PALO ALTO

NETWORKS
PCNSE
STUDY GUIDE
February 2018
Palo Alto Networks, Inc.
www.paloaltonetworks.com
© 2016-2018 Palo Alto Networks – all rights reserved. Aperture, AutoFocus, GlobalProtect, Palo Alto
Networks, PAN-OS, Panorama, Traps, and WildFire are trademarks of Palo Alto Networks, Inc. All other
trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Contents
Palo Alto Networks PCNSE Study Guide ....................................................................................................... 7
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Exam Details .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Intended Audience ................................................................................................................................ 7
Qualifications ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Skills Required ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Recommended Training ........................................................................................................................ 8
Disclaimer.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Exam Domain 1 – Plan ............................................................................................................................ 10
Identify how the Palo Alto Networks products work together to detect and prevent threats. ......... 10
Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of the firewall to meet business
requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform. ................................... 11
Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of firewalls in High Availability to meet
business requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform. ..................... 16
Identify the appropriate interface type and configuration for a specified network deployment. ..... 18
Identify how to use template stacks for administering Palo Alto Networks firewalls as a scalable
solution using Panorama. ...................................................................................................... 24
Identify how to use device group hierarchy for administering Palo Alto Networks firewalls as a
scalable solution using Panorama. ........................................................................................ 27
Identify options to deploy Palo Alto Networks firewalls in a private cloud (VM-Series). .................. 30
Given a scenario, identify ways to mitigate resource exhaustion (because of denial-of-service) in
application servers. ................................................................................................................ 32
Identify decryption deployment strategies. ....................................................................................... 34
Identify the impact of application override to the overall functionality of the firewall. .................... 38
Identify the methods of User--ID redistribution ................................................................................. 40
Exam Domain 2 – Deploy and Configure ................................................................................................ 41
Identify the application meanings in the Traffic log (incomplete, insufficient data, non-syn TCP, not
applicable, unknown TCP, unknown UDP, and unknown P2P). ............................................ 41
Given a scenario, identify the set of Security Profiles that should be used. ...................................... 41
Identify the relationship between URL filtering and credential theft prevention. ............................. 42
Identify differences between services and applications..................................................................... 43
Identify how to create security rules to implement App-ID without relying on port-based rules. .... 43

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 3

 Identify the required settings and steps necessary to provision and deploy a next‐generation
firewall. .................................................................................................................................. 44
Identify various methods for Authentication, Authorization, and Device Administration within a
firewall. .................................................................................................................................. 45
Identify how to configure and maintain certificates to support firewall features. ............................ 46
Identify how to configure a virtual router. ......................................................................................... 46
Identify the configuration settings for site‐to‐site VPN. ..................................................................... 49
Identify the configuration settings for GlobalProtect. ........................................................................ 50
Identify how to configure items pertaining to denial-of-service protection and zone protection. ... 53
Identify how to configure features of the NAT rulebase. ................................................................... 53
Given a configuration example including DNAT, identify how to configure security rules. ............... 54
Identify how to configure decryption. ................................................................................................ 55
Given a scenario, identify an application override configuration and use case. ................................ 56
Identify how to configure VM-Series firewalls for deployment. ........................................................ 56
Exam Domain 3 – Operate ...................................................................................................................... 57
Identify considerations for configuring external log forwarding. ....................................................... 57
Interpret log files, reports, and graphs to determine traffic and threat trends. ................................ 62
Identify scenarios in which there is a benefit from using custom signatures. ................................... 68
Given a scenario, identify the process to update a Palo Alto Networks system to the latest version
of the software. ..................................................................................................................... 69
Identify how configuration management operations are used to ensure desired operational state of
stability and continuity. ......................................................................................................... 71
Identify the settings related to critical HA functions (link monitoring; path monitoring; HA1, HA2,
and HA3 functionality; HA backup links; and differences between A/A and A/P). ............... 71
Identify the sources of information pertaining to HA functionality. .................................................. 72
Identify how to configure the firewall to integrate with AutoFocus and verify its functionality. ...... 73
Identify the impact of deploying dynamic updates. ........................................................................... 74
Identify the relationship between Panorama and devices as it pertains to dynamic updates versions
and policy implementation and/or HA peers. ....................................................................... 75
Exam Domain 4 – Configuration Troubleshooting .................................................................................. 76
Identify system and traffic issues using WebUI and CLI tools. ........................................................... 76
Given a session output, identify the configuration requirements used to perform a packet capture.
............................................................................................................................................... 77
Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot and configure interface components. .................... 79
Identify how to troubleshoot SSL decryption failures. ....................................................................... 82

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 4

 Identify certificate chain of trust issues. ............................................................................................. 83
Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot traffic routing issues. .............................................. 84
Exam Domain 5 – Core Concepts ............................................................................................................ 85
Identify the correct order of the policy evaluation based on the packet flow architecture. ............. 85
Given an attack scenario, identify the Palo Alto Networks appropriate threat prevention component
to prevent/mitigate the attack. ............................................................................................. 87
Identify methods for identifying users................................................................................................ 88
Identify the fundamental functions residing on the management and dataplanes of a Palo Alto
Networks firewall. .................................................................................................................. 90
Given a scenario, determine how to control bandwidth use on a per-application basis. .................. 93
Identify the fundamental functions and concepts of WildFire ........................................................... 96
Identify the purpose of and use case for MFA and the Authentication policy. .................................. 98
Identify the dependencies for implementing MFA. ............................................................................ 98
Given a scenario, identify how to forward traffic ............................................................................... 99
Given a scenario, identify how to configure policies and related objects. ....................................... 100
Identify the methods for automating the configuration of a firewall .............................................. 105
Further Resources ................................................................................................................................. 107
Appendix A: Sample test ....................................................................................................................... 108
Appendix B: Answers to sample questions ........................................................................................... 116
Answers to Exam Domain 2 – Deploy and Configure ....................................................................... 117
Answers to Exam Domain 3 – Operate ............................................................................................. 118
Answers to Exam Domain 4 – Configuration Troubleshooting ......................................................... 120
Answers to Exam Domain 5 – Core Concepts ................................................................................... 121
Answers to the sample test .............................................................................................................. 122
Appendix C: Glossary ............................................................................................................................ 125
Continuing Your Learning Journey with Palo Alto Networks ................................................................ 133
E-Learning ......................................................................................................................................... 133
Instructor Led Training: ..................................................................................................................... 133
Learning Through the Community .................................................................................................... 133

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 5

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 6
Palo Alto Networks PCNSE Study Guide
Welcome to the Palo Alto Networks PCNSE Study Guide. The purpose of this guide is to help you prepare
for your PCNSE exam and achieve your PCNSE credential. This study guide is a summary of the key topic
areas that you are expected to know to be successful at the PCNSE exam. It is organized based on the
exam blueprint and key exam objectives.

Overview
The Palo Alto Networks® Certified Network Security Engineer (PCNSE) is a formal, third‐party proctored
certification that indicates that those who have passed it possess the in‐depth knowledge to design,
install, configure, maintain, and troubleshoot most implementations based on the Palo Alto Networks
platform.
This exam will certify that the successful candidate has the knowledge and skills necessary to implement
Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Firewall PAN-OS® 8.0 platform in any environment. This exam will
not cover Aperture and Traps.
More information is available from Palo Alto Networks at:
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/services/education/pcnse

Exam Details
• Certification Name: Palo Alto Networks Certified Network Security Engineer
• Delivered through Pearson VUE: www.pearsonvue.com/paloaltonetworks
• Exam Series: PCNSE
• Seat Time: 80 minutes
• Number of items: 75
• Format: Multiple Choice, Scenarios with Graphics, and Matching
• Language: English

Intended Audience
The PCNSE exam should be taken by anyone who wants to demonstrate a deep understanding of Palo
Alto Networks technologies, including customers who use Palo Alto Networks products, value-added
resellers, pre-sales system engineers, system integrators, and support staff.

Qualifications
You should have three to five years’ experience working in the Networking or Security industries and the
equivalent of 6 months’ experience working full‐time with Palo Alto Networks security platform.

You have at least one year of experience in Palo Alto Networks NGFW deployment and configuration.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 7

Skills Required
• You can plan, deploy, configure, and troubleshoot Palo Alto Networks security platform
components.
• You have product expertise and understand the unique aspects of the Next-Generation Security
Platform and how to deploy one appropriately.
• You understand Networks networking and security policies used by PAN-OS software.

Recommended Training
Palo Alto Networks strongly recommends that the candidate attend the following courses: Firewall 8.0
Essentials: Configuration and Management (EDU-210), Panorama: Manage Multiple Firewalls (EDU-221),
and Firewall: Debug and Troubleshoot (EDU-311) classes. Courses do not cover everything that a PCNSE
needs to know, but they’re the most efficient way to start learning. When you have the basics mastered,
you should spend time on our platform practicing using the information in the 8.0 version of the
Administrator’s Guide. Find the guide here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os

The Administrator’s Guide contains specific configuration information and some “best practice”
configuration settings. Remember that many supplemental documents also are on the learning site. All
candidates should take advantage of this free resource.

