What is FTP, and how do I use it to transfer files?

FTP is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests, FTP is
used to transfer files between computers on a network. You can use FTP to
exchange files between computer accounts, transfer files between an account
and a desktop computer, or access online software archives. Keep in mind,
however, that many FTP sites are heavily used and require several attempts
before connecting.

Features of windows2003
ACTIVE DIRECTORY
Easier Deployment and Management
ADMT version 2.0—migrates password from NT4 to 2000 to 20003
or
from 2000 to 2003
Domain Rename--- supports changing Domain Name System and/or NetBios
name
Schema Redefine--- Allows deactivation of attributes and class definitions in
the Active directory schema
AD/AM--- Active directory in application mode is a new capability of AD that
addresses certain deployment scenarios related to directory enabled
applications
Group Policy Improvements----introduced GPMC tool to manage group policy
UI—Enhanced User Interface
Grater Security
Cross-forest Authentication
Cross-forest Authorization

Cross-certification Enhancements

IAS and Cross-forest authentication

Credential Manager

Software Restriction Policies

Improved Performance and Dependability

Easier logon for remote offices

Group Membership replication enhancements

Application Directory Partitions

Install Replica from media

 Dependability Improvements--- updated Inter-Site Topology Generator (ISTG) that
scales better by supporting forests with a greater number of sites than Windows 2000.
FILE AND PRINT SERVICES

Volume shadow copy service

NTFS journaling file system

EFS

Improved CHDSK Performance

Enhanced DFS and FRS

Shadow copy of shared folders

Enhanced folder redirection

Remote document sharing (WEBDAV)

IIS
Fault-tolerant process architecture----- The IIS 6.0 fault-tolerant process
architecture isolates Web sites and applications into self-contained units called
application pools
Health Monitoring---- IIS 6.0 periodically checks the status of an application pool
with automatic restart on failure of the Web sites and applications within that
application pool, increasing application availability. IIS 6.0 protects the server, and
other applications, by automatically disabling Web sites and applications that fail too
often within a short amount of time
Automatic Process Recycling--- IIS 6.0 automatically stops and restarts faulty
Web sites and applications based on a flexible set of criteria, including CPU
utilization and memory consumption, while queuing requests
Rapid-fail Protection---- If an application fails too often within a short amount of
time, IIS 6.0 will automatically disable it and return a "503 Service Unavailable" error
message to any new or queued requests to the application
Edit-While-Running
http://www.microsoft.com/windowsserver2003/evaluation/overview/technologies/defa
ult.mspx

Difference between NT & 2000

NT SAM database is a flat database. Where as in windows 2000 active directory
database is a hierarchical database.
In windows NT only PDC is having writable copy of SAM database but the BDC is only read
only database. In case of Windows 2000 both DC and ADC is having write copy of the
database
Windows NT will not support FAT32 file system. Windows 2000 supports FAT32
Default authentication protocol in NT is NTLM (NT LAN manager). In windows 2000
default authentication protocol is Kerberos V5.

Windows 2000 depends and Integrated with DNS. NT user Netbios names

Active Directory can be backed up easily with System state data

3.Difference between 2000 & 2003

Application Server mode is introduced in windows 2003

Possible to configure stub zones in windows 2003 DNS

Volume shadow copy services is introduced

Windows 2003 gives an option to replicate DNS data b/w all DNS servers in forest or
All DNS servers in the domain.
Refer Question 1 for all Enhancements
4.Difference between PDC & BDC
PDC contains a write copy of SAM database where as BDC contains read only copy
of SAM database. It is not possible to reset a password or create objects with out PDC
in Windows NT.
5.Difference between DC & ADC
There is no difference between in DC and ADC both contains write copy of AD. Both
can also handles FSMO roles (If transfers from DC to ADC). It is just for
identification. Functionality wise there is no difference.

