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Solutions For Math 311 Assignment #3

This document provides solutions to several problems involving complex numbers and polynomials: 1. It proves basic properties of polynomials with real coefficients under conjugation, including that (a) p(z) = p(z) and (b) a root z0 and its conjugate z0 are both roots. 2. It finds the four roots of z4 + 16 and expresses this polynomial as the product of two quadratic polynomials with real coefficients. 3. It expresses several complex functions in the form f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y) under Cartesian coordinates. 4. It computes several limits involving complex functions, determining whether the limits exist. 5.

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52 views

Solutions For Math 311 Assignment #3

This document provides solutions to several problems involving complex numbers and polynomials: 1. It proves basic properties of polynomials with real coefficients under conjugation, including that (a) p(z) = p(z) and (b) a root z0 and its conjugate z0 are both roots. 2. It finds the four roots of z4 + 16 and expresses this polynomial as the product of two quadratic polynomials with real coefficients. 3. It expresses several complex functions in the form f(z) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y) under Cartesian coordinates. 4. It computes several limits involving complex functions, determining whether the limits exist. 5.

Uploaded by

Aditi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #3

(1) Suppose p(z) is a polynomial with real coefficients. Prove that


(a) p(z) = p(z);
(b) p(z) = 0 if and only if p(z) = 0;
(c) the roots of p(z) = 0 appear in conjugate pairs, i.e., if z0
is a root of p(z) = 0, so is z 0 .

Proof. Let p(z) = a0 + a1 z + ... + an z n for a0 , a1 , ..., an ∈ R.


Then
p(z) = a0 + a1 z + ... + an z n
= a0 + a1 z + ... + an z n
= a0 + (a1 )z + ... + (an )z n
= a0 + a1 z + ... + an z n = p(z).
If p(z) = 0, then p(z) = 0 and hence p(z) = p(z) = 0; on
the other hand, if p(z) = 0, then p(z) = p(z) = 0 and hence
p(z) = 0.
By the above, p(z0 ) = 0 if and only if p(z 0 ) = 0. Therefore,
z0 is a root of p(z) = 0 if and only if z 0 is. 

(2) Find the four roots of the polynomial z 4 + 16 and use these to
factor z 4 + 16 into two quadratic polynomials with real coeffi-
cients.
Solution. The four roots of z 4 + 16 are given by
√ √
4
√
−16 = 16eπi = 16eπi/4 e2mπi/4
4 4

= 2eπi/4 , 2e3πi/4 , 2e5πi/4 , 2e7πi/4


for m = 0, 1, 2, 3. We see that these roots appear in conjugate
pairs:
2eπi/4 = 2e7πi/4 and 2e3πi/4 = 2e5πi/4 .
This gives the way to factor z 4 + 16 into two quadratic polyno-
mials of real coefficients:
z + 16 = (z − 2eπi/4 )(z − 2e3πi/4 )(z − 2e5πi/4 )(z − 2e7πi/4 )
4

= (z − 2eπi/4 )(z − 2e7πi/4 ) (z − 2e3πi/4 )(z − 2e5πi/4 )


 

= (z 2 − 2 Re(2eπi/4 )z + 4)(z 2 − 2 Re(2e3πi/4 )z + 4)


√ √
= (z 2 − 2 2z + 4)(z 2 + 2 2z + 4)
1
2

(3) Write the following functions f (z) in the forms f (z) = u(x, y)+
iv(x, y) under Cartesian coordinates with u(x, y) = Re(f (z))
and v(x, y) = Im(f (z)):
(a) f (z) = z 3 − z;
1
(b) f (z) = ;
i−z
(c) f (z) = exp(z 2 ).

Solution. (a)

f (z) = z 3 − z = (x + yi)3 − (x + yi)


= (x3 + 3x2 yi − 3xy 2 − y 3 i) − (x + yi)
= (x3 − 3xy 2 − x) + (3x2 y − y 3 − y)i,

(b)

1 1
f (z) = =
i−z −x + (1 − y)i
−x − (1 − y)i
= 2
x + (1 − y)2
x 1−y
=− 2 2
− 2 i
x + (1 − y) x + (1 − y)2

(c)

f (z) = exp(z 2 ) = exp((x + yi)2 )


= exp((x2 − y 2 ) + 2xyi)
= ex2 −y2 (cos(2xy) + i sin(2xy))
2 −y 2 2 −y 2
= ex cos(2xy) − iex sin(2xy)

(4) Compute the following limits if they exist:


iz 3 + 1
(a) lim 2 ;
z→−i z + 1
2
4+z
(b) lim .
z→∞ (z − 1)2
Im(z)
(c) lim .
z→0 z
3