About This DocumentEfforts have been made to introduce all relevant information that might be found
in a PCNSE Certification Test. However, other related topics also may appear on any delivery of the
exam. This document should not be considered a definitive test preparation guide but an introduction to
the knowledge require, and these guidelines may change at any time without notice. This document
contains many references to outside information that should be considered essential to completing your
understanding.

Disclaimer
This study guide is intended to provide information about the objectives covered by this exam, related
resources, and recommended courses. The material contained within this study guide is not intended to
guarantee that a passing score will be achieved on the exam. Palo Alto Networks recommends that a
candidate thoroughly understand the objectives indicated in this guide and uses the resources and
courses recommended in this guide where needed to gain that understanding.

Preliminary Score Report

The score report notifies candidates that, regardless of pass or fail results, an exam score may be revised
any time after testing if there is evidence of misconduct, scoring inaccuracies, or aberrant response
patterns.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 8

Palo Alto Networks Certified Network Security Engineer - PCNSE
Based on PAN-OS® Version 8.0
Domain Weight (%)
Plan 16%
Deploy and Configure 23%
Operate 20%
Configuration Troubleshooting 18%
Core Concepts 23%
Total 100%

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 9

Exam Domain 1 – Plan

Identify how the Palo Alto Networks products work together to detect and prevent threats.

Preventing Successful Cyber-attacks.

The goals of security are to keep your information safe, and your organization’s reputation intact. These
goals can be met by reducing the attack surface and thus reducing the likelihood of a successful attack.
By focusing on preventing successful attacks, the Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Security Platform
reduces the likelihood of a successful cybersecurity issue so that it is manageable and quantifiable,
allowing organizations to compartmentalize their biggest threats and to focus on business operations.

The Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Security Platform protects our digital way of life by safely
enabling applications and preventing known and unknown threats across the network, cloud, and
endpoints. The native integration of the platform delivers a prevention architecture that can provide
superior security at lower total cost of ownership.

Our platform has four major components that enable the prevention of successful cyber-attacks:

1. Natively integrated technologies that:

 Leverage a single-pass prevention architecture to exert positive control based on

applications, users, and content to reduce the organizational attack surface

 Support open communication, orchestration, and visibility

 Enable a consistent security posture from the network, to the cloud, to the endpoint

2. Automated creation and delivery of protection mechanisms against new threats to network,
cloud, and endpoint environments

3. Extensibility and flexibility that allows for protection of customers as they expand, move off
their physical network, or adopt new technologies

4. Threat intelligence sharing that provides protection by leveraging a community of

comprehensive global threat data sources to minimize the spread of attacks

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 10

 By employing the Palo Alto Networks Threat Intelligence Cloud, businesses leverage the global threat community to detect
unknown threats and to convert them into known, stoppable threats.

Sample question
1. Which component (or components) of the integrated Palo Alto Networks security solution limits
access to a corporate z/OS (also known as MVS) mainframe?
A. threat intelligence cloud
B. advanced endpoint protection
C. next-generation firewall
D. advanced endpoint protection and next-generation firewall

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how the Palo Alto Networks products work together to
detect and prevent threats. on p. 116.

Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of the firewall to meet business
requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 11

Choosing the Appropriate Firewall
Feature and performance requirements impact the choice of firewall model. All Palo Alto Networks
firewalls run the same version of PAN-OS® software, ensuring the same primary feature set. When you
investigate which model fits a given need, evaluate throughput, maximum concurrent sessions, and
connections per second with App-ID, threat prevention, and decryption features enabled. Note that
there are two published throughput statistics: “firewall throughput” and “threat prevention
throughput.” “Threat prevention throughput” is the expected throughput with all defensive options
enabled, and “firewall throughput” is the throughput with no Content-ID defense options enabled.

The following link provides a features summary of all firewall models including throughput:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/datasheets/product-summary-specsheet

The Single Pass Architecture means packets should have to traverse the architecture only once.

The Palo Alto Networks firewall was designed to use an efficient system referred to as Next Generation
Processing. Next Generation Processing allows for the the use of packet evaluation, application
identification, policy decisions, and content scanning in a single efficient processing pass.

Palo Alto Networks firewalls contain the following next-generation features:

 App-ID: Scanning of traffic to identify the application that is involved, regardless of the protocol
 Content-ID: Scanning of indicated traffic for security threats (e.g., data leak prevention and URL
filtering. virus, spyware, unwanted file transfers, specific data patterns, vulnerability attacks,
and appropriate browsing access
 User-ID: Matching of a user to an IP address (or multiple IP addresses)

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 12

Security Policy
The Security policy consists of numerous security rules that are the basis of the firewall’s ability to
enable or block sessions. Numerous match conditions can be used when you create these rules. Security
zones, source and destination IP address, application (App-ID), source user (User-ID), service (port), HIP
match, and URL categories in the case of web traffic all can serve as traffic matching criteria for
allow/block decision-making. Allowed sessions can be scanned further based on Security Profiles
(Content-ID) to identify unwanted packet content. These profiles use known threat signatures and a
mechanism (WildFire) to identify unknown threats, automatically generating new threat signatures.
Examples of security rules and profile settings follow:

Creating a Security policy rule

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 13

 Profile settings for a Security policy rule that enable Content-ID threat scanning

Security Zones
Palo Alto Networks firewalls are zone based. For traffic to pass, the deployment requires that security
zones be implemented. These zones act as a logical way to group physical and virtual interfaces. Zones
also are required to control and log the traffic that traverses the interfaces. You must assign an interface
of the same type as the zone it is assigned (TAP, Virtual Wire, Layer 2 or Layer 3). To pass traffic through
an interface, the traffic must be assigned to a zone. A zone can have multiple interfaces of the same
type assigned to it, but an interface can belong to only one zone.

All sessions on the firewall are defined by the source and destination zones. Rules can use these defined
zones to allow or deny traffic, apply QoS, or perform NAT. All traffic can flow freely within a zone and is
referred to as intrazone traffic. Traffic between zones (called interzone traffic) is denied by default.
Traffic will be allowed to travel only between zones if a security rule is defined and the rule matches all
conditions of the session. For interzone traffic, Security policy rules must reference a source zone and
destination zone (not interfaces) to allow or deny traffic.

Security policies are used to create a positive (whitelist) and/or negative (blacklist) enforcement model
for traffic flowing through the firewall. The necessary security rules must be in place for the firewall to
properly evaluate, configure, and maintain Security policies. These rules are enumerated from the top
down and the first rules with the appropriate matching conditions will allow or deny the matching
traffic. If the logging is enabled on the matching rule, and the traffic crosses a zone, the action for that

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 14

session is logged. These logs are extremely useful for adjusting the positive/negative enforcement
model. The log information can be used to characterize traffic, providing specific use information and
allowing precise policy creation and control. Palo Alto Networks firewall logs, Application Command
Center, App Scope, and other reporting tools all work to precisely describe traffic and use patterns.

Traffic Processing Sequence

Visualize the Palo Alto Networks firewall processes using the following graphical representation.
Understanding the linear version of the traffic flow can be useful when you create the initial
configuration and when you adjust the rules after installation. Note that the graphical representation is
a simplified version of the complete flow, which is in document #1628: “The Life of a Packet”:
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/Packet-Flow-Sequence-in-PAN-OS/ta-
p/56081?attachment-id=4427.

Session processing sequence

Sample question

1. A potential customer says they need a firewall to process 50Gbps of traffic. Which firewall, if
any, do you recommend to the customer?
A. PA-7080
B. PA-7050
C. PA-5260
D. You don’t recommend a firewall model at this point, but ask about the kind of traffic
and how it needs to be processed. If the requirement is for 50Gbps IPsec VPN
throughput, then the customer needs a PA-7080. For 50Gbps with threat prevention,
you need a PA-7050. If only App-ID is used, a PA-5260 can fulfill the requirement.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 15

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of the
firewall to meet business requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform. on p. 116.

Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of firewalls in High Availability to

meet business requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform.

High Availability
PAN-OS® software supports High Availability cluster deployments. Clusters consist of two firewalls of
identical configuration and licensing. The members of the HA cluster can be directly attached via
network cables or deployed a distance from each other if the two can be attached via a routable, or
switchable, network. Clusters can be designed with active/passive or active/active configurations.

Active/Passive Clusters
Active/passive HA is the recommended deployment method in nearly every case. It consists of a single
firewall configuration synchronized between two firewalls with only one being active and handling
traffic at a given time. The synchronization of the configuration data occurs across the HA1 connection.
The session data is kept on both firewalls via the HA2 connection. This synchronization process allows
the passive firewall to take control of the existing session with little to no loss of data flow.

