MILK CASEIN AS AN ALTERNATIVE INGREDIENT FOR GLUE

Abstract
The researchers aimed to develop a new product that will benefit the students like us. To this
objective, our team comes up with the idea of creating glue based from milk. Glue has been an
important material at home, at school and at office. Most of the commercially available glue is
claiming to be non-toxic. However, we are still uncertain of this claim since they contain
preservatives that may harm both the user and the environment. Casein, a protein obtained from
milk, has been long proven to play an important role in the production of glue. It can be obtained
from milk by means of adding vinegar into the milk. The curd formed from the reaction is mixed
with baking soda. The produced glue from milk may vary in consistency depending upon the
amount of milk, vinegar, water and baking soda used. Other research conducted claims that glue
made from milk casein is waterproof and can be used for bottle labeling and cigarette packaging.
The product produced by our team is cheap and effective. Students can replicate our procedures to
create their own milk glue.
 ECO-FRIENDLY BRICKS MADE UP OF PEANUT SHELLS AND BANANA DRIED
LEAVES
Abstract
Concrete is strong in compression but relatively weak in tension and shear. And this problem in
strength of concrete is the most common structural failure. The objective of the research project is
to create a brick with improved strength in tension and shear and also good in thermal conductivity
for thermal comfort. The researchers found that a banana fiber, a ligno-cellulosic fiber, obtained
from the pseudo-stem of banana plant (Musa sepientum), is a bast fiber with relatively good
mechanical properties is also good as an aggregate to concrete to increase its strength in tension
and shear. Also the researchers found that employing peanut shells will also decrease the thermal
conductivity of concrete which can contribute to improve the thermal comfort in constructions.
The researchers decided to use peanut shells and banana dried leaves as an alternative aggregate
in making bricks. As of today, there are lots of rising buildings and houses and it takes too much
expenses for using the common bricks nowadays. Peanut shells and banana dried leaves consist of
high percentage lignin, cellulose and carbon that are suitable alternatives for making bricks.
 CASSAVA STARCH AS A MAJOR COMPONENT IN MAKING BIODEGRADABLE
PLASTIC
Abstract
Starch-based plastics are an important class of bio-plastics used to make biodegradable
products. Biodegradability can contribute to alleviating the waste problem of our current society.
Biodegradable products can both reduce the amount of waste produced and increase material
recycling and landfill diversion. By shifting towards biodegradable carrier bags, a substantial
reduction of contaminants presents in bio-waste and screened off by composting plants results in
an almost fivefold increase of bio-waste quality. Creating a better biodegradable plastic bag would
be a huge achievement. The only question is how one would go about doing so, and what materials
could be used? The objective of this research project is to help the society with its environmental
issues by creating biodegradable plastic out of cassava starch. The researchers used environment-
friendly materials which can be made into biodegradable plastics that will not harm the
environment and will not add to pollution problems.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CHALK AS FOAMING AGENT TO ALUMINUM SODA CANS
TO FORM ALUMINUM FOAM
Abstract
Around 1.3 million people die from car accidents each year or on average 3200 deaths per day
from the impact. Safety conditions are crucial to preserve human life but safe materials are
expensive to manufacture. The objective of the research project is to create a material with the
ability to observe large amounts of energy and resist asteroid impacts. Aluminum has been
recycled since the days it was first commercially produced and today almost one-third of the global
aluminum consumption worldwide is contributed by recycled aluminum. The aluminum soda /
beverage can is by far the most recycled consumer beverage package globally by units, pounds
and percentage recycled. It amounts to more than twice the recycling rate and recycled content
percentages for beverage packages of other materials. The research project seeks to investigate and
study on the process of converting aluminum soda cans into aluminum foam and the effectiveness
of chalk as a foaming agent. Chalk which mainly composed of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is
found to be a highly effective foaming agent for aluminium. The foams obtained have notably
finer cell structures and offer potential for lightweight structures, for energy absorption, and for
thermal management than can be achieved in foams produced with titanium hydride, coupled with
enhanced stability in the molten state. The potential for metal carbonates as an alternative to
currently-used titanium hydride foaming agents is explored, with calcium carbonate identified as
the most suitable.
The study aims to produce biodegradable plastic using cassava starch as its maincomponent. Cassava starch was mixed with water,
epoxydized soya bean oil (ESBO),glycerol, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The mixture was then compressed and tested.
Threepreparations were made from the mixture. The first preparation contained 50 grams starch,50 grams water, 50 grams PVA,
2.5 grams ESBO, and 2.5 grams glycerol. The secondpreparation contained 65 grams starch, 65 grams water, 50 grams PVA, 2.5
grams ESBO,and 2.5 grams gycerol. The third preparation contained 80 grams starch, 80 grams water,50 grams PVA, 2.5 grams
ESBO, and 2.5 grams gycerol. The first preparation exhibited themost desirable mechanical properties. The material produced was
proven tobe biodegradable.

