This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TIE.2016.2643602, IEEE
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A Novel Single Stage Single Phase

Reconfigurable Inverter Topology for a Solar
Powered Hybrid AC/DC Home
Nikhil Sasidharan, Student Member, IEEE and Jai Govind Singh, Member, IEEE

 affecting the power quality, power losses along with creating a

Abstract—This paper suggested a reconfigurable single phase significant challenge for electrical engineers. Modern
inverter topology for a hybrid AC/DC solar powered home. This household loads have different characteristics compared to
inverter possess a single phase single stage topology and the loads present in earlier stage. However, harmonic mitigation
main advantage of this converter is that it can perform DC/DC,
and/or its minimizations are big challenges in distribution
DC/AC and grid tie operation, thus reduces loss, cost, size of the
converter. This hybrid AC/DC home has appliances of both AC system. Many literatures works have been reported to address
and DC types. This type of home helps to reduce the power loss aforementioned problems as follows.
by avoiding unnecessary double stages of power conversion and Harmonic mitigation in the distribution system using solar
improves the harmonic profile by isolating DC type loads to DC inverter by virtual harmonic damping impedance method is
supply side and rest of AC side. Firstly, simulation is done in discussed in literature [2]. In ref. [3], PV-Battery storage
MATLAB/Simulink and secondly, obtained results are validated
system is used to control the voltage stability in distribution
with hardware implementation using Arduino Uno controller.
Such type of solar powered home and inverter would be a basic system. The control of solar powered grid connected inverter
building block of energy efficient future Smart Grid and for electric vehicle charging is suggested in ref. [4].
Microgrid. Reference [5] has proposed the DC microgrid and shown its
advantages and challenges of making a complete DC home
Index Terms—Single phase single stage inverter, solar Photo microgrid. Further, this paper has analyzed by considering all
Voltaic, Hybrid AC/DC Home, harmonic mitigation buildings in 2050, 80 % of buildings are already built. So,
focus is more on improving the efficiency of existing
I. INTRODUCTION
buildings than making a new complete DC home. Ref. [6] has

T HE current century has witnessed the unprecedented

evolution and growth of renewable energy worldwide [1].
There has been a substantial increase in the capacity and
analyzed the efficiency of residential building when it is
converted into DC house over the conventional AC
distribution house. They analyzed the data of 14 states in USA
production of all renewable technologies and also growth in which used 380 V and 24 V voltages for DC distribution in
supporting policies. Between 2009- 2013, solar PVs home. There is a 33% savings when the AC equipment is
experienced the swiftest growth rate to have added power replaced with DC equipment. But replacing all existing home
capacity amongst all the renewables. Especially, rooftop solar appliances with its DC equivalent is not possible due to the
PV are gaining more popularity in distribution system due to high price and unavailability of the required
reduction in cost of solar panel, Government policies such as standards/flexibilities of equipment. Ref. [7] proposes a novel
feed in tariffs to promote renewable energy utilization, solution to mitigate some of the harmonics related problems
modularity and less maintenance etc. But intermittent nature and efficiency issues by proposing a hybrid AC/DC Home
of the renewable causes the significant stability and reliability grid system. A solar home is discussed as a case study and a
issues in the distribution system. The restructuring of the 12% improvement in efficiency and a 20% reduction in
electric supply industry has prompted the situation, where harmonics are achieved by shifting DC loads to the DC supply
customer is a critical business player. To mitigate the side.
uncertainty in solar PV generation, storage options are Conventional grid connected inverter uses high DC link
introduced such as battery system, Fuel cells etc. voltage which will be the peak magnitude of the line-line grid
Due to growing of nonlinear modern household equipment voltage [8]. For this particular purpose two stage conversions
and new technologies in houses, which needed to improve are required to boost up the DC voltage and to invert it.
productivity and comfortability, are main source of generating However, this will increase the cost, size and loss of the
harmonics current in distribution feeder and that adversely system. To avoid this, single phase single stage topologies of
inverter are suggested in ref. [9-12]. In single phase inverter
Manuscript received January 11, 2016; revised September 1, 2016 and topology, transformer less inverter gained significant research
October 30, 2016; accepted November 22, 2016.
Nikhil Sasidharan (e-mail: [email protected]) and Jai Govind Singh interest as suggested in ref. [13]. Transformer less inverter has
(e-mail: [email protected]) are with the School of Environment, Resources the advantage of low size and cost by avoiding the transformer
and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand.