Active/Active Clusters
Active/active HA consists of a cluster of two firewalls attached with three cables: HA1, HA2, and HA3.
We recommended it only when load balancing technology randomizes the routing of traffic between the
firewalls. Please see additional documentation for Active/Active. For more information, see
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/high-availability/set-up-active-
active-ha.html.

Failover
The high availability process can be monitored and triggered by several different methods. To avoid a
split brain scenario, you should use all the methods. These methods include the use of a simple
heartbeat, path monitoring, and link monitoring.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 16

 In an active/passive HA pair, only the active firewall processes traffic.

High Availability failover support in both active/active and active/passive clusters includes all firewall
features and is non-disruptive to user sessions. Active/passive clusters include two interconnections
between firewalls to synchronize all data required for failover support.

The HA1 and HA2 links work together to keep the HA firewalls perfectly syncronized.

Additional High Availability Information

Active/passive High Availability configuration details are here:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 17

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/How-to-Configure-High-Availability-on-
PAN-OS/ta-p/54086

Configuration synchronization is discussed here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/Information-Synchronized-in-an-HA-Pair/ta-
p/57292

Sample question
1. What would cause you to recommend an active/active cluster instead of an active/passive one?
A. Active/active is the preferred solution when the firewall cluster is behind a load
balancer that randomizes routing, requiring both firewalls to be active.
B. Active/active is the preferred solution in most cases, because it allows for more
bandwidth while both firewalls are up. Active/passive is available only for backward
compatibility.
C. Active/active is the preferred solution when using the PA-7000 Series. When using the
PA-5200 Series or smaller form factors, use active/passive.
D. Active/active is the preferred solution when using the PA-5200 Series or smaller form
factors. When using the PA-7000 Series, use active/passive.

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of the
firewall to meet business requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform. on p. 116.

Identify the appropriate interface type and configuration for a specified network deployment.

Types of Interfaces
Palo Alto Networks firewalls support several different interface types: TAP mode, Virtual Wire mode,
Layer 2, and Layer 3. A single firewall can freely intermix interface types to meet any integration need. A
particular interface’s configuration is chosen depending on functional need and existing network
integration requirements. The following illustration shows the primary configuration options for physical
traffic ports. Layer 2 also is available but is not pictured.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 18

 Interface types are determined by functional needs.

The following screen capture shows primary configuration options for interfaces:

Possible interface configuration options to match your integration needs

Decrypt Mirror
Decrypt Mirror is a special configuration supporting the routing of decrypted traffic copies through an
external interface to DLP services.

Specific information is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/How-to-Configure-a-Decrypt-Mirror-Port-
on-PAN-OS-6-0/ta-p/57440

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 19

LACP Protocol
Physical Layer 2 and 3 interfaces can be aggregated into single logical interfaces using the LACP protocol
for multiplexing traffic.

Specific information is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/How-to-Configure-LACP/ta-p/65837

Virtual Interfaces
Palo Alto Networks firewalls also provide several virtual interface types for additional functionality:

Loopback interfaces can be destination configs for DNS sinkholes and GlobalProtect service interfaces.

VLANs are logical interfaces specifically serving as interconnects between on-board virtual switches
(VLANs) and virtual routers, which allows traffic to move from Layer 2 to Layer 3 within the firewall.

Specific information is here. This article is dated and has older WebUI screenshots, but the concepts are
still current:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/How-to-Configure-a-Layer-2-to-Layer-3-
Connection-on-the-Palo/ta-p/52787

Loopback Interfaces
Loopback interfaces are Layer 3 interfaces that exist only virtually and connect to virtual routers in the
firewall. Loopback interfaces are used for multiple network engineering and implementation purposes.
They can be destination configurations for DNS sinkholes, GlobalProtect service interfaces (portals and
gateways), routing identification, and more.

Tunnel Interfaces
Tunnel interfaces specifically serve VPN tunnels and are Layer 3 only.

To configure a VPN tunnel, you must configure the Layer 3 interface at each end and have a logical
tunnel interface for the firewall to connect to and establish a VPN tunnel. A tunnel interface is a logical
(virtual) interface that is used to deliver traffic between two endpoints. Each tunnel interface can have a
maximum of 10 IPsec tunnels, which means that up to 10 networks can be associated with the same
tunnel interface on the firewall.

The tunnel interface must belong to a security zone to apply policy, and it must be assigned to a virtual
router to use the existing routing infrastructure. Ensure that the tunnel interface and the physical
interface are assigned to the same virtual router so that the firewall can perform a route lookup and
determine the appropriate tunnel to use.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 20

The Layer 3 interface to which the tunnel interface typically is attached belongs to an external zone, for
example, the untrust zone. Although the tunnel interface can be in the same security zone as the
physical interface, for added security and better visibility you can create a separate zone for the tunnel
interface. If you create a separate zone for the tunnel interface (for example, a VPN zone), you will need
to create Security policies to enable traffic to flow between the VPN zone and the trust zone.

A tunnel interface does not require an IP address to route traffic between the sites. An IP address is
required only if you want to enable tunnel monitoring or if you are using a dynamic routing protocol to
route traffic across the tunnel. With dynamic routing, the tunnel IP address serves as the next-hop IP
address for routing traffic to the VPN tunnel.

Interface Configurations
Each interface includes configurations for binding various services to them. HTTPS includes the WebUI
service and should be included on at least one interface. The Permitted IP Addresses allow an Access
Control List to be included, restricting access to any interface with this profile assigned.

Protocol services and internal processes can be selectively bound to interfaces.

Palo Alto Networks firewalls provide several traffic-handling objects to move traffic between interfaces.
. The available types are: VLAN objects (VLANs) for Layer 2 traffic, virtual routers for Layer 3 traffic, and
virtual wires for virtual wire interfaces.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 21

 The available traffic-handling objects to move traffic from one interface to another

Simultaneous implementations of multiple handler types in multiple quantities are possible. Each object
contains configuration capability appropriate to its protocol-handling needs. Virtual routers implement
various dynamic routing support if desired.

Routing capabilities of a Layer 3 virtual router

Each Layer 3 dynamic routing protocol includes appropriate specific configuration options. An example
of OSPFv2 follows.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 22

 An example of a dynamic routing configuration

IPsec tunnels are considered Layer 3 traffic segments for implementation purposes and are handled by
virtual routers as any other network segment. Forwarding decisions are made by destination address,
not by VPN policy.

References
• Network design
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Integration-Articles/Designing-Networks-with-Palo-Alto-
Networks-Firewalls/ta-p/60868?attachment-id=1585
• Layer 2 interfaces
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Featured-Articles/Getting-Started-Layer-2-Interfaces/ta-
p/68229
• Layer 3 interfaces and related topics
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Featured-Articles/Getting-Started-Layer-3-NAT-and-
DHCP/ta-p/66999
• Layer 3 subinterfaces (VLAN tags)
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Featured-Articles/Getting-Started-Layer-3-
Subinterfaces/ta-p/67395
• Virtual wire interfaces
Section 2 of https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Integration-Articles/Designing-Networks-
with-Palo-Alto-Networks-Firewalls/ta-p/60868?attachment-id=1585

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 23

Sample questions
1. You want to put the NGFW in front of an existing firewall to begin providing better security
while making the minimum required network changes. Which interface type to do you use?
A. TAP
B. Virtual Wire
C. Layer 2
D. Layer 3
2. Which kind of interface do you use to connect Layer 2 and Layer 3 interfaces?
A. VLAN
B. virtual router
C. loopback
D. tunnel
E.

Answer under the heading Answers to Identify the appropriate interface type and configuration for a
specified network deployment. on p. 116.

Identify how to use template stacks for administering Palo Alto Networks firewalls as a
scalable solution using Panorama.

Panorama Overview
Without Panorama, Palo Alto Networks firewalls have no direct knowledge of each other and must be
managed as independent entities. Panorama offers several important integration functions providing
enterprise management for multiple firewalls.

Panorama is a separate Palo Alto Networks product supplied in either virtual or physical appliance form
sized to match desired functions, number of firewalls, and level of firewall activity. Panorama should be
implemented as a high availability cluster consisting of two identical platforms. Unlike firewalls,
Panorama HA cluster members can be physically separated.

A functional overview of Panorama is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/management/panorama

A presentation of the different Panorama platforms and their capacities is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/panorama-models

The following illustration outlines the main features of Panorama:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 24

 Panorama can provide centralized management, logging, reporting, software updates, and administrative control to multiple
firewalls.