Using cassava starch in developing biodegradable plastic is one bigstep to lessen, if not total eliminate, our global concerns.
Generally, this study is conducted to replace the conventional non-biodegradable plastics usingcassava starch as its main component
for ideal biodegradable plastic.Some plastics use starch as an additive. This additive helps in thenatural decomposition of the plastic
materials. Cassava starch is composed of two components such as amylose and amylopectin. Since plastics are made of polymers,
starch is a very favorable raw material in plastic-making.As a major source of starch in tropical and subtropical regions,cassava is
a promising raw material for the development of biodegradableplastics in these areas. Starch is a natural polymer and is
biodegradable and isused in this research because it is renewable and cheap. Also, it is pure and can be blended with other polymers
to make cheap biodegradable plastic.

Water and heat make the starch polymers unfold and line up like normal plastic polymers (it's called gelatinization). Once this takes
place, starch can be modeled in to what ever shape you want. Unfortunately, without adding other fillers, this plastic will break
very easily and will melt in water. Not sure what the oil is for...

Casein (/ˈkeɪˌsiːn/ "kay-seen", from Latin caseus, "cheese") is a family of related phosphoproteins (αS1, αS2, β, κ). These proteins
are commonly found in mammalian milk, comprising c. 80% of the proteins in cow's milk and between 20% and 45% of the
proteins in human milk.[1] Casein has a wide variety of uses, from being a major component of cheese, to use as a food additive.[2]
The most common form of casein is sodium caseinate.[3]

Lignocellulose refers to plant dry matter (biomass), so called lignocellulosic biomass. It is the most abundantly available raw
material on the Earth for the production of biofuels, mainly bio-ethanol. It is composed of carbohydrate polymers (cellulose,
hemicellulose), and an aromatic polymer (lignin). These carbohydrate polymers contain different sugar monomers (six and five
carbon sugars) and they are tightly bound to lignin. Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified into virgin biomass, waste
biomass and energy crops. Virgin biomass includes all naturally occurring terrestrial plants such as trees, bushes and grass

A polymer (/ˈpɒlɪmər/;[2][3] Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "parts") is a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many
repeated subunits. Because of their broad range of properties,[4] both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous
roles in everyday life.[5] Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA
and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via
polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass relative to small molecule
compounds produces unique physical properties, including toughness, viscoelasticity, and a tendency to form glasses and
semicrystalline structures rather than crystals.

Metallic foams are a new, as yet imperfectly characterized, class of materials with low densities and novel physical, mechanical,
thermal, electrical and acoustic properties. They offer potential for lightweight structures, for energy absorption, and for thermal
management. The present most commercially available metal foams are based on aluminum or nickel. The properties of metallic
foam and other cellular metal structures depend upon the properties of the metal, the relative density and cell topology (e.g. open
or closed cell, cell size, etc.)[1]. In order to improve the cellular structure of the materials and also to make the production
technologies more reliable and reproducible, foam stability of liquid metals, i.e. avoidance of rupture and drainage, has to be
understood and controlled [2]. Many distinct process-routes have been developed to make metal foams [1, 2]. In this fabrication
technique, some viscosity increasing agents such as SiC, SiO2 , MgO and Al2O3 particles are added to the metallic melt in order
to make the melt get an appropriate viscosity. It was suggested that the viscosity increasing agent not only stabilized the cell wall
but also affected the mechanical properties of the foams [5–11]. TiH2 is the most popular foaming agent [1-5], but the relatively
new trend in metallic foam production used the Calcium carbonate as a foaming agent [8-14]. The carbonate decomposes within
the molten metal and forms CaO solids and the reactive gas CO2. Under conditions of aggressive agitation, the gas bubbles formed
within the molten metal are ruptured and fragmented, exposing more of the reactive gas to the molten metal. This gas reacts with
the molten aluminum forming CO gas and in-situ formed A12O3. The CO and CO2 gas bubbles, as well as A12O3,CaO and other
metallic oxide phases, stabilize the liquid metal suspension by modifying the viscosity and surface energy of the molten metal [13,
14]. In this work the Al-foam is produced using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as a foaming agent and the effect of CaCO3 wt.%
addition on mechanical properties of aluminium foam is studied.

Peanut shells are made up of lignin, cellulose and proteins and carbohydrates. While the percentage composition of
the component are as follows - 8.2% protein, 28.8% lignin, 37.0% cellulose and 2.5% carbohydrate.