Solution. (a)
iz 3 + 1 i(z 3 + i3 )
lim = lim
z→−i z 2 + 1 z→−i z 2 + 1

i(z + i)(z 2 − iz + i2 )
= lim
z→−i (z + i)(z − i)
i(z − iz + i2 )
2
= lim
z→−i z−i
limz→−i (z 2 − iz + i2 )
=i
limz→−i (z − i)
limz→−i z 2 − i limz→−i z + limz→−i i2
=i
limz→−i z − limz→−i i
i((−i) − i(−i) + i2 )
2
3
= =
−i − i 2
(b)
4 + z2 4 + z −2
lim = lim
z→∞ (z − 1)2 z→0 (z −1 − 1)2

4z 2 + 1 limz→0 (4z 2 + 1)
= lim =
z→0 (1 − z)2 limz→0 (1 − z)2
4(limz→0 z)2 + limz→0 1
= =1
(limz→0 1 − limz→0 z)2
(c) Since
Im(z) y
lim = lim = −i
Re(z)=0,z→0 z y→0 yi

and
Im(z) 0
lim = lim = 0
Im(z)=0,z→0 z x→0 x

the limit does not exist.

(5) Let T (z) = z/(z + 1). Find the inverse image of the disk |z| <
1/2 under T and sketch it.
Solution. Let D = {|z| < 1/2}. The inverse image of D under
T is
1
T −1 (D) = {z ∈ C : T (z) ∈ D} = {|T (z)| < }
  2
z 1
= z : < = {2|z| < |z + 1|}.
z + 1 2
4

Let z = x + yi. Then


2|z| < |z + 1| ⇔ 4(x2 + y 2 ) < (x + 1)2 + y 2
⇔ 3x2 − 2x + 3y 2 < 1
 2
1 4
⇔ x− + y2 <
3 9

1 2
⇔ z − <
3 3
So  
−1 1 2

T (D) = z : z −<
3 3
is the disk with center at 1/3 and radius 2/3.

(6) Sketch the following sets in the complex plane C and determine
whether they are open, closed, or neither; bounded; connected.
Briefly state your reason.
(a) |z + 3| < 1;
(b) | Im(z)| ≥ 1;
(c) 1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2.
Solution. (a) Since {|z + 3| < 1} = {(x + 3)2 + y 2 − 1 < 0}
and f (x, y) = (x + 3)2 + y 2 − 1 is a continuous function on R2 ,
the set is open. It is not closed since the only sets that are both
open and closed in C are ∅ and C.
Since
|z| = |z + 3 − 3| ≤ |z + 3| + | − 3| = |z + 3| + 3 < 4
for all |z + 3| < 1, {|z + 3| < 1} ⊂ {|z| < 4} and hence it is
bounded.
It is connected since it is a convex set.
(b) We have
{| Im(z)| ≥ 1} = {|y| ≥ 1} = {y ≥ 1} ∪ {y ≤ −1}.
Since f (x, y) = y is continuous on R2 , both {y ≥ 1} and {y ≤
−1} are closed and hence {| Im(z)| ≥ 1} is closed. It is not
open since the only sets that are both open and closed in C are
∅ and C.
Since zn = n + 2i ∈ {| Im(z)| ≥ 1} for all n ∈ Z and
√
lim |zn | = lim n2 + 4 = ∞,
n→∞ n→∞

the set is unbounded.


5

The set is not connected. Otherwise, let p = 2i and q = −2i.


There is a polygonal path p0 p1 ∪ p1 p2 ∪ ... ∪ pn−1 pn with p0 = p,
pn = q and pk ∈ {| Im(z)| ≥ 1} for all 0 ≤ k ≤ n. Let 0 ≤
m ≤ n be the largest integer such that pm ∈ {y ≥ 1}. Then
pm+1 ∈ {y ≤ −1}. So Im(pm ) ≥ 1 > 0 and Im(pm+1 ) ≤ −1 < 0.
It follows that there is a point p ∈ pm pm+1 such that Im(p) =
0. This is a contradiction since pm pm+1 ⊂ {| Im(z)| ≥ 1} but
p 6∈ {| Im(z)| ≥ 1}. So the set is not connected.
(c) Since −2 ∈ {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2} and {|z + 2| < r} 6⊂ {1 ≤
|z + 3| < 2} for all r > 0, {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2} is not open.
Similarly, −1 is a point lying on its complement
{1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2}c = {|z + 3| ≥ 2} ∪ {|z + 3| < 1}
and {|z + 1| < r} 6⊂ {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2}c for all r > 0. Hence
{1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2}c is not open and {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2} is not
closed. In summary, {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2} is neither open nor
closed.
Since
|z| = |z + 3 − 3| ≤ |z + 3| + | − 3| < 5
for all |z + 3| < 2, {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2} ⊂ {|z| < 5} and hence it
is bounded.
The set is connected. To see this, we let p1 = −3/2, p2 =
−3 + 3i/2, p3 = −9/2 and p4 = −3 − 3i/2. All these points lie
on the circle {|z + 3| = 3/2} and hence lie in {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2}.
It is easy to check that for every point p ∈ {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2},
ppk ⊂ {1 ≤ |z + 3| < 2} for at least one pk ∈ {p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 }. So
the set is connected.

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