A brief description of these features is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/about-panorama#74210

Log Aggregation
Log aggregation of events from firewalls to an enterprise-level log stored on Panorama requires specific
design and scaling consideration. When log aggregation is implemented, copies of log events are
forwarded from firewalls to Panorama as they are generated. Specific settings are created for each
firewall that determine the specific event types to forward. This forwarding can be CPU- and disk-
intensive on the Panorama platform and needs to be sized carefully. In high log volume situations, an
intermediate level of log collecting appliances can be implemented (Logger in the preceding diagram).

More discussion of this topic is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/centralized-logging-and-reporting#82482

Palo Alto Networks designed the Panorama WebUI to be as similar to the firewall WebUI as possible to
simplify the transition to Panorama management. All menus (other than Panorama) are faithfully
reproduced and mostly have identical menu options:

Top-level user interface for Panorama

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 25

Templates
To provide Enterprise Management of multiple firewalls, Palo Alto Networks implemented Template and
Device Group data objects within Panorama that store firewall settings. These objects are specifically
created and managed in Panorama under the Panorama menu. They then are assigned to specific
firewalls, forming the link to configuration settings in Panorama. When a Panorama commit is
performed, this stored data is pushed from these objects only to their linked firewalls.

Template objects store settings appear in the Panorama UI under the Device and Network menus, and
are created in Panorama. An administrator that enters any information under the Panorama Device or
Network tab must choose the Template to receive the settings.

Required device group object selection to receive network configuration settings

A firewall only can be assigned one template at a time. The template can be an individual template or a
template stack of up to 16 individual templates. In the case of a Stack, the settings are inherited down
the stack, ultimately reaching the firewall at the bottom. Duplicates at different levels will override
others with a user-selectable inheritance setting. Stacks can be created and broken on demand from
constituent templates.

See this link for a further discussion of templates:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/templates-and-template-stacks#12545

Sample question
1. The Security policy for all of a customer’s remote offices is the same, but because of different
bandwidth requirements some offices can use a PA-220 and others require higher-end models
(up to PA-3000 Series). If the firewalls for the offices are all managed centrally using Panorama,
can they share the same device group? Can they share the same template?
A. same device group and same template
B. same device group, different templates
C. different device groups, same template
D. different device groups and different templates

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 26

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to use template stacks for administering Palo Alto
Networks firewalls as a scalable solution using Panorama. on p. 116.

Identify how to use device group hierarchy for administering Palo Alto Networks firewalls as
a scalable solution using Panorama.

Device Groups
Device Group objects storage settings are found in the Policies and Objects tabs. As with templates, they
are deliberately created by Panorama administrators and assigned to firewalls. Firewalls can be attached
to only one Device Group object or Hierarchy. Device Group hierarchies can be modified after they are
created. In these cases, settings are inherited down the hierarchy, ultimately reaching the firewall at the
bottom.

See this link for further discussion of device groups:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/device-groups#78831

Panorama-supplied data merges with the local firewall configuration (if any) at Panorama commit time.
In the case of policies, the merged result is built from strict rules. Locally created firewall policies occupy
the middle of the resulting list and Panorama-supplied policies occupy the top (Pre) or bottom (Post).
The Pre and Post designations are determined at policy creation time in Panorama by deliberately
choosing the type during policy creation:

Panorama-supplied policies merge with local policies in this manner.

See the following image for the Policy menu on Panorama featuring the Pre and Post position selections:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 27

 Panorama policy menu for Pre Rules and Post Rules

An administrator entering any information under the Panorama Policy or Objects tab must choose the
Device Group to receive the settings.

The Commit process on Panorama consists of multiple phases. Newly entered data first must be
committed to Panorama, followed by a Template and/or Device Group Commit as required.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 28

 Panorama has different types of Commits. Pushing new data to firewalls typically requires several types to be executed
simultaneously.

More information on this process is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/panorama-commit-validation-and-preview-operations

Panorama implements a new level of Enterprise Administrator. These roles are fully configured by roles
and scopes of accessible firewalls (Access Domain). They can work in conjunction to support a
decentralized management model.

More information is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/panorama-
overview/role-based-access-control#93635

Sample question
1. If you want the rules that apply to more-specific device groups to override those that apply to
more general groups, where do you put them?
A. anywhere (the default behavior)
B. in the pre-rules
C. in the post-rules

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 29

 D. for security, in the pre-rules. For all the other policies, in the post-rules.

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to use device group hierarchy for administering Palo
Alto Networks firewalls as a scalable solution using Panorama. on p. 116.

Identify options to deploy Palo Alto Networks firewalls in a private cloud (VM-Series).

Virtual Firewalls
The VM-Series is a virtualized form factor of our next-generation firewall that can be deployed in a range
of public and private cloud computing environments based on technologies from VMware, Amazon Web
Services, Microsoft, Citrix, and KVM.

In both private and public cloud environments, the VM-Series can be deployed as a perimeter gateway,
an IPsec VPN termination point, and a segmentation gateway, preventing threats from moving from
workload to workload.

These firewalls run the same PAN-OS® software as hardware appliance firewalls with the same feature
set.

An overview of the available models is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/products/secure-the-network/virtualized-next-generation-
firewall/vm-series

Implementation and use the same design and deployment principles as hardware appliance firewalls,
with a few exceptions because of the hosting virtual environment.

Sample questions
1. A private cloud has 20 VLANs spread over 5 ESXi hypervisors, managed by single vCenter. How
many firewall VMs are needed to implement microsegmentation?
A. 1
B. 4
C. 5
D. 20
2. When you deploy the Palo Alto Networks NGFW on NSX, do packets coming to an application
VM from VMs running on different hardware go through the NSX firewall? If so, which modules
do they go through?
A. No, the Palo Alto Networks NGFW replaces the NSX firewall.
B. Yes. The network, vSwitch, NSX firewall, Palo Alto Networks NGFW, application VM.
C. Yes. The network, vSwitch, Palo Alto Networks NGFW, NSX firewall, application VM.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 30

 D. Yes. The network, vSwitch, NSX firewall, Palo Alto Networks NGFW, NSX firewall,
application VM.

Answers under the heading Answer to Identify how to use device group hierarchy for administering Palo
Alto Networks firewalls as a scalable solution using Panorama. on p.116. Identify methods for
authorization, authentication, and device administration.

Administrative Accounts
Administrators can configure, manage, and monitor Palo Alto Networks firewalls using the web
interface, CLI, and API management interface. You can customize role-based administrative access to
the management interfaces to delegate specific tasks or permissions to certain administrators.

Administrative accounts specify roles and authentication methods for the administrators of Palo Alto
Networks firewalls. Every Palo Alto Networks firewall has a predefined default administrative account
(admin) that provides full read-write access (also known as superuser access) to the firewall. Other
administrative accounts can be created as needed.

The types of administrative accounts and their creation are discussed here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/firewall-
administration/manage-firewall-administrators#72624

Authentication
Many of the services that Palo Alto Networks firewalls and Panorama provide require authentication,
including administrator access to the web interface and end user access to Captive Portal, GlobalProtect
portals, and GlobalProtect gateways. The authentication methods that you can configure vary by
service, and can include Kerberos single sign-on (SSO), external authentication services, certificates and
certificate profiles, local database accounts, RADIUS Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSAs), and NT LAN
Manager (NTLM).

A discussion of this topic with configuration details is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/authentication

Sample question
1. Which permission level would you give an auditor who is authorized to audit everything on the
firewall?
A. superuser
B. superuser (read-only)
C. virtual system administrator
D. virtual system administrator (read-only)

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 31

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify methods for authorization, authentication, and device
administration. on p. 116.

Given a scenario, identify ways to mitigate resource exhaustion (because of denial-of-service)

in application servers.

Resource Exhaustion
Port scans and floods are common causes of resource exhaustion at the interface and system level for
protected devices and the firewall interfaces themselves. Although PAN-OS® software does have
powerful protections, none of them are turned on by default, which leaves a firewall exposed to these
attacks until protections are configured.

DoS and ZPP

PAN-OS® software provides denial-of-service (DoS) policy (associated with Denial of Service Profiles) and
Zone Protection profiles (ZPP). As the name suggests, ZPP is applied at the zone level. All (sub)interfaces
in that zone are covered by that ZPP as an aggregate protection.

Zone Protection Profiles provide multiple types of attack defenses.

Denial of Service policies can provide more granular flood attack protections to internal resources and
operate at the same time as ZPPs. ZPPs operate on aggregate traffic totals at the zone level to measure
traffic and invoke protections. DoS policies can be targeted as specifically as desired in the policy
matching conditions. These policies invoke DoS Protection Security Profiles, which specify which
defenses to implement.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 32

 DoS policies invoke protections specified in DoS Protection Profiles.