6.What is DNS & WINS

DNS is a Domain Naming System, which resolves Host names to IP addresses. It uses
fully qualified domain names. DNS is a Internet standard used to resolve host names
WINS is a Windows Internet Name Service, which resolves Netbios names to IP
Address. This is proprietary for Windows
7.Types of DNS Servers

Primary DNS

Secondary DNS

Active Directory Integrated DNS

Forwarder

Caching only DNS

8.If DHCP is not available what happens to the client
Client will not get IP and it cannot be participated in network . If client already got
the IP and having lease duration it use the IP till the lease duration expires.
9.what are the different types of trust relationships
Implicit Trusts
Explicit Trusts—NT to Win2k or Forest to Forest
10.what is the process of DHCP for getting the IP address to the client

There is a four way negotiation process b/w client and server

DHCP Discover (Initiated by client)

DHCP Offer (Initiated by server)

DHCP Select (Initiated by client)

DHCP Acknowledgement (Initiated by Server)
DHCP Negative Acknowledgement (Initiated by server if any issues after DHCP
offer)
11.Difference between FAT,NTFS & NTFSVersion5
NTFS Version 5 features

Encryption is possible

We can enable Disk Quotas

File compression is possible

Sparse files

Indexing Service

NTFS change journal

In FAT file system we can apply only share level security. File level protection is not

possible. In NTFS we can apply both share level as well as file level security

NTFS supports large partition sizes than FAT file systems

NTFS supports long file names than FAT file systems

12.What are the port numbers for FTP, Telnet, HTTP, DNS
FTP-21, Telnet – 23, HTTP-80, DNS-53, Kerberos-88, LDAP-389
13.what are the different types of profiles in 2000

Local Profiles

Roaming profiles

Mandatory Profiles
14.what is the database files used for Active Directory
The key AD database files—edb.log, ntds.dit, res1.log, res2.log, and edb.chk—all of
which reside in \%systemroot%\ntds on a domain controller (DC) by default. During

AD installation, Dcpromo lets you specify alternative locations for these log files and
database files
NTDS.DIT
15.What is the location of AD Database
%System root%/NTDS/NTDS>DIT
16.What is the authentication protocol used in NT
NTLM (NT LAN Manager)
17.What is subnetting and supernetting
Subnetting is the process of borrowing bits from the host portion of an address to
provide bits for identifying additional sub-networks
Supernetting merges several smaller blocks of IP addresses (networks) that are
continuous into one larger block of addresses. Borrowing network bits to combine
several smaller networks into one larger network does supernetting
18.what is the use of terminal services
Terminal services can be used as Remote Administration mode to administer remotely as
well as Application Server Mode to run the application in one server and users can login to
that server to user that application.
19.what is the protocol used for terminal services
RDP
20.what is the port number for RDP
3389
Medium Level
1.what is the difference between Authorized DHCP and Non Authorized DHCP
To avoid problems in the network causing by mis-configured DHCP servers, server in
windows 2000 must be validate by AD before starting service to clients. If an
authorized DHCP finds any DHCP server in the network it stop serving the clients
2.Difference between inter-site and intra-site replication. Protocols using for
replication.
Intra-site replication can be done between the domain controllers in the same site.
Inter-site replication can be done between two different sites over WAN links
BHS (Bridge Head Servers) is responsible for initiating replication between the sites.
Inter-site replication can be done B/w BHS in one site and BHS in another site.
We can use RPC over IP or SMTP as a replication protocols where as Domain
partition is not possible to replicate using SMTP
3.How to monitor replication
We can user Replmon tool from support tools
4.Brief explanation of RAID Levels
Microsoft Windows XP, Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003 offer two types of disk
storage: basic and dynamic.
Basic Disk Storage
Basic storage uses normal partition tables supported by MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 95,
Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me), Microsoft Windows
NT, Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP. A disk initialized for
basic storage is called a basic disk. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as primary
partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives. Additionally, basic volumes include
multidisk volumes that are created by using Windows NT 4.0 or earlier, such as volume sets,
stripe sets, mirror sets, and stripe sets with parity. Windows XP does not support these
multidisk basic volumes. Any volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, or stripe sets with parity
must be backed up and deleted or converted to dynamic disks before you install Windows
XP
Professional.
Dynamic Disk Storage
Dynamic storage is supported in Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 and Windows
Server 2003. A disk initialized for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk
contains dynamic volumes, such as simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes,
mirrored volumes, and RAID-5 volumes. With dynamic storage, you can perform disk and
volume management without the need to restart Windows.
Note: Dynamic disks are not supported on portable computers or on Windows XP Home
Edition-based computers.
You cannot create mirrored volumes or RAID-5 volumes on Windows XP Home Edition,
Windows XP Professional, or Windows XP 64-Bit Edition-based computers. However, you
can use a Windows XP Professional-based computer to create a mirrored or RAID-5 volume
on remote computers that are running Windows 2000 Server, Windows 2000 Advanced
Server, or Windows 2000 Datacenter Server, or the Standard, Enterprise and Data Center
versions of Windows Server 2003.
Storage types are separate from the file system type. A basic or dynamic disk can contain any
combination of FAT16, FAT32, or NTFS partitions or volumes.
A disk system can contain any combination of storage types. However, all volumes on the
same disk must use the same storage type.
To convert a Basic Disk to a Dynamic Disk:
Use the Disk Management snap-in in Windows XP/2000/2003 to convert a basic disk to a
dynamic disk. To do this, follow these steps:
1. Log on as Administrator or as a member of the Administrators group.
2. Click Start, and then click Control Panel.
3. Click Performance and Maintenance, click Administrative Tools, and then double-
click Computer Management. You can also right-click My Computer and choose
Manage if you have My Computer displayed on your desktop.
4. In the left pane, click Disk Management.
5. In the lower-right pane, right-click the basic disk that you want to convert, and then
click Convert to Dynamic Disk. You must right-click the gray area that contains the
disk title on the left side of the Details pane.
6. Select the check box that is next to the disk that you want to convert (if it is not
 already selected), and then click OK.