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Fig. 1. Schematic of the proposed RSC circuit

but this will eliminate the galvanic isolation and inverter will to operation of the switches in the topology for DC/DC
become very sensitive to grid disturbances in the galvanic operation. Control logic and sampling of input quantities are
isolation and inverter will become very sensitive to also different in this paper.
disturbances in grid connected mode. Since, the solar PV is Section II introduces the proposed inverter circuit, modes of
limited by its inherent intermittency aspects and, hence, operation and analysis. In Section III, control of the proposed
battery storage (assumed here) is required to supply the power converter is introduced and necessary design considerations to
when there are not enough solar radiations. But having a upgrade into proposed converter. Section IV verifies the
separate converter for battery’s power management system proposed topology with experimental outputs which will
will increase the cost and size of the converter as well. Hence, validates the proposed topology. Section V summarizes and
a three phase topology of reconfigurable solar inverter is concludes the outcomes.
introduced in refs. [14] and [16] for utility PV system with
battery storage. This reconfigurable system is suitable to solar II. TOPOLOGY OF RECONFIGURABLE SOLAR CONVERTER (RSC)
and wind farm applications. This topology is tested with a new The circuit diagram of reconfigurable solar inverter is given
algorithm and validated the results. Normally every solar in the Fig. 1. Though it will reduce the no of power conversion
powered household have a battery system to provide a reliable stages but mechanical switches and cable requirement are
supply system. Normally these batteries are charged when more for this topology. The modes of operations of the
connected to AC system or they need a separate converter to proposed single phase single stage converter are given in
manage the charging operations when it connected to DC Table 1. In addition, different operations modes are given in
supply side. Though, ref. [16] provides very brief info but no Figs. 2-5.
details/outcomes are available about single phase single stage
topology which can supply both AC and DC loads in TABLE I MODES OF OPERATION
literature.
Therefore, the main contribution of this paper is to Modes of operation ON switches Off switches
implement a single phase single-stage solar converter called
PV-GRID SW1 SW3 SW 4 SW2 SW 5
reconfigurable solar converter (RSC) in the solar powered
hybrid AC/DC residential building with energy storage PV-BATTERY-GRID SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5
devices. The basic concept of the RSC is to use a single power
PV- BATTERY SW1 SW3 SW5 SW2 SW4
conversion system to perform different operational modes
such as solar PV to grid (Inverter operation, DC-AC), solar BATTERY-GRID SW2 SW3 SW1 SW4 SW5
PV to battery/DC loads (DC-DC operation), battery to grid
(DC-AC), battery/PV to grid (DC to AC) and Grid to battery A) Mode-1
(AC-DC) for solar PV systems with energy storage. This The mode of operation as shown in Fig. 2 is directly
inverter is tested in a solar powered Hybrid AC/DC home connects PV to the Grid. MPPT controller is used to extract
which contains both AC and DC household loads. Individual maximum power from the solar panel. Inverter controller is
appliances are selected according to the harmonic used to synchronize with grid and transfer active power to the
contributions they are injecting to the distribution grid from a grid.
typical modern house. Apart from the aforementioned, other
B) Mode-2
additional contributions are as follow. The electrical
components and sensors are different from ref. [14], and In Fig. 3, the mode of operation is to supplying power to the
normal inductor only used for DC/DC operation. The variation grid from both solar PV and battery. This mode operates when
in solar radiation is also considered and solar PV-Battery there is a shortage of power from the solar PV due to external
operation is verified. The circulation current is mitigated due conditions, e.g., weather etc. One of the drawbacks of this
connection is that the battery voltage and PV voltage should

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always be matching each other. Since battery voltage is stiff, D) Mode-4

MPPT controller cannot be used for this configuration. From Fig. 5, the energy stored in battery can be released to
the appliances or grid during the night hours or when there is
no solar radiation due to clouds or rainy conditions. Battery
can supply stable power to the inverter. Thus, it can be very
helpful in power quality improvement and ancillary services
provision.