Rerefernces
• A video tutorial about implementing ZPP is here:
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Featured-Articles/Video-Tutorial-Zone-protection-
profiles/ta-p/70687
• An exploration of DoS attacks and defending against them using Palo Alto Networks firewalls is
here:
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Documentation-Articles/Understanding-DoS-
Protection/ta-p/54562?attachment-id=1085
• Recommendations for ZPP settings are here
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/Zone-Protection-Recommendations/ta-
p/55850
• A discussion of the differences between ZPP and DoS is here:
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/Differences-between-DoS-Protection-
and-Zone-Protection/ta-p/57761

Sample question
1. Why are two reasons that denial-of-service protections are applied by zone? (Choose two.)

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 33

 A. Because denial-of-service protections are applied very early in the processing, before a
lot of information is known about the connection – but the ingress interface is already
known
B. Because denial-of-service protections are only applied when manually turned on to
avoid quota overload (which would make denial of service easier)
C. Because denial-of-service protections can depend on only the zone, and never port
numbers or IP addresses.

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify ways to mitigate resource exhaustion
(because of denial-of-service) in application servers. on p. 116.

Identify decryption deployment strategies.

Packet Visibility
The use of encryption for all network applications is growing at a rapid rate. When traffic is encrypted,
the Palo Alto Networks firewall loses visibility into packet contents, making Content-ID scanning difficult
or impossible. As security practitioners, we are strongly motivated to implement Decryption policies to
maximize the firewalls’ visibility of packet contents.

Decryption
Palo Alto Networks firewalls provide the capability to decrypt and inspect traffic for visibility, control,
and granular security. Decryption on a Palo Alto Networks firewall includes the capability to enforce
Security policies on encrypted traffic, where otherwise the encrypted traffic might not be blocked and
shaped according to your configured security settings. Use decryption on a firewall to prevent malicious
content from entering your network or sensitive content from leaving your network concealed as
encrypted traffic. Enabling decryption on a Palo Alto Networks firewall can include preparing the keys
and certificates required for decryption, creating a decryption policy, and configuring decryption port
mirroring.

Traffic that has been encrypted using the protocols SSL and SSH can be decrypted to ensure that these
protocols are being used for the intended purposes only, and not to conceal unwanted activity or
malicious content.

Keys and Certificates

Palo Alto Networks firewalls decrypt encrypted traffic by using keys to transform strings (passwords and
shared secrets) from ciphertext to plaintext (decryption) and from plaintext back to ciphertext (re-
encrypting traffic as it exits the device). Certificates are used to establish the firewall as a trusted third
party and to create a secure connection. SSL decryption (both Forward Proxy and inbound inspection)
requires certificates to establish trust between two entities to secure an SSL/TLS connection. Certificates
also can be used when excluding servers from SSL decryption. You can integrate a hardware security
module (HSM) with a firewall to enable enhanced security for the private keys used in SSL Forward Proxy
and SSL inbound inspection decryption.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 34

Palo Alto Networks firewall decryption is policy-based, and can be used to decrypt, inspect, and control
both inbound and outbound SSL and SSH connections. Decryption policies allow you to specify traffic for
decryption according to destination, source, or URL category and to block or restrict the specified traffic
according to your security settings. The firewall uses certificates and keys to decrypt the traffic specified
by the policy to plaintext, and then enforces App-ID and security settings on the plaintext traffic,
including Decryption, Antivirus, Vulnerability, Anti-Spyware, URL Filtering, and File-Blocking Profiles.
After traffic is decrypted and inspected on the firewall, the plaintext traffic is re-encrypted as it exits the
firewall to ensure privacy and security.

An overview of this capability is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption

Central to this discussion is the role of digital certificates to secure SSL and SSH encrypted data. Your
understanding of this role and planning for proper certificate needs and deployment are important
considerations in decryption use. Concepts are discussed here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/keys-and-
certificates-for-decryption-policies#40372

The use of certificates is central to other important firewall functions in addition to decryption. This
need led to the implementation of extensive certificate management capabilities on the firewall. Device
> Certificate Management is the central certificate work and storage area. A discussion of certificate use
for all purposes in the firewall is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/certificate-management/keys-
and-certificates#61436

Decryption Policies
Decryption is controlled by Decryption policies. Palo Alto Networks firewalls automatically will detect
encrypted traffic and react by evaluating the Decryption policies. If a matching policy is found, the
firewall will attempt to decrypt the traffic according to the policy’s specified decryption action. Normal
packet processing resumes afterward.

A Decryption policy and its action under the Options tab

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 35

A complete discussion of decryption concepts and detailed implementation topics is presented here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption

SSL Forward Proxy

Decryption of outbound SSL traffic commonly is implemented and takes the form of SSL Forward Proxy,
which features the firewall as an intermediate communication node. This deployment commonly is
referred to as a “Man in the Middle.” The diagram shows this functionality.

“Man in the Middle” deployment

Note that SSL Forward Proxy replaces the original certificate from the final destination with one signed
by a different key that is then delivered to the client.

A developer of a solution using SSL decryption can take extra programmatic steps to interrogate the
certificate received at the client for specific characteristics present in the original certificate. When these
characteristics aren’t found, the author often assumes that a decrypting process is in the middle of the
conversation and may act to prevent full functionality, considering this presence a security risk. These

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 36

products typically are not fully functional in a decrypting environment and must be added as exceptions
to Decryption policies.

In recognition of this fact, Palo Alto Networks includes a list of these applications in a Decryption Bypass
list embedded in PAN-OS® software. This list and its effects are explained here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/List-of-Applications-Excluded-from-SSL-
Decryption/ta-p/62201

Decryption policies typically contain other exceptions representing other applications with this behavior.

App-ID and Encryption

The App-ID scanning engine’s effectiveness often is compromised by encrypted traffic that prevents the
scanning for identifying elements. This traffic typically is given the App-ID of “SSL.” In some cases, the
App-ID engine can evaluate elements of the certificate that secures this data for specific identifying
elements, allowing the APP-ID engine to properly assign App-IDs without scanning contents. Details of
this process are here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/How-Palo-Alto-Networks-Identifies-HTTPS-
Applications-Without/ta-p/56284

Sample questions
1. Which feature never requires a Decryption policy?
A. antivirus
B. App-ID
C. file blocking
D. network address translation
2. How can the NGFW inform web browsers that a web server’s certificate is from an unknown
certificate authority (CA)?
A. Show a “the certificate is untrusted, are you SURE you want to go there” page before
accessing the website.
B. Relay the untrusted certificate directly to the browser.
C. Have two certificates in the firewall, one used for sites whose original certificate is
trusted, and the other for sites whose original certificate is untrusted.
D. Have two certificate authority certificates in the firewall. One is used to produce
certificates for sites whose original certificate is trusted, and the other for certificates
for sites whose original certificate is untrusted.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 37

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify decryption deployment strategies. on p. 116.

Identify the impact of application override to the overall functionality of the firewall.
Application Override policies allow the firewall to identify traffic as that of a specified App-ID while
bypassing all Layer 7 scanning, including App-ID and Content-ID.

Application Override policy

Unlike the App-ID engine, which inspects application packet contents for unique signature elements, the
Application Override policy’s matching conditions are limited to header-based data only. Traffic matched
by an Application Override policy is identified by the App-ID entered in the Application entry box.
Choices are limited to applications currently in the App-ID database.

Because this traffic bypasses all Layer 7 inspection, the resulting security is that of a Layer-4 firewall.
Thus, this traffic should be trusted without the need for Content-ID inspection.

The resulting application assignment can be used in other firewall functions such as Security policy and
QoS.

Use Cases
Three primary uses cases for Application Override Policy are:

 To identify “Unknown” App-IDs with a different or custom application signature

 To re-identify an existing application signature
 To bypass the Signature Match Engine (within the SP3 architecture) to improve processing times

A discussion of typical application override uses and specific implementation examples is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/Tips-amp-Tricks-How-to-Create-an-Application-
Override/ta-p/65513

The following illustrations document the creation of a new App-ID for a custom internal application and
its use in an Application Override policy that assigns it to appropriate traffic:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 38

 Application override should assign purpose-built custom application definitions.

Traffic matching Application Override policies will be identitifed elsewhere by the included App-ID.

Sample question
1. Which type of identification is disabled by Application Override?
A. App-ID
B. User-ID
C. Content-ID

Answer under the heading Answers Identify the impact of application override to the overall
functionality of the firewall on p. 117.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 39

Identify the methods of User--ID redistribution
User-ID works by mapping IP addresses to user identities. This information can come from Active
Directory, a Captive Portal, etc. When an organization uses multiple firewalls, it is useful to share the
User-ID information between them. If the user has to log on manually, usability is a lot better when the
user only has to log on once. Even if the user’s identity is available automatically (for example, from
Active Directory), performance is better if the source of user-IDs is only queried by a single firewall.