7. Click Details if you want to view the list of volumes in the disk. Click Convert.

8. Click Yes when you are prompted to convert the disk, and then click OK.

Warning: After you convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk, local access to the dynamic disk
is limited to Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003.
Additionally, after you convert a basic disk to a dynamic disk, the dynamic volumes cannot
be
changed back to partitions. You must first delete all dynamic volumes on the disk and then
convert the dynamic disk back to a basic disk. If you want to keep your data, you must first
back up the data or move it to another volume.
Dynamic Storage Terms
A volume is a storage unit made from free space on one or more disks. It can be formatted
with a file system and assigned a drive letter. Volumes on dynamic disks can have any of the
following layouts: simple, spanned, mirrored, striped, or RAID-5.
A simple volume uses free space from a single disk. It can be a single region on a disk or
consist of multiple, concatenated regions. A simple volume can be extended within the same
disk or onto additional disks. If a simple volume is extended across multiple disks, it
becomes a spanned volume.
A spanned volume is created from free disk space that is linked together from multiple disks.
You can extend a spanned volume onto a maximum of 32 disks. A spanned volume cannot be
mirrored and is not fault-tolerant.
A striped volume is a volume whose data is interleaved across two or more physical disks.
The data on this type of volume is allocated alternately and evenly to each of the physical
disks. A striped volume cannot be mirrored or extended and is not fault-tolerant. Striping is
also known as RAID-0.
A mirrored volume is a fault-tolerant volume whose data is duplicated on two physical disks.
All of the data on one volume is copied to another disk to provide data redundancy. If one of
the disks fails, the data can still be accessed from the remaining disk. A mirrored volume
cannot be extended. Mirroring is also known as RAID-1.
A RAID-5 volume is a fault-tolerant volume whose data is striped across an array of three or
more disks. Parity (a calculated value that can be used to reconstruct data after a failure) is
also striped across the disk array. If a physical disk fails, the portion of the RAID-5 volume
 that was on that failed disk can be re-created from the remaining data and the parity. A
RAID-
5 volume cannot be mirrored or extended.
The system volume contains the hardware-specific files that are needed to load Windows (for
example, Ntldr, Boot.ini, andNtdetec t.co m). The system volume can be, but does not have to
be, the same as the boot volume.
The boot volume contains the Windows operating system files that are located in the
%Systemroot% and %Systemroot%\System32 folders. The boot volume can be, but does not

have to be, the same as the system volume.