III. CONTROL OF THE PROPOSED CONVERTER

For controlling this proposed single phase inverter, PQ
controller is used considering the advantage that it will control
the active and reactive power according to the reference
signal. Since the controlling elements for the AC system are
very difficult due to their time varying nature, the AC control
Fig. 2. PV to Grid variables are converted to a stationary reference frame from a
rotating reference frame for effective control [15].
Let 𝐹𝛼 & 𝐹𝛽 be the rotating reference frame variables which
can be voltage or current, whereas 𝐹𝑑 & 𝐹𝑞 be the stationary
variables. In rotatory reference frame the active and reactive
powers can be calculated by using (1) and (2).
1
𝑃 = [𝑣𝑑 ∗ 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑣𝑞 ∗ 𝑖𝑞 ] (1)
2
1
𝑄 = [𝑣𝑑 ∗ 𝑖𝑞 − 𝑣𝑞 ∗ 𝑖𝑑 ] (2)
2
where, 𝑣 & 𝑖 are the instantaneous values of voltage and
current, respectively.
Fig. 3. PV-Battery to Grid When the inverter is synchronized to the grid the value of 𝑣𝑞
becomes zero, and (1) and (2) becomes,
1
𝑃 = [𝑣𝑑 ∗ 𝑖𝑑 ] (3)
2
1
𝑄 = [𝑣𝑑 ∗ 𝑖𝑞 ] (4)
2
The active and reactive reference currents are given in (5) and
(6) as,
2∗𝑃̂
𝑖̂
𝑑 = (5)
𝑣𝑑
2∗𝑄̂
𝑖̂
𝑞 = (6)
𝑣𝑑
where, 𝑃̂ & 𝑄̂ are the reference power signals of active and
reactive power.
Fig. 4. PV to Battery charging Calculated values of 𝑖̂ 𝑑 & 𝑖̂
𝑞 are converted into stationary
C) Mode-3 reference frame and given as signal to PQ controller to
produce reference signals for the Sinusoidal Pulse Width
Figure 4 shows DC/DC operation of the proposed topology
Modulation (SPWM) controller. Synchronizing the solar
where battery is charged by a chopper action of the converter.
inverter with grid requires the knowledge of the magnitude
The extra inductor is optional to reduce ripple in the charging
and phase of the grid supply voltage. Phase Lock Loop (PLL)
current further. When there is an excess energy available, the will track the phase of the grid and help to synchronize with
battery is charged for the night time usage. the grid. To obtain maximum power from the solar panel,
according to maximum power transfer theorem, the panel
resistance should be equal to the load resistance which is
connected to this panel. To achieve this, a hill climbing
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm is used.
This technique will equalize the resistances and extract
maximum power from the solar panel. The control diagram for
different modes of operations of the RSC is given in Fig 6 &
7. In Fig 6, the inverter operation of the RSC is explained.
From voltage and current measurement from the solar panel,
voltage is set to extract maximum power from the panel using
Fig. 5. Battery to Grid MPPT algorithm. This voltage is compared with the set DC

