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The Horizontal Well

This document discusses methods for ensuring even distribution of fluids or air above or below a contaminant zone in a subsurface cleanup system using horizontal wells and a distribution trench. It presents three methods: 1) Using an orifice formula to calculate flow rate based on coefficients, area, and head loss; 2) A formula using hydraulic coefficients, total flow, pipe length, and fractional pipe length; 3) Setting orifice head losses higher than total pipe head losses at full flow. It also provides a compressible flow formula accounting for expansion, pressures, temperatures, and molecular properties.

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41 views

The Horizontal Well

This document discusses methods for ensuring even distribution of fluids or air above or below a contaminant zone in a subsurface cleanup system using horizontal wells and a distribution trench. It presents three methods: 1) Using an orifice formula to calculate flow rate based on coefficients, area, and head loss; 2) A formula using hydraulic coefficients, total flow, pipe length, and fractional pipe length; 3) Setting orifice head losses higher than total pipe head losses at full flow. It also provides a compressible flow formula accounting for expansion, pressures, temperatures, and molecular properties.

Uploaded by

writeandrewpaul7707
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Horizontal Well & Distribution Trench for subsurface cleanup

Q in Q out
Ground Surface

Distribution Trench

Ground Water
Approximate Flow Lines
Table

Contaminant Zone

Horizontal Collection well


Qin  Qout
How do you insure even distribution of
fluids or air above or below the
contaminant zone?
Understanding Fluid Flow Principles
Orifice Formula for Head Loss:

Q = Cd*Ao* [2gh]0.5
Cd is a coefficient between 0.59 and 0.66 depending
upon application
See:Water Resources Bulletin, Vol 28, No 3, June 1992, American Water Resources
Association. Article by Duchene and McBean
A Second Approach
Hf = (KQo2/L2)* (l-l2/L + l3/L2)
Where K is the hydraulic coefficient equivalent to
the head losses in the total length of the pipe at
full flow conditions; L is the length of the pipe, l is
the fractional length of the pipe where the losses
are occurring, and Qo is the total flow in the pipe
at maximum conditions
Qo
l
A Third Method

Set the orifice losses using the first formula


higher than the total head loss in the pipe at full
flow.
Compressible Flow
• Compressible flow is a bit more difficult
because it involves temperature and pressure
considerations. The general formula for use,
after some simplification is:
Compressible Flow Cont’d
• Where :
• Y = Expansion factor, dimensionless
• r = P2/P1 (Absolute pressures)
• k = specific heat ratio (cp/cv), dimensionless, but
for air it is 1.4 which is good enough for most
cases, unless one really has a heavy vapor
concentration in the gas. Or get Cv and Cp from
the Internet on sites such as:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/spesific-
heat-capacity-gases-d_159.html
Compressible Flow Concluded
Q1= C A2
where:
k = specific heat ratio ( cp/cv), dimensionless
m = mass flow rate at any section, kg/s
Q1 = upstream real gas flow rate, m³/s
C = orifice flow coefficient, dimensionless
A2 = cross-sectional area of the orifice hole, m²
P1 = upstream gas pressure, Pa with dimensions of kg/(m·s²)
P2 = downstream pressure, Pa with dimensions of kg/(m·s²)
M = the gas molecular mass, kg/mol (also known as the molecular weight)
R = the Universal Gas Law Constant = 8.3145 J/(mol·K)
T1 = absolute upstream gas temperature, K
Z = the gas compressibility factor at P1 and T1 and , dimensionless—but
most of the time it is 1 for air at environmental temperatures generally
encountered

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