (1). In this semester, we have modeled and analyzed a simple coplanar
waveguide, which forms the basic platform, coupled with an ordinary ring resonator. The transmission
characteristics have been studied.

Figure 1: Basic Configuration

2 Literature Review
Planar waveguides form an integral part of most RF and microwave systems. Microstrip and coplanar
waveguides are among the most popular configurations. A coplanar waveguide consists of metallic
strip separated by two slots, etched on a single ground plane. Being uniplanar, it easier to fabricate,
especially for integration of lumped and active elements in monolithic integrated circuits. For this
and other reasons, it has been chosen for this project. Waveguiding structures have been extensively

4
studied and there exists a vast body of literature on them.For the design of the coplanar waveguide, we
have used quasi static approximations, which are described in the following section. Ring resonators
are among the simplest and the most versatile resonators used in microwave systems. As mentioned
before, in this semester a simple annular ring resonator has been modeled and simulated. A magnetic
wall model as proposed in ([7, 8, 9]) has been used.
All calculations have been validated using Ansoft HFSS ©, a well known Finite Element Method
(FEM) software. MATLAB has also been used for some numerical calculations. Most of the math-
ematical framework required for the project so far has been elementary multivariable calculus, some
complex analysis and the theory of partial differential equations (PDE). Reference ([10, 11, 12]) were
particularly useful.

3 Waveguide Analysis
3.1 Wave Equations
Let us begin our analysis with the Maxwell’s equations in time harmonic, source free field form. The
medium is assumed to be simple (i.e. linear, lossless and isotropic).

∇×E = − jω µH
∇×H = jωεE
∇·D = 0
∇·B = 0 (1)

If we assume the z dependence of the fields to be e− jβ z , i.e. waves traveling in +z direction, then
we can decompose the fields into their transverse and axial components.

E (x, y, z) = [Et (x, y) + Ez (x, y)] e− jβ z

H (x, y, z) = [Ht (x, y) + Hz (x, y)] e− jβ z (2)

Similarly the del operator may be split into the transverse and axial component.
 
∂
∇ ⇔ ∇t + ẑ ⇔ (∇t − jβ ẑ) (3)
∂z

Substituting (3) and (2) in (1) and separating out the transverse and the axial components, we get

5
the following reduced form of Maxwell’s equation.

∇t × Et = − jω µHz
( jβ ẑ × Et ) + (ẑ × ∇t Ez ) = jω µHt
∇t × Ht = jωεEz
( jβ ẑ × Ht ) + (ẑ × ∇t Hz ) = − jωεEt
∇t · Et = jβ Ez
∇t · Ht = jβ Hz (4)

3.2 Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Waves

A TEM wave has Ez = Hz = 0, i.e. the fields are purely transverse to the direction of propagation. This
is the fundamental wave type that exists on, and defines an ideal transmission line. Since the coplanar
waveguide (and most other planar waveguides) has multiple dielectrics in it, the propagation constant
and hence the wave number will be different for different regions. Hence it will not support a pure
TEM wave. However it may be approximated as such. Under this “Quasi-Static TEM” assumption,
(4) simplifies to

∇t × Et = 0
β ẑ × Et = ω µHt
∇t × Ht = 0
β ẑ × Ht = −ωεEt
∇t · Et = 0
∇t · Ht = 0 (5)

Since E is irrotational, we may represent it as a scalar potential.

Et = −∇t ϕ (x, y) (6)

Substituting (6) in ∇t · Et = 0, we get the Laplace’s equation.

∇t2 ϕ = 0 (7)

The electric field also has to satisfy Hemoltz equation.

∇2 E + k2 E = 0 k2 = ω 2 µε (8)

6
 Substituting (7) in (8), we have the following. (Note that ∇2 = ∇t2 − β 2 , where β is the propagation
constant in z direction)

∇2 Et + k2 Et = 0
∇t2 Et + k2 − β 2 Et = 0

∇t2 Et + kc2 Et = 0 (9)

Substituting (6) and (7) in (9), we have

∇t ∇t2 ϕ + kc2 ϕ = 0
 

∇t kc2 ϕ = 0
 

kc2 (∇t ϕ) = 0

Since ∇t ϕ = 0 would imply that the electric field is 0, we have that for TEM waves

kc2 = 0
k2 − β 2 = 0
β = ±k

Hence, the basic premise of quasi static TEM analysis is to solve the Laplace’s equation for the
scalar potential in the source free region, subject to suitable boundary conditions.