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link voltage and error is given to a PI controller for DC link Simulation of the proposed converter is done in
voltage regulation. This PI controller will produce reference MATLAB/Simulink. The parameters used for the simulation
current which is compared with reference current produced is given in Table 2. The radiation is kept at maximum at 1000
using PQ controller which is given in (5) and (6). This error is W/m2. Inbuilt PLL and PWM pulse generator blocks in
given to a PI controller which will generate reference voltage MATLAB/Simulink is used for controlling the inverter. The
for active power control. Reactive power is separately design is done for 500 Watt inverter topology. The active and
controlled using another PI controller. These reference reactive power output for a load of 320 Watt and 80 VAr is
voltages are converted to rotating reference frame voltages simulated and shown in Fig 8.
and given to space vector PWM to drive the inverter. In order to synchronize the solar inverter with grid, the
Battery is charged from solar panel using DC/DC magnitude and phase of the grid supply voltage must be
conversion mode of RSC which is given in Fig 7. One of the known. Phase locked loop (PLL) is system which will track a
MOSFET switch is used to obtain required voltage level for signal with other signal system. PLL is actually a servo
the battery. Here constant voltage charging is used. MPPT mechanism which will reduce the difference between phase
controller will produce the required current which is given to a and frequency of incoming signal to a reference signal. Active
PI controller to produce the reference voltage. This voltage is power transfer to the grid is possible if there is a difference
compared with the battery voltage and duty cycle is generated. between the Phase of the inverter and the grid supply system.
From this duty cycle PWM pulses are generated which is PLL will capture the phase of the grid supply and required
given to the MOSFET switch. Thus, both AC and DC loads phase shift is generated using inverter controller for power
are given supply using a single reconfigurable inverter. transfer. The phasor diagram of inverter and grid supply
during the power transfer is shown in Fig 9.

Fig. 6. DC/AC inverter operation

Fig. 7. DC/DC chopper operation

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Fig. 10. Battery voltage

Fig. 8. Active and reactive power generation
TABLE III HARMONIC CONTRIBUTIONS BY DIFFERENT APPLIANCES
TABLE II SIMULATION PARAMETERS
Appliances THDV (%) THDI (%)
Components Parameters
Battery 12 V, 9 Ah Air Conditioner 3.72 18
Filter capacitor (C1) 47 μF Bread Toaster 2.3 2.7
Filter inductor (L1) 2.3mH CFL Bulbs 3.6 99.9
Switching Frequency 4000 Hz Computer 2.7 99.6
DC link Capacitor (C2) 2 nos 2200 μF, 16 V Induction Cook Top 1.8 3.8
Resistance (R1) 1 kΩ Fan 1.8 1.5
Solar Panel Details Incandescent Bulb 1.7 2.2
Iron Box 2.3 2.8
No of cells per module 36
Laptop Charger 2.3 39.1
Open circuit voltage (V) 22.09
Short circuit current (A) 8.36 Microwave Oven 3.3 22
Mixer 2.9 13
Voltage at maximum power (V) 17.7
Current at maximum power (A) 7.62 Refrigerator 3 5.2
UPS 2.9 18
diode quality factor 1.25
number of series-connected module per Battery Charger 2.5 54
Cooler 2.4 1.7
module 1
Florescent Lamp 2 99.8
number of modules per string 3
Rice Cooker 2.2 2.4
Series resistance (ohm) 0.165
Tele vision 3 99.9
Parallel resistance (ohm) 80
LED Bulb 2.2 33.8

IV. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

To validate, the proposed topology, hardware
implementation of RSC is done in the Energy Lab of Asian
Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand. The hardware circuit
diagram is given in Fig 11. The Arduino Uno board is used as
a controller in this experiment. This board is interfaced with
MATLAB/Simulink environment in order to implement the
control logic of RSC. It has inbuilt PWM pulse generators and
analog and digital input reader which will be very useful in
Fig. 9. Phases in radians controlling the voltage and phase of the proposed converter.
The DC power supply is used as a replacement of solar panels
Battery charged through the proposed topology. Here in the laboratory experiment.
constant voltage charging method is followed. Li-ion battery
which is an inbuilt block of MATLAB/Simulink is used as
battery storage. The output voltage during the charging is
given in Fig 10. Thus all operations of the converter are tested
in simulation and results ae analyzed. The control algorithm
works perfectly in the simulation in MATLAB.
The harmonic contributions of different appliances are
calculated experimentally and given in Table III. From the
table, current total harmonic distortions (THDI) are higher for
mainly lighting loads like CFL, tube-light and charging loads
like computer, battery chargers etc. from this the loads which
injects more harmonics is replaced with it DC counterparts
and connected to DC supply side. Thus, it mitigates harmonics Fig. 11. Experimental setup
injection by bypassing these loads to DC supply side.