RAID 0 – Striping

RAID 1- Mirroring (minimum 2 HDD required)

RAID 5 – Striping With Parity (Minimum 3 HDD required)

RAID levels 1 and 5 only gives redundancy
5.What are the different backup strategies are available

Normal Backup

Incremental Backup

Differential Backup

Daily Backup

Copy Backup
6.What is a global catalog
Global catalog is a role, which maintains Indexes about objects. It contains full
information of the objects in its own domain and partial information of the objects in
other domains. Universal Group membership information will be stored in global
catalog servers and replicate to all GC’s in the forest.
7.What is Active Directory and what is the use of it
Active directory is a directory service, which maintains the relation ship between
resources and enabling them to work together. Because of AD hierarchal structure
windows 2000 is more scalable, reliable. Active directory is derived from X.500
standards where information is stored is hierarchal tree like structure. Active directory
depends on two Internet standards one is DNS and other is LDAP. Information in
Active directory can be queried by using LDAP protocol
8.what is the physical and logical structure of AD
Active directory physical structure is a hierarchal structure which fallows Forests—
Trees—Domains—Child Domains—Grand Child—etc

Active directory is logically divided into 3 partitions

1.Configuration partition 2. Schema Partition 3. Domain partition 4. Application

Partition (only in windows 2003 not available in windows 2000)
Out of these Configuration, Schema partitions can be replicated between the domain
controllers in the in the entire forest. Where as Domain partition can be replicated
between the domain controllers in the same domain
9.What is the process of user authentication (Kerberos V5) in windows 2000
After giving logon credentials an encryption key will be generated which is used to
encrypt the time stamp of the client machine. User name and encrypted timestamp
information will be provided to domain controller for authentication. Then Domain
controller based on the password information stored in AD for that user it decrypts the
encrypted time stamp information. If produces time stamp matches to its time stamp. It
will provide logon session key and Ticket granting ticket to client in an encryption
format. Again client decrypts and if produced time stamp information is matching then
it will use logon session key to logon to the domain. Ticket granting ticket will be used
to generate service granting ticket when accessing network resources
10.what are the port numbers for Kerberos, LDAP and Global catalog
Kerberos – 88, LDAP – 389, Global Catalog – 3268
11.what is the use of LDAP (X.500 standard?)
LDAP is a directory access protocol, which is used to exchange directory information
from server to clients or from server to servers
12.what are the problems that are generally come across DHCP

Scope is full with IP addresses no IP’s available for new machines

If scope options are not configured properly eg default gateway

Incorrect creation of scopes etc

13.what is the role responsible for time synchronization
PDC Emulator is responsible for time synchronization. Time synchronization is
important because Kerberos authentication depends on time stamp information
14.what is TTL & how to set TTL time in DNS
TTL is Time to Live setting used for the amount of time that the record should remain
in cache when name resolution happened.
RAID levels 1 and 5 only gives redundancy
5.What are the different backup strategies are available

Normal Backup

Incremental Backup

Differential Backup
Daily Backup

Copy Backup
6.What is a global catalog
Global catalog is a role, which maintains Indexes about objects. It contains full
information of the objects in its own domain and partial information of the objects in
other domains. Universal Group membership information will be stored in global
catalog servers and replicate to all GC’s in the forest.
7.What is Active Directory and what is the use of it
Active directory is a directory service, which maintains the relation ship between
resources and enabling them to work together. Because of AD hierarchal structure
windows 2000 is more scalable, reliable. Active directory is derived from X.500
standards where information is stored is hierarchal tree like structure. Active directory
depends on two Internet standards one is DNS and other is LDAP. Information in
Active directory can be queried by using LDAP protocol
8.what is the physical and logical structure of AD
Active directory physical structure is a hierarchal structure which fallows Forests—