∇t2 ϕ (x, y) = 0

The electric and the magnetic fields may then be derived from the potential as given below.

E = Et = (−∇t ϕ) e− jβ z
j 1
H = Ht = (∇ × E) = (ẑ × E)
ωµ ZT EM
r
µ Ex Ey
ZT EM = = =−
ε Hy Hx

Here ZT EM is the wave impedance and is different from, though not unrelated to the transmission
line characteristic impedance Z0 . From the uniqueness theorem, we know that the potential inside
a bounded region is unique provided the boundary conditions are specified on the entire boundary.
Hence the solution is independent of the charge distribution outside the region.

7
3.3 Transmission Line Model
The transmission line model is described by the following Telegraphers equations
∂V
= − (R + jωL) I
∂x
∂I
= − (G + jωC)V (10)
∂x
For an ideal line, R and G, which correspond to the losses in the line, may be assumed to be
negligible. Hence, the above equations may be represented as second order wave equations.
∂ 2V
+ ω 2 LC V = 0


∂x 2

∂ 2I 2


+ ω LC I = 0
∂ x2
The solutions are of the following form
V (x) = V + e jkx +V − e− jkx
I (x) = I + e jkx + I − e− jkx
√
Where k = ω LC. Using (10), the current may be represented in terms of voltage as shown below.
1
I (x) = V (x)
Z0
p
Where Z0 = L/C and is the characteristic impedance of the the line. Let L0 and C0 be the per unit
length capacitance and inductance for no substrate. The inductance will not depend on the substrate.
Hence L0 = L. r r r r
L LC0 1 1 1 1
Z0 = = = = (11)
C CC0 v p CC0 c CC0
Hence by knowing C and C0 we can calculate the characteristic impedance of the transmission line,
which is its defining property. The capacitance may be calculated from the expression for the energy
in the electric field.
¨ "  #
∂ϕ 2 ∂ϕ 2
 
1 1
We = ε + dxdy = CV02 (12)
2 S ∂x ∂y 2
Where V0 is the difference in the potential and C0 is calculated similarly to C, just by replacing the
dielectrics with free space. The effective permittivity εr,e f f for the particular waveguide may be found
from the capacitance values, and hence the guided wavelength λg = ω √2πc εr,e f f .

8
3.4 Conformal Mapping
Conformal mapping is a powerful technique from complex analysis used to solve many of the 2D
boundary value problems such as the Laplace’s equation. The basic idea is to transform the original
problem to a domain (complex plane) where the geometry is simpler, and hence confirms to a closed
form solution not otherwise possible. It can be shown for the Cauchy Riemann equations that if a
function satisfies Laplace’s equation in one domain will still be governed by it in the transformed
domain. Also the energy remains the same under the mapping. Which implies from Equation (12)
that the capacitance too remains unchanged in the transformed domain. From Equation (11) we know
that we only need the capacitance in order to find the characteristic impedance. Hence we do not even
need to transform back to the original domain. However, these mappings do not involve elementary
functions, but rather elliptic integrals. However there exist well known approximations to these[10, 11].
The following are the approximate equations that have been used for the design of the coplanar
waveguide in this semester.

εr − 1 K 0 (k) K(k1 )
εr,e f f = 1 +
2 K(k) K 0 (k1 )
30π K 0 (k)
Z0 = √
εr,e f f K(k)
a
k =
b
sinh (πa/2h)
k1 = (13)
sinh (πb/2h)

Where a is half the width of the strip and b is the slot width plus a. K and K 0 are the elliptic
integrals, and the ratio may be approximated as follows.
  √ 
1 1+√k
0
K (k)  ln
π  2 0 ≤ k ≤ √12
1−
√ k
= 
K(k) ln 2 1+√k00 √1 ≤ k ≤ 1
1− k 2
√
Where k0 = 1 − k2 . These equations have to be solved numerically in order to obtain the values
of a and b.