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Fig. 12. Loads and relays

Fig. 14. Grid and Inverter Voltage
Different power levels are generated by changing the
voltage and current setting of the DC power supply to The voltage of the inverter is lies along the voltage of the
replicate different operating conditions. The Loads and relay grid. The active power transfer with the grid is shown in the
used in this experiment are given in Fig 12. The maximum Fig 15. Current Transducer LA 25-P is used for the sensing of
harmonic producing loads in household is identified as current and its setting is 1/1000, and 1 kΩ resistor is
charging and lighting loads in literature [7]. By replacing them connected to read in the DSO.
with their DC counterpart and connected to a DC supply side In Fig 15, waveform ‘V’ is grid voltage and ‘I’ represents as
of the Hybrid AC/DC home, a significant improvement in the the inverter current injected to grid for active power transfer.
harmonic profiles can be achieved in residential feeder. So in From the figure the current and voltage are in the phase which
this work, DC and AC LED lamps are used as AC and DC will inject the active power to the grid. The rms voltage is 220
loads. For charging loads, a 12 V, 9 Ah battery is used which V and current is 1.5 A Peak.
is charged through RSC for DC supply side connection and
charged from AC through an adaptor to show the difference
between AC and DC charging in terms of harmonics.
The relay used in this experiment is SONGLE 4 relay
module each with a rating of 250 V AC, 10 A or 30 V DC, 10
A. The operation time of this relay is 10 milliseconds. The
operating time of a relay when a pulse from UNO board is
given for testing purposes of the relay is shown in Fig 13. In
mode 1, to synchronize with the grid LEM (a leading company
manufactures current and voltage sensors) low voltage
transducer LV-25 is used to measure the voltage and it is
given to the UNO analog input. Due to the interfacing with
Fig. 15. Unity power transfer to grid
MATLAB, the analog input will read in MATLAB IDE and
produce the synchronizing pulses using PWM pulse generator.
The DC/DC operation of the RSC is done by keeping the
This pulse is given to the PWM output pins of the UNO board.
battery voltage to 15 V as its nominal charging voltage. The
The wave form of grid and interfacing voltage is given in
input voltage is changed and checked its effects on the
Fig 14. Since the peak voltage of DSO in the lab is 300 V
proposed topology which is given in Fig 16. The input voltage
maximum and so, two waveforms are given in Fig. 14 (upper
of DC supply is varied to represent fluctuations in solar
and lower) to show the synchronization with the grid without
irradiation; the output voltage of RSC is maintained at
any significant deviations.
constant voltage which requires charging the battery. This
topology hold good and the voltage are stiff as seen from Fig
16. The input voltage is varied from 0-30 voltage and output is
constant at 15 V that’s the charging voltage of battery. The
dynamic operation is also very important for this particular
converter topology. For analyzing dynamic behavior of
proposed RSC configuration, different topology of the
converter is named by different labels.
A) Mode- 0 to Mode-1
For example, off state of the converter is labeled as Mode-0
stage. Similarly, Mode-1 is solar panel to grid, Mode-2 is solar
panel/battery to grid, Mode-3 is battery to grid and Mode-4 is
Fig. 13. Relay Turn ON solar panel to battery charging. A resistor of 1 kΩ is put in
series to the DC link capacitor to avoid high inrush current
during the mode change.

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In transition to Mode-4 operation from Mode-3, the inverter

operation is shut down which is shown in Fig. 20.

Fig. 16. DC/DC operation of the RSC

The Mode-0 to Mode-1 operation of inverter is shown in Fig

Fig.19. Mode-2 to Mode-3
17. Inverter is started from off state and after some time it’s
connected to the grid. The voltage is 220 V and using PLL the
inverter voltage is connected with respect to grid. Then unity
power factor current is injecting to transfer power.

