17-11-2016

•Introduction
•Terminologies
•Architectural lighting systems

Presented By:-
Asst. Prof. ASHUTOSH KUMAR

Birla Institute of Technology, Patna

October, 2016

THE COMPONENTS OF THE VISUAL ENVIRONMENT : electromagnetic waves in space

 The goal of lighting is to make the environment visible, the
visual environment is a visible environment. The aim of Light is the visible part of the electromagnetic
lighting is to create an adequate visual environment. spectrum between the wavelengths of l = 380-
 The internal visual environment comes into being by 780 nm. Its symbol is Φe, its unit is Watt [W]
illuminating a room. Thus, there are two components of the
visual environment
 - one is a usually furnished room with surfaces reflecting light
to a greater or lesser extent , -this is a basically passive
component- and
 - the other is light, which (as an active component) makes
the room visible.
 The surfaces of the interior can be characterized by their
reflectance, while the use of light can be described by the
illuminance of the surfaces.

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LIGHT AND ITS QUALITY LIGHT AND ITS QUALITY

 The quality of white light can be characterized with
its spectral distribution.
 The quality of white lights may differ because they
may contain consecutive colours in varying ratios.
The quality of a white light can be characterized in
practice from this point of view with the help of
colour temperature.
 The colour temperature of a given light is the
temperature of the black body, at which the spectral
distribution of its radiation is nearly the same as that
of the given light, its symbol is T, its unit is Kelvin
[K].

THE QUALITIES OF SURFACES

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE VISUAL ENVIRONMENT
The reflection of
surfaces can be We see the elements of our environment as having some colour
characterized in an and brightness. The brightness of a surface is the so called L
exact way by the luminance. The lighter the surface, the greater its luminance
reflection factor is.
expressed as a In another word, it is the luminance and the colour of certain
function of elements of the surfaces we perceive. The greater the reflection
wavelength ρ(λ). (ρ) and the illuminance (E) of a surface is, the lighter it is, in
other words
Non-coloured surfaces. L=ρXE

Coloured surfaces

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To sum it up, the visual environment is a three THE CHARACTERISTICS OF VISION

dimensional coloured image of the field of view, a
spatial arrangement of luminances and colours.

It follows from the fact that the visual environment is a

product of the environment and of illumination, that

-A good visual environment is a product of a well

formed interior and of adequate illumination,

-Neither a badly formed environment, nor inadequate

illumination, can result in a
1. Human eyes can see nearly a hemisphere, but only a relatively small part
good visual environment. of it, in the axis of the field of view, is perceived exactly.

In order to provide the surfaces of a room with adequate

In incandescent lamps, light is produced by the radiation of a
illuminance, it is necessary to "put” enough light into the room. The filament at high temperature.
amount of luminous flux generated and distributed in the interior has
to be sufficient to illuminate certain surfaces to the required degree. The spectrum of the light generated in this way contains radiation at
every wavelength.
Light Source : Anything producing light. Artificial Light
sources are technical devices which convert usually electric
energy into radiation - partly to light. Its spectrum is monotonous. A considerable amount of heat is
generated at the same time as light.
. Natural . Artificial

Based on the way they work, Artificial light Incandescent lamps used in practice are
- filament incandescent lamps,
sources are divided into two types of lamps: - tungsten halogen lamps for mains voltage, and
 - incandescent, and - low voltage tungsten halogen reflector lamps.

 - luminescent.

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In luminescent lamps light is generated by excited electrons. An

electric arc excites light in a so called arc tube or on the surface of As per practical use, light sources can be characterized by their:
the envelope, as the case may be. - construction and operation, and their
- technical data:
The spectrum of the light generated this way is not necessarily rated voltage:
continuous, radiation is much larger in certain narrow bands than in is the voltage that the base of the lamp can be connected to for
others, and the spectrum is not monotonous. normal operation.
nominal input:
Luminescent lamp used in practice are is the electric power consumed by the lamp alone under rated
- fluorescent lamps, circumstances. If auxiliaries are needed for the operation of the lamp,
- compact fluorescent lamps, the input of the light source - auxiliary unit is larger than that of the
- mercury lamps, lamp alone.
- mercury tungsten blended lamps, type of base:
- metal halide lamps, and the type of technical design by which the lamp is connected to the
- high pressure sodium lamps. electric network.
measurements:
the main measurements of a lamp, (such as diameter, length, etc.,)
that are important from the point of view of installation.

In luminescent lamps light is generated by excited electrons. An

electric arc excites light in a so called arc tube or on the surface of  Lumen
the envelope, as the case may be.
• 1 lumen = the photometric equivalent of the watt
The spectrum of the light generated this way is not necessarily
• 1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a sphere with 1
continuous, radiation is much larger in certain narrow bands than in
others, and the spectrum is not monotonous. m radius and a 1 candela isotropic light source at
the centre
Luminescent lamp used in practice are • 1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength
- fluorescent lamps,
- compact fluorescent lamps,  Lux
- mercury lamps,
- mercury tungsten blended lamps, • metric unit of measure for illuminance on a
- metal halide lamps, and surface: 1 lux = 1 lumen / m2
- high pressure sodium lamps.

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 Luminous intensity (I)

 Light Output.
• measured in Candela (cd)
 Measured at the lamp surface.
 Luminous flux (lm)  Measured in lumens.
 Illuminance or Light Level.
• 4 x luminous intensity
 Measured at the working surface.
 Measured in foot-candles.
 Luminance or Brightness.
 Measured at an angle to the working surface.
 Measured in foot lamberts.

Proper illumination depends on the location and design of windows, light 
sources, the type of light fixtures, the selection of the light source, the 
intensity and distribution of the source and fixture combination, and the 
room environment.

Illuminance or illumination is measured by the units fc (lx) ; fc being the 
symbol for foot candles and (lx) the symbol for lux in the International 
System (SI).

Luminance or brightness is measured by the units fL(cd/m2); fL being the 
symbol for foot Lamberts and (cd/m2) the symbol for candela per square 
meter.

Luminaire is the name given to a complete light source and the light 
fixture.
Issues of Room Lighting

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The following factors are involved: 
• room proportions,
• ceiling height,  Installed load efficacy
• reflectance from various walls and ceiling, • Average maintained illuminance on a working
plane: lux/W/m2
• color of surfaces,
• type of reflection from surfaces,   Target load efficiency
• type of work or how the room is used, • Installed load efficacy considered achievable under
best efficiency
• type of fixtures, pattern of fixture installation, 
• Lux/W/m²
• output of fixtures,
• efficiency of fixtures,   Rated luminous efficacy
• Rated lumen output of the lamp / rated power
• light losses due to lamp aging, and consumption
• allowance for dirt conditions. • Lumens per watt

 Room index
• Ratio for the plan dimensions of the room  The inverse square law
 Installed load efficiency ratio • Defines the relationship between illuminance from
a point source and distance
• Target load efficacy / Installed load

 Utilization factor
• A measure of the effectiveness of the lighting
E = Iluminance
scheme
E = I / d2 I = Luminous intensity
E1 d12 = E2 d22 d = distance

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 Color temperature A measure of the “warmth” or “coolness” of a light source.

• Color appearance of a lamp and the light it
≤ 3200K = “warm” or red side of spectrum
produces
• Measured in Kelvin (K) ≥ 4000K = “cool” or blue side of spectrum

• Incandescent lamps: “true value” color 3500K = “neutral”

temperature
5000K = “Daylight”
• Fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID)
lamps: correlated color temperature

North Sky - 8500K

Daylight Fluo - 6500K

warm light source is neutral light source is cool source is used

Cool White - 4100K used, enhancing reds used enhancing blues and
and oranges greens
Halogen – 3100K
Color rendering, expressed as a rating on the Color Rendering Index
Warm White - 3000K (CRI), from 0-100, describes how a light source makes the color of an
Incandescent – 2700K object appear to human eyes and how well subtle variations in color
shades are revealed. The higher the CRI rating, the better its color
HPS - 2100K rendering ability.
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 Color rendering index (CRI)

A relative scale indicating how perceived colors illuminated by the light source Color CIE general color Typical application
rendering rendering Index(Ra)
match actual colors. The higher the number the less color distortion from the groups
reference source.
1A Ra > 90 Wherever accurate color rendering is
required e.g. color printing inspection
85 -100 CRI = Excellent color rendition 1B 80 < Ra < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments are
necessary or good color rendering is
required for reasons of appearance e.g.
75 - 85 CRI = Very Good color rendition display lighting
2 60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is
65 - 75 CRI = Good color rendition required
3 40 < Ra < 60 Wherever color rendering is of little
significance but marked distortion of color
55 - 65 CRI = Fair color rendition is unacceptable
4 20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of no
0 – 55 CRI = Poor color rendition importance at all and marked distortion of
colour is acceptable

Table 1. Applications of color rendering groups (Bureau

of Energy Efficiency, 2005)

 Quality of illumination may affect worker

productivity.
 Quality is affected by:
 Glare. Too bright.
 Uniformity of illumination.
 Color rendition. Ability to see colors properly.
 Scale is 0 to 100 (100 is best)
 Color Temperature. Warm to Cool.
 Measured in degrees kelvin. 3000 is warm (yellowish);
5000 is cool or “daylight”.

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 Luminaire = Lighting fixture  Luminaire Efficiency

 Lamps  Percentage of lamp lumens produced that
 Lamp sockets actually exits the fixture.
 Ballasts
 Reflective material  Types of luminaires
 Lenses, refractors, louvers  Direct (general illumination).
 Indirect (light reflected off the ceiling/walls; “wall
 Housing washers”).
 Directsthe light using reflecting and  Spot/Accent lighting.
shielding surfaces.  Task Lighting.
 Outdoor/Flood Lights.

• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps HID lamps

• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• Blended
• LED lamps