4 Ring Resonators
The first and foremost problem that arises in designing a filter using a ring resonator is that of calcu-
lating the resonant frequencies of the ring. A simple approximation accurate up to first order is that

9
the resonant frequencies of the ring occur when the circumference of the ring is equal to an integer
multiple of the guided wavelength.
2πr = nλg (14)
Note that here λg is not the same as that for the coplanar waveguide, but is calculated for the soltline
waveguide. The quasi static equations for it are of similar nature to the coplanar waveguide equations
give earlier.

4.1 Magnetic Wall Model

The magnetic wall model provides a more accurate and physically intuitive explanation for the work-
ings of the ring resonator. While it is more commonly used for analyzing microstrip ring resonators,
it has also been applied to slotline rings. If we assume that the fields are localized in the substrate, we
may model the ring as a cylindrical cavity, with magnetic wall boundary condition on the side walls as
shown in Figure (2).

Figure 2: Magnetic Wall Model

Furthermore, if it is assumed that the thickness of the substrate is much smaller than the guided
wavelength, h  λg then we can assume that the fields will be nearly constant in, and hence indepen-
dent of the z direction ( ∂∂z ≡ 0). The curl of an operator in cylindrical coordinate system for an arbitrary
vector field is given as below.
     
1 ∂ Az ∂ Aϕ ∂ Ar ∂ Az 1 ∂ rAϕ ∂ Ar
∇×A = − r+ − ϕ+ − z
r ∂ϕ ∂z ∂z ∂r r ∂r ∂ϕ

10
 Hence using this to write Maxwell’s curl equations in cylindrical coordinate as follows.
1
   
r ∂ ϕ Ez H r
 −∂r Ez  = − jω µ  Hϕ  (15)
1


r ∂r rEϕ − ∂ϕ Er
Hz
And similarly
1
   
r ∂ϕ Hz Er
 −∂r Hz  = jωε  Eϕ  (16)
1


r ∂r rHϕ − ∂ϕ Hr Ez
Substituting the r and ϕ components of (15) and (16) in the z component of (16) and (15) respec-
tively and simplifying, we obtain the radial wave equation.
 2 ∂2

2 ∂ ∂ 2
r +r + + (kr) ψ = 0 (17)
∂ r2 ∂ r ∂ ϕ2
√
Where ψ is either Ez or Hz , and k ≡ ω µε, the wave number. And the other two components may
be obtained from these as follows.
1 1 ∂ Hz
Er =
jωε r ∂ ϕ
1 ∂ Hz
Eϕ = −
jωε ∂ r
1 1 ∂ Ez
Hr = −
jω µ r ∂ ϕ
1 ∂ Ez
Hϕ =
jω µ ∂ r
Equation (17) may be solved using separation of variables. Let ψ (r, ϕ) = R (r) Φ (ϕ)
Φ00 + n2 Φ = 0 (18)
 
r2 R00 + rR0 + (kr)2 − n2 R = 0 (19)

Where n is a constant number. Equation (18) is the harmonic wave equation, with solutions of
the form of sines and cosines. Equation (19) may be transformed into a Bessel equation using the
transformation kr → r̃, r̃ being the new coordinate. Then the general form of the solution will be as
given below.
ψ (r, ϕ) = [AJn (kr) + BYn (kr)] [C cos (nϕ) + D sin (nϕ)]
Where A, B, C and D are unknown constant coefficients. Jn and Yn are the Bessel functions of the
first and second kind respectively.

11
4.2 Dispersion Relation
We now apply the boundary conditions for the ring resonator we are trying to model. Since it is a
closed ring, we have a periodicity condition, namely ψ (r, ϕ) = ψ (r, ϕ + 2π). This would be possible
only for integer values of n. Also, since we have assumed magnetic walls at rin and rout , we need that
the fields are continuous, i.e. ∂∂ψr = 0|r=rin ,rout . This is known as the Neumann boundary condition.
Applying this, we have the following.