Fig. 20. Mode-3 to Mode-4

Thus, the dynamic state of the proposed topology is verified

with different operating Modes from 0 to 4. Since this
proposed converter is for Hybrid AC/DC home, this converter
Fig. 17. Mode-0 to Mode-1
is tested with both AC and DC loads. When connected to a 60
B) Mode-1 to Mode-2 W incandescent lamp the output waveforms of voltage and
In this mode, the battery is connected with solar panel to current are given in the Fig. 21.
share the load. The output waveforms are shown in the Fig 18.
After the relay switched on there is momentarily delay to track
the voltage which is shown in the Fig.18 as transition. The
voltage is 220 V and current is 2 A peaks. The delay in one
cycle is the time required for the controller and MPPT
controller cannot be used in this mode.

Fig. 21. Voltage and current waveform

Fig. 22. Voltage and current wave form when Battery charged in AC supply

Fig.18. Mode-1 to Mode-2 When 3 Watt LED bulb and battery is connected along with
C) Mode-2 to Mode-3 this 60 Watt incandescent bulb, the harmonics are introduces
The transition from Mode-2 to Mode-3 is shown in Fig 19. and there is a distortion in wave shape which can be observed
The solar panel is removed and battery is powering to the grid. in Fig 22.
The delay in changes is due to mode transition and controller When connecting this battery and DC equivalent load of AC
is set to new stiff voltage by battery. LED bulb to DC supply side, the total harmonic is reduced
significantly (by 16%) as shown in the Fig 23.
D) Mode-3 to Mode-4 The 60 Watt incandescent lamp is connected in AC supply
side throughout this operation. From the Fig 23, it is observed
that the THD in current is very high when a battery is charged

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power to DC and vice versa is employed, which improved the Information Technology (ECTI-CON), pp.1-4, 14-17 May 2014.
[16] B. Parkhideh, Hongrae Kim, “Reconfigurable Power Systems and
efficiency, reduces volume and enhances the reliability. The Converters,” US Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0261999 A1,
hardware implementation validates that the suggested 18th October, 2012.
converter topologies would be helpful to reduce significant
amount of harmonics in the residential feeders of the future
Smart Grid. Though, here only solar PV is considered as Dr Nikhil Sasidharan (S’13) has received his
source of power, this topology could be equally applicable to doctoral, master and bachelor degrees in Electrical
Engineering from Asian Institute of Technology,
wind, fuel cells etc. Thailand, VIT University Vellore and Kerala
University respectively. Currently, he is working as
ACKNOWLEDGMENT a Senior Research Associate in Energy Field of
Study at SERD, Asian Institute of Technology
The authors thank Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, Bangkok. Before his Doctoral study he was working
for providing the technical data and financial aid for fulfilling as an Assistant Professor in University of Calicut.
His research interest includes Single phase inverter,
this work.
Net Zero energy buildings, Low voltage DC grid and community grid,
Harmonic mitigation.
REFERENCES
Dr. Jai Govind Singh (M’10) has received his
[1] GSR (2014) - Renewables 2014 Global Status Report.
doctoral, master and bachelor degrees in Electrical
[2] S. Munir, Li Yun Wei, "Residential Distribution System Harmonic
Engineering from IIT Kanpur and IIT Roorkee and
Compensation Using PV Interfacing Inverter," IEEE Trans. Smart Grid,
MNNIT Allahabad, respectively. Currently, he is
Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.816-827, June 2013.
working as an Associate Professor in Energy Field of
[3] J. Von Appen, T. Stetz, M. Braun, A. Schmiegel, "Local Voltage
Study at SERD, Asian Institute of Technology
Control Strategies for PV Storage Systems in Distribution Grids," IEEE
Bangkok. He has worked as a postdoctoral research
Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.1002-1009, March 2014.
associate at KTH, Stockholm, followed by the UQ,
[4] A. Arancibia, K. Strunz, F. Mancilla-David, "A Unified Single- and Brisbane, as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow.
Three-Phase Control for Grid Connected Electric Vehicles," IEEE
His research and teaching interest includes power
Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp.1780-1790, Dec. 2013.
system dynamics, operation and control; Smart Grid
[5] B. T. Patterson, "DC, Come Home: DC Microgrids and the Birth of the and Microgrid; Renewable energy integration; power distribution system
Enernet," IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 6, pp.60-69,
planning.
Nov.-Dec. 2012.

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