References
• Redistribute User Mappings and Authentication Timestamps
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/user-id/redistribute-
user-mappings-and-authentication-timestamps
• User-ID Redistribution Using Panorama
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/pan
orama-overview/user-id-redistribution-using-panorama

Sample question
1. How do layers facilitate the mapping (IP to user-ID) and the redistribution of that information?
A. lThe mapping is obtained by the lowest layer and is sent to the next lowest layer. That
layer sends it to the next lowest, and the process repeats until the mapping reaches the
top layer. Firewalls from each layer can receive information from multiple firewalls at a
lower level. This algorithm allows some firewalls, such as those in remote offices and
protecting regional applications, to have only the mappings for users they protect.
B. The mapping is obtained by the lowest layer and is sent to all the firewalls on the layer
above. This algorithm ensures that all the firewalls (except those at the lowest layer)
have all the mappings.
C. The mapping is obtained by the highest layer and is sent to the next highest layer. That
layer sends it to the next highest, and the process repeats until the mapping reaches the
bottom layer. Firewalls from each layer can receive information from multiple firewalls
at a higher level. This algorithm allows some firewalls, such as those in remote offices
and protecting regional applications, to have only the mappings for users they protect.
D. The mapping is obtained by the highest layer and is sent to all the firewalls on the layer
below. This algorithm ensures that all the firewalls (except those at the highest layer)
have all the mappings

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 40

Exam Domain 2 – Deploy and Configure
Identify the application meanings in the Traffic log (incomplete, insufficient data, non-syn
TCP, not applicable, unknown TCP, unknown UDP, and unknown P2P).

Applications are identified by the information they transfer. If an application does not transfer enough
information, it cannot be identified. If it transfers information, but is not known to Palo Alto Networks, it
also cannot be identified. Several application “values” mean that the application cannot be identified.

References
• Manage Custom or Unknown Applications
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/app-id/manage-custom-
or-unknown-applications
• Not-Applicable, Incomplete, Insufficient Data in the Application Field
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Management-Articles/Not-Applicable-Incomplete-
Insufficient-Data-in-the-Application/ta-p/65711

Sample question
1. Which type or types of application can cause an incomplete value in the Application field in the
Traffic log?
A. UDP
B. TCP
C. ICMP

Answer under the heading Answe to Identify the application meanings in the Traffic log (incomplete,
insufficient data, non-syn TCP, not applicable, unknown TCP, unknown UDP, and unknown P2P). on p.
117.

Given a scenario, identify the set of Security Profiles that should be used.
Most Security Profiles are attached to rules to implement Content-ID to scan for and prevent harmful
content of various kinds.

References
• Security Profiles
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/security-profiles
• Create Best Practice Security Profiles
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/create-best-
practice-security-profiles#_48239

Sample question
1. Which profile do you use for DLP (data loss protection)?

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 41

 A. Antivirus
B. URL Filtering
C. File Blocking
D. Data Filtering

Answer under the heading Answers to Given a scenario, identify the set of Security Profiles that should
be used. on p. 117.

Identify the relationship between URL filtering and credential theft prevention.

Credential phishing prevention works by scanning username and password submissions to websites and
comparing those submissions against valid corporate credentials. You can choose which websites you
want to either allow, alert on, or block corporate credential submissions based on the URL category of
the website. Or you can present a page that warns users against submitting credentials to sites classified
in certain URL categories. Having such a page presented gives you the opportunity to educate users
against reusing corporate credentials, even on legitimate, non-phishing sites. If corporate credentials are
compromised, this feature allows you to identify the user who submitted credentials so that you can
remediate.

References
• Credential Phishing Prevention
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/content-
inspection-features/credential-phishing-prevention
• PAN-OS 8.0: Preventing Credential-Based Attacks
https://researchcenter.paloaltonetworks.com/2017/02/pan-os-8-0-preventing-credential-
based-attacks/

Sample questions
1. Which credential phishing prevention action allows users to decide to submit to a site anyway?
A. Alert
B. Allow
C. Block
D. Continue
2. Which user credential detection method would work if multiple users share the same client IP
address (for example, because of dynamic address translation done by a device on the internal
side of the firewall)?
A. IP-to-user mapping
B. group mapping
C. domain credential filter

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the relationship between URL filtering and credential
theft prevention. on p. 117.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 42

Identify differences between services and applications
Applications identification (App-ID) is central to the operation of the NGFW. Port filters no longer are
sufficient because multiple applications use the same ports, and applications can use ports that are
different from their default. Services, however, are the objects that Palo Alto Networks uses to identify
port numbers.

References
• Objects > Applications
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/objects/objects-applications#_96266
• Objects > Application Groups https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-
os/web-interface-help/objects/objects-application-groups
• Objects > Services
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/objects/objects-services

Sample question
1. Which two protocols are supported for services? (Choose two.)
A. ICMP
B. TCP
C. IGP
D. GRE
E. UDP

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify differences between services and applications on p. 117.

Identify how to create security rules to implement App-ID without relying on port-based
rules.
Palo Alto Networks has developed an innovative approach to securing networks that identifies all traffic
by applications using a variety of techniques. This approach replaces conventional approaches that
attempt to control traffic based on port numbers.

References
• Policies > Security
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/policies/policies-security#_67396
• Application Based Policies
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/resources/datasheets/application-based-policies

Sample question
1. Which two applications cannot be distinguished by port number? (Choose two.)

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 43

 A. Microsoft Outlook Express email
B. Google mail (Gmail)
C. SSH
D. Facebook
E. FTP

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to create security rules to implement App-ID without
relying on port-based rules. on p. 117.

Identify the required settings and steps necessary to provision and deploy a next‐generation
firewall.

By default, the firewall has an IP address of 192.168.1.1 and a username/password of admin/admin. For
security reasons, you must change these settings before continuing with other firewall configuration
tasks. You must perform these initial configuration tasks either from the MGT interface, even if you do
not plan to use this interface for your firewall management, or by using a direct serial connection to the
console port on the device.

Note: Virtual firewalls must be licensed after initial configuration is performed. See this information for
an explanation:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/license-the-vm-
series-firewall/activate-the-license

Steps to Connect the Firewall

You can connect to the firewall in one of the following ways:

• Connect a serial cable from your computer to the Console port and connect to the firewall using
terminal emulation software (9600-8-N-1). Wait a few minutes for the boot-up sequence to
complete. When the device is ready, the prompt changes to the name of the firewall, for
example, PA-500 login.
• Connect an RJ-45 Ethernet cable from your computer to the MGT port on the firewall. From a
browser, go to https://192.168.1.1. Note that you may need to change the IP address on your
computer to an address in the 192.168.1.0 network, such as 192.168.1.2, to access this URL.

For more information, see the initial sections of this link:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os

Installing and Activating Licenses

The next configuration steps involve installing the proper licenses and activating subscriptions on the
firewall. Use the resulting access to update PAN-OS® software and Dynamic Update files as required.

You can activate licenses first on the Palo Alto Networks website and then communicate them to the
firewall (assuming internet connectivity from the Management port). If connectivity is not available, you
can enter licenses directly.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 44

See this information for details:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/getting-started/activate-
licenses-and-subscriptions#75905

Dynamic Updates
These activated licenses provide access to PAN-OS® software updates and Subscription data files
(Dynamic Updates). The following information explains these licenses and the process for updating files
and PAN-OS® software:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/getting-started/install-content-
and-software-updates#61072

Firewall Configuration
After these initial deployment steps are taken, configuration becomes a task of implementing network
connectivity and security settings to meet your specific requirements. These next steps can vary widely.

A complete discussion with implementation guidance is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os

Sample questions
1. You finished configuring the firewall’s basic connectivity in the lab, and are ready to put it in the
data center. What do you have to remember to do before you power down the firewall?
A. Save the changes.
B. Commit the changes.
C. Create a restore thumb drive in case the configuration is deleted for some reason.
D. Verify that the configuration is correct. You do not need to do anything else if it is
correct, the configuration is updated automatically.
2. The Management port on a firewall can be configured as which type of interface?
A. Layer 2
B. Layer 3
C. Virtual wire
D. serial

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the required settings and steps necessary to provision
and deploy a next‐generation firewall. on p. 117.

Identify various methods for Authentication, Authorization, and Device Administration within
a firewall.
See Identify methods for authorization, authentication, and device administration. above.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 45

Identify how to configure and maintain certificates to support firewall features.

Certificate Management
Certificates are used for a variety of purposes in Palo Alto Networks firewalls: securing SSL encryption,
authenticating connections, and authenticating other SSL certificates. To augment certificate handling,
the Palo Alto Networks firewall provides certificate management functions including import, export, and
certificate creation.

A discussion of certificate use and management is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/certificate-management

An exploration of many SSL certificate-related technical issues, including implementation and

troubleshooting, is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Management-Articles/SSL-certificates-resource-list/ta-p/53068

Sample question
1. Which is not an application in which the NGFW and Panorama use certificates?
A. communication with Active Directory to obtain User-ID information
B. device authentication for the Captive Portal for User-ID information
C. device authentication for IPsec site-to-site VPN with Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
D. certificate to re-encrypt inbound SSL traffic

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to configure and maintain certificates to support
firewall features. on p. 117.