Trees—Domains—Child Domains—Grand Child—etc

Active directory is logically divided into 3 partitions

1.Configuration partition 2. Schema Partition 3. Domain partition 4. Application

Partition (only in windows 2003 not available in windows 2000)
Out of these Configuration, Schema partitions can be replicated between the domain
controllers in the in the entire forest. Where as Domain partition can be replicated
between the domain controllers in the same domain
9.What is the process of user authentication (Kerberos V5) in windows 2000
After giving logon credentials an encryption key will be generated which is used to
encrypt the time stamp of the client machine. User name and encrypted timestamp
information will be provided to domain controller for authentication. Then Domain
controller based on the password information stored in AD for that user it decrypts the
encrypted time stamp information. If produces time stamp matches to its time stamp. It
will provide logon session key and Ticket granting ticket to client in an encryption
format. Again client decrypts and if produced time stamp information is matching then
it will use logon session key to logon to the domain. Ticket granting ticket will be used
to generate service granting ticket when accessing network resources
10.what are the port numbers for Kerberos, LDAP and Global catalog
Kerberos – 88, LDAP – 389, Global Catalog – 3268
11.what is the use of LDAP (X.500 standard?)
LDAP is a directory access protocol, which is used to exchange directory information
from server to clients or from server to servers
12.what are the problems that are generally come across DHCP
Scope is full with IP addresses no IP’s available for new machines

If scope options are not configured properly eg default gateway

Incorrect creation of scopes etc

13.what is the role responsible for time synchronization
PDC Emulator is responsible for time synchronization. Time synchronization is
important because Kerberos authentication depends on time stamp information
14.what is TTL & how to set TTL time in DNS
TTL is Time to Live setting used for the amount of time that the record should remain
in cache when name resolution happened.
We can set TTL in SOA (start of authority record) of DNS
15.How to take DNS and WINS,DHCP backup

%System root%/system32/dns

%System root%/system32/WINS

%System root%/system32/DHCP
16.What is recovery console
Recovery console is a utility used to recover the system when it is not booting
properly or not at all booting. We can perform fallowing operations from recovery

console

We can copy, rename, or replace operating system files and folders

Enable or disable service or device startup the next time that start computer

Repair the file system boot sector or the Master Boot Record

Create and format partitions on drives

17.what is DFS & its usage
DFS is a distributed file system used to provide common environment for users to
access files and folders even when they are shared in different servers physically.
There are two types of DFS domain DFS and Stand alone DFS. We cannot provide
redundancy for stand alone DFS in case of failure. Domain DFS is used in a domain
environment which can be accessed by /domain name/root1 (root 1 is DFS root name).
Stand alone DFS can be used in workgroup environment which can be accessed
through /server name/root1 (root 1 is DFS root name). Both the cases we need to
create DFS root ( Which appears like a shared folder for end users) and DFS links ( A
logical link which is pointing to the server where the folder is physically shared)
The maximum number of Dfs roots per server is 1.

The maximum numbers of Dfs root replicas are 31.

The maximum number of Dfs roots per domain is unlimited.

The maximum number of Dfs links or shared folders in a Dfs root is 1,000
18.what is RIS and what are its requirements
RIS is a remote installation service, which is used to install operation system remotely.
Client requirements
PXE DHCP-based boot ROM version 1.00 or later NIC, or a network adapter that is
supported by the RIS boot disk.
Should meet minimum operating system requirements
Software Requirements

Below network services must be active on RIS server or any server in the network

Domain Name System (DNS Service)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Active directory “Directory” service

19.How many root replicas can be created in DFS
31
20.What is the difference between Domain DFS and Standalone DFS
Refer question 17.
High Level
1.Can we establish trust relationship between two forests
In Windows 2000 it is not possible. In Windows 2003 it is possible
2.What is FSMO Roles
Flexible single master operation (FSMO) roles are