AJn0 (krin ) + BYn0 (krin ) = 0

AJn0 (krout ) + BYn0 (krout ) = 0

Where the primes denote differentiation with respect to the total argument kr. From these we have

Jn0 (krin ) Jn0 (krout ) B

= = −
Yn0 (krin ) Yn0 (krout ) A

Or
Jn0 (knm rin )Yn0 (knm rout ) − Jn0 (knm rout )Yn0 (knm rin ) = 0 (20)
knm
This is the dispersion relation which gives us the resonant frequencies ωnm = √
µε . Here knm is the
mth root of Equation (20) for nth order. This equation may be solved numerically in order to obtain the
resonant frequencies. Incidentally it can be shown from the properties of Bessel functions that if the
ring has a narrow width (rin ≈ rout = re f f ) then Equation (20) reduces to
h
2 i
knm re f f − n2 Jn−1 knm re f f Yn knm re f f − Jn knm re f f Yn−1 knm re f f = 0






Hence we see that since the right term is not necessarily zero, the left term must be identically zero.
Hence
knm re f f = n ⇒ 2πre f f = nλg,nm
Which justifies the assumption in Equation (14).

5 Results and Conclusions

5.1 Coplanar Waveguide
The coplanar waveguide was designed for a characteristic impedance of Z0 = 50Ω, using (13). The
equations were solved numerically in MATLAB. The substrate was chosen to have a thickness of h =
0.63mm and a relative permittivity of εr = 10.2. The operating frequency was chosen to be f = 10GHz.

12
The strip width was assumed to be W = 1mm While these values are bound to change, the method of
analysis remains the same. The calculated values are as follows.

Slot ≈ 0.34mm
εr,e f f ≈ 4
λg ≈ 13.8mm

Figure (3) shows the HFSS simulation. The model was excited by a plane wave. It can be seen that
the wave is being guided between the slots, and that the fields are mostly localized in the substrate.
Figures (4) and (5) show the two quasi static mode that can exist (Note that for an N conductor sys-
tem, there will be only N-1 modes since the potential is unique only up to a constant). Since we are
connecting the two ground planes together at the interconnects, the odd mode will never be excited.
From Figure (6) it can be seen that the characteristic impedance is the required 50Ω and is relatively
constant across the frequency change.

Figure 3: Coplanar Waveguide (|E|)

13
Figure 4: Even Mode

Figure 5: Odd Mode

14
 Figure 6: Characteristic Impedance

5.2 Ring Resonator

Also an ordinary ring resonator was also designed and simulated. The ring has been designed to
resonate at 10GHz using Equation (14). Hence

λg
rring = n = n × 4.5mm
2π
The width was arbitrarily chosen to be 0.4mm. Figures (7) and (8) show electric field magnitude
for n = 2 and n = 3 respectively. Also Figure (9) shows the ring coupled to the coplanar waveguide.
Figure (10) shows the transmission characteristics (S21 parameter) for the even mode. It can be seen
that there is a dip in the transmission at around 10.5GHz, which is close to the calculated value.
By numerically calculating the frequency using Equation (20), we get a value for the first resonant
frequency of around f10 = ω2π10 ≈ 10.3GHz, which is much closer to the observed value.

15
Figure 7: Slot line Ring (2πr = 2λg )

16
Figure 8: Slot line Ring (2πr = 3λg )

17
Figure 9: Slot line Ring Resonator Coupled With a Coplanar Waveguide

18
 Figure 10: Transmission Characteristics (S21 parameter) of the CPW coupled with Ring.

5.3 Concluding Remarks and Further Work

A coplanar waveguide and an ordinary ring resonator has been designed and simulated in HFSS. The
coplanar waveguide is seen to be operating satisfactorily in the required frequency range. The ring
resonator has a very low quality factor. However no attempt has been made to improve this; the main
focus of the project in this semester has been on calculating the resonant frequencies. Apart from this,
calculations and the simulated results are found to be in good agreement.
The major task for next semester will be to model the complimentary ring resonators and study
their properties and advantages over the simple configuration used in this semester. Also, optimization
and experimental validation will have to be considered. In comparison with the schedule that was
proposed at the beginning of the semester, it can be seen that the project is fairly on track.

19
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