Identify how to configure a virtual router.

Routing Configuration
PAN-OS® software supports static routes, BGP, OSPF, RIP, and Multicast routing configured in the virtual
router (VR). There are limitations for the number of entries in the forwarding and routing tables.
Different platform levels also can support varying numbers of VRs. The VR configuration is meant to
match the existing routing and routed infrastructure. In addition to protocol configuration,
redistribution profiles can support protocol interoperability.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 46

 Virtual routers handle all Layer 3 forwarding decisions.

Static route creation in a virtual router

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 47

 An example dynamic routing protocol configuration

The virtual router’s routing and forwarding tables can be displayed.

A discussion of virtual routers and each of the supported dynamic routing protocols is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking

Troubleshooting Routing
The CLI has advanced troubleshooting of routing functions. Output from the debug routing …
command provides insight into router processing, including advanced debugging logs and routing-
specific packet captures.

Sample question
1. You finished configuring the firewall’s basic connectivity in the lab, and are ready to put it in the
data center. What, if anything, do you have to remember to do before you power down the
firewall?
A. Save the changes.
B. Commit the changes.
C. Apply the changes.
D. There is nothing you need to do – the changes are saved and applied automatically.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 48

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to configure a virtual router. on p. 117.

Identify the configuration settings for site‐to‐site VPN.

IPsec Tunnel Interfaces

IPsec VPNs are terminated on Layer 3 tunnel interfaces. (These tunnel interfaces can be put into
separate zones, allowing specific Security policy per zone.) These tunnels require IPsec and Crypto
profiles for Phase 1 and Phase 2 connectivity. PAN-OS® software supports route-based VPNs, which
means that the decision to route traffic through the VPN is made by the virtual router. Palo Alto
Networks firewalls support connection to alternate policy-based VPNs requiring the use of proxy IDs for
compatibility. The following diagram illustrates the various objects involved in IPsec tunnel definitions.

There are multiple objects to configure to enable an IPsec tunnel.

A complete discussion of required settings is found here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/vpns

CLI Troubleshooting Commands

The CLI offers additional test and debug commands for troubleshooting required for configuring and
maintaining one or more tunnels. VPN events including errors are posted to the System log. The
message quality is more thorough when the firewall is the recipient of VPN negotiation requests from
other endpoints.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 49

Sample question
1. Which type is a tunnel interface?
A. Tap
B. virtual wire
C. Layer 2
D. Layer 3

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify the configuration settings for site‐to‐site VPN. on p. 117.

Identify the configuration settings for GlobalProtect.

GlobalProtect Overview
GlobalProtect solves the security challenges of roaming users by extending the same next-generation
firewall-based policies that are enforced within the physical perimeter to all users, no matter where
they are located. GlobalProtect uses client software to build secure personal VPN tunnels to the firewall.

GlobalProtect comprises many different components. An understanding of those basic components is

the starting point for a successful deployment. The GlobalProtect Portal performs the initial
authentication of a client, downloads/upgrades the GlobalProtect Client, performs a host information
profile (HIP) check (if licensed), and provides a list of GlobalProtect Gateways for user traffic. The
GlobalProtect Portal must be enabled on a Layer 3 interface with a reachable IP address. The
GlobalProtect Gateway creates/maintains the VPN tunnels for user traffic in SSL or IPsec forms. The
GlobalProtect Gateway distributes an IP address to each authenticated user. (This IP-to-username
address mapping can be used for effective User-ID in Security policy.) A diagram of the configuration
elements follows:

There are multiple objects to configure to enable GlobalProtect.

Every Palo Alto Networks firewall can provide GlobalProtect connectivity support to Windows and Mac
clients with no additional license requirement. Client software can be downloaded directly from the
Portal.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 50

 The GlobalProtect architectural components in a typical implementation.

Gateway traffic (SSL or IPsec encryption) can be terminated on a tunnel interface in a separate zone,
which allows for specific policies to be enabled for that zone and user(s).

iOS and Android devices can access GlobalProtect client software at no cost in their application stores.
Connection to the firewall, however, requires an extra-cost license.

With the appropriate license, HIP checks can be performed by GlobalProtect agent software on the
client platforms at connect time. This information is a “security-oriented” inventory of the endpoint
environment.

HIP Object components

Information from these reports can be extracted and made into logical true/false objects for use in
Security policies, thus providing appropriate access, depending on endpoint configuration.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 51

 HIP objects bring remote endpoint configuration to Seccurity policy decision-making.

References
• Configuration of the firewall for GlobalProtect is discussed here:
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/globalprotect/globalprotect-admin-
guide/get-started
• HIP checking implementation and use is explored in detail here:
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/globalprotect/globalprotect-admin-
guide/host-information

Sample questions
1. Which operating system is not supported for use with GlobalProtect clients?
A. iOS
B. Android
C. Windows
D. z/OS
2. Which two functions is a GlobalProtect Gateway responsible for? (Choose two.)
A. terminating SSL tunnels
B. authenticating GlobalProtect users
C. creating on-demand certificates to encrypt SSL
D. managing and updating GlobalProtect client configurations
E. managing GlobalProtect Gateway configurations

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the configuration settings for GlobalProtect. on p. 117.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 52

Identify how to configure items pertaining to denial-of-service protection and zone
protection.
Most denial-of-service (DoS) attacks rely on sending so many packets that some component cannot
process all of them (that component can be the firewall or the server behind it). The NGFW makes such
attacks more difficult through several mechanisms that quickly precheck and discard packets that are
likely to be DoS attacks.

References
• Network > Network Profiles > Zone Protection
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/network/network-network-profiles-zone-protection
• Policies > DoS Protection
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/policies/policies-dos-protection#_89647

Sample questions
1. To which protocol or protocols does the SYN flood protection?
A. UDP
B. TCP
C. ICMP
D. GRE
2. To which two protocols does port scan reconnaissance protection apply? (Choose two)
A. UDP
B. TCP
C. GRE
D. ICMP
E. IPX
3. In what two places do you configure flood protection? (Choose two)
A. DoS Profile
B. QoS Profile
C. Zone Protection Profile
D. SYN Profile
E. XOFF Profile

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify how to configure items pertaining to denial-of-service
protection and zone protection. on p. 118.

Identify how to configure features of the NAT rulebase.

Network address translation (NAT) allows the organization to use internal IP addresses that are not
exposed to the Internet. NAT rules are based on source and destination zones, source and destination
addresses, and application service (such as HTTP). As with Security Policies, NAT policy rules are
compared against incoming traffic in sequence, and the first rule that matches the traffic is applied.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 53

Reference
• Policies > NAT
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/policies/policies-nat#_38816

Sample question
1. Which NAT type can be used to translate between IPv4 and IPv6?
A. ipv4
B. nat64
C. nptv6

Answer under the heading Answers to Identify how to configure features of the NAT rulebase. on p. 118.

Given a configuration example including DNAT, identify how to configure security rules.
Security Policies allow you to enforce rules and act, and can be as general or specific as needed. The
policy rules are compared against the incoming traffic in sequence, and because the first rule that
matches the traffic is applied, the more specific rules must precede the more general ones. For example,
a rule for a single application must precede a rule for all applications if all other traffic-related settings
are the same.

Reference
• Policies > Security
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/policies/policies-security#_54026

Sample question
1. An internal web browser sends a packet to a server. The browser’s connection has the source IP
address 192.168.5.3, port 31415. The destination is 209.222.23.245, port 80. The firewall
translates the source to 75.22.21.54, port 27182. Which three of these source IP addresses
would cause a rule to apply to this traffic? (Choose three.)
A. 192.168.5.0/24
B. 75.22.21.0/24
C. 192.168.4.0/26
D. 192.168.0.0/16
E. 75.22.0.0/17
F. 75.22.128.0/17

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a configuration example including DNAT, identify how to
configure security rules. on p. 118.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 54

Identify how to configure decryption.
You can configure the firewall to decrypt traffic for visibility, control, and granular security. Decryption
policies can apply to Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) including SSL encapsulated protocols (such as IMAP(S),
POP3(S), SMTP(S), FTP(S) ) and to Secure Shell (SSH) traffic. SSH decryption can be used to decrypt
outbound and inbound SSH traffic to assure that secure protocols are not being used to tunnel
disallowed applications and content.

References
• Policies > Decryption
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/policies/policies-decryption#_56365
• SSL Forward Proxy
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/ssl-forward-
proxy
• SSL Inbound Inspection
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/ssl-inbound-
inspection
• SSH Proxy
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/ssh-proxy)
• Configure SSL Forward Proxy
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/configure-
ssl-forward-proxy
• Configure SSL Inbound Inspection
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/configure-
ssl-inbound-inspection
• Configure SSH Proxy
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/configure-
ssh-proxy#_46345

Sample questions
1. Which protocol is supported for traffic decryption?
A. IPsec
B. SP3
C. SSH
D. NLSP
2. Where do you specify that a certificate is to be used for SSL Forward Proxy?
A. certificate properties
B. Decryption Profile
C. Decryption policy
D. Security policy

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify how to configure decryption. on p. 118.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 55

Given a scenario, identify an application override configuration and use case.
To change how the firewall classifies network traffic into applications, you can specify Application
Override policies. For example, if you want to control one of your custom applications, you can use an
Application Override policy to identify traffic for that application according to zone, source, and
destination address, port, and protocol.

References
• Policies > Application Override
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/policies/policies-application-override#_81068
• Create a Custom Application
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/app-id/create-a-
custom-application

Sample question
1. Which option is not a parameter used to identify applications in an Application Override policy?
A. protocol
B. port number
C. first characters in the payload
D. destination IP address

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify an application override configuration
and use case. on p. 118.

Identify how to configure VM-Series firewalls for deployment.

To install a VM-Series firewall you must have access to the Open Virtualization Alliance format (OVA)
template. Use the auth code you received in your order fulfillment email to register your VM-Series
firewall and gain access to the OVA template. The OVA is downloaded as a zip archive that is expanded
into three files: the .ovf extension is for the OVF descriptor file that contains all metadata about the
package and its contents; the .mf extension is for the OVF manifest file that contains the SHA-1 digests
of individual files in the package; and the .vmdk extension is for the virtual disk image file that contains
the virtualized version of the firewall.

References
• Install a VM-Series firewall on VMware vSphere Hypervisor (ESXi)
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/set-up-a-
vm-series-firewall-on-an-esxi-server/install-a-vm-series-firewall-on-vmware-vsphere-hypervisor-
esxi#_96904

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 56

 • Install the VM-Series Firewall on Hyper-V
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/set-up-the-
vm-series-firewall-on-hyper-v/install-the-vm-series-firewall-on-hyper-v#_88880
• Set Up the VM-Series firewall on AWS
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/set-up-the-
vm-series-firewall-on-aws

Sample questions
1. Which virtual interface is the management on a VM-Series firewall running on ESXi?
A. vNIC #1
B. vNIC #2
C. vNIC #9
D. vNIC #10
2. Which three items of information are required to install and configure VM-Series firewalls?
(Choose three.)
A. VLANs to be connected through the firewall
B. management port IP address
C. IP addresses for the data interfaces
D. management port default gateway
E. management port netmask
F. IP address for the external (internet-facing) interface

Answer under the heading Answers to Identify how to configure VM-Series firewalls for deployment. on
p. 118.

Exam Domain 3 – Operate

Identify considerations for configuring external log forwarding.

Direct Firewall Log Forwarding

Using an external service to monitor the firewall enables you to receive alerts for important events,
archive monitored information on systems with dedicated long-term storage, and integrate with third-
party security monitoring tools.

Log storage on Palo Alto Networks firewalls is strictly allocated between different log and other storage
types to ensure that no particular log is overrun by another. This allocation is user-controlled.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 57

 Device > Setup > Management > Logging and Reporting Settings

Each storage area typically acts as circular logs in that, when filled, new entries will overwrite old ones.
Space is cleared in blocks and messages added to the System log.

Before you can use Panorama or external systems to monitor the firewall, you must configure the
firewall to forward its logs. Before forwarding to external services, the firewall automatically converts
the logs to the necessary format: syslog messages, SNMP traps, HTTP, or email notifications. Before
starting this procedure, ensure that Panorama or the external server that will receive the log data
already is running

External forwarding supports the following types of destinations:

1. SNMP traps
2. Syslog
3. HTTP server
4. Email
5. Panorama

All types (other than Panorama) support customization of the message format. A typical destination
configuration follows:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 58

 Creating a Syslog log forwarding destination

An example of a customized message format for an email destination follows.

An example of a customized email message

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 59

Any log event redirection causes a copy of the log event to be forwarded as specified. It is logged on the
firewall as usual.

There are two main methods to forward log events, depending on the log message type. Log events
destined for the System, Config, and HIP Match log are redirected using Device > Log Settings to choose
event destination(s) for specific event types:

Redirecting Log Events via Device > Log Settings

Events normally written to the Traffic, Threat, and WildFire Submission logs are routed via a Log
Forwarding Profile:

A Log Forwarding Profile specifying which log events are to be forwarded to which predefined destinations.

Log Forwarding Profiles are attached to individual firewall Security policies to enable forwarding of the
events associated with the processing of the specific policy. This granularity allows administrators

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 60

specific control of forwarding and the potential of different forwarding for policies of differing
importance:

Assigning a Log Forwarding Profile to a Security policy

All forwarded events are delivered as they are generated on the firewall.

A complete discussion of log forwarding configuration is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/configure-log-
forwarding

Sample questions
1. Which log format is not supported for log exports? (C)
A. SNMP trap
B. Syslog
C. Apache log format
D. HTTP
2. Which log type gets redirected using a Log Forwarding Profile? (B)
A. Config log
B. Traffic log
C. System log
D. HIP Match log

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify considerations for configuring external log forwarding.
on p. 118.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 61

Interpret log files, reports, and graphs to determine traffic and threat trends.
Logging and reporting are critical components of any security network. Being able to log all network
activity in a logical, organized, and easily segmented way makes logging even more valuable. Rapid,
thorough, and accurate interpretation of events is critical to security. Security practitioners often
suggest that security is only as good as the visibility it is built on. These reasons contribute to Palo Alto
Networks information collection and display design.

A discussion of available log data and making it into actionable information is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/apps/pan/public/downloadResource?pagePath=/content/
pan/en_US/resources/whitepapers/actionable-threat-intelligence

Log information generally is in the Monitor tab of the WebUI. The reporting sections align with the
general use of these reports. The Log section presents detailed, real-time data with the ability to recall
previous data (subjected to available storage). It is divided into sections segmenting log data into related
information. PAN-OS® 8.0 includes a Unified log that collects copies of events from the Traffic, Threat,
URL Filtering, WildFire Submissions, and Data Filtering logs into a single location for easy parsing of
related data.

Each log provides similar features, making an organized presentation of desired data. Displayed log data
can be exported in CSV format at any time.

The CSV export option available on any detailed log display

This export will include all detail for the displayed record even if it isn’t visible in the chosen column
displays.

Displayed columns can be configured to present desired data.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 62

 Displayed columns can be chosen using the pull-down list appearing in any column header.

Each log display offers a powerful filtering capability facilitating the display of specific desired data.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 63

 Filters can be added using two methods to eliminate the display of undesired entries.

Filters can be built and even stored for future use. Specific data on this functionality is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/view-and-manage-
logs#_65083

While this log data is stored in detail in log storage, a firewall summarizes new log entries every 15
minutes and adds the results to separate on-board reporting databases used as default sources by
Application Command Center (ACC), App Scope, PDF Reports, and Custom Reports.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 64

The scope of this summarization process can be controlled with settings on Device > Setup >
Management > Logging and Reporting Settings > Pre-Defined Reports:

Settings for the repeating report database summarization process

PDF Reports
The PDF Reports section offers many pre-defined PDF reports that can be run as a group on a scheduled
basis and delivered via email daily or weekly.

These reports typically run once per day and summarize all activity on the firewall. A report browser of
predefined reports appears on the right. When these reports are chosen, they display their results for
the previous day’s traffic:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 65

 Predefined Report Browser showing choices of categories and specific reports on the right

The PDF Report section offers other important reporting tools. Custom reports can be created, stored,
and run on-demand and/or a schedule basis. More information is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/generate-custom-
reports#35712

User/Group Activity Report

A predefined User/Group Activity report provides complete application use and browsing activity
reports for individuals or group. Information is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/generate-user-
group-activity-reports#91388

PDF Summary Report

A PDF Summary Report includes several top-5-oriented reports grouped to provide a general
representation of the firewall’s traffic during the previous day. Details are here:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 66

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/manage-pdf-
summary-reports#24063

App Scope reports focus on base-line performance comparisons of firewall use. These reports provide
power tools to characterize changes in detected use patterns. They were designed for ad-hoc queries
more than scheduled report output. Detailed information is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/use-the-app-scope-
reports#_26529

Application Command Center

The Application Command Center (ACC) is an interactive, graphical summary of the applications, users,
URLs, threats, and content traversing your network. The ACC uses the firewall logs to provide visibility
into traffic patterns and information about threats that can be acted on. The ACC layout includes a
tabbed view of network activity, threat activity, and blocked activity. Each tab includes pertinent
widgets for better visualization of network traffic. The graphical representation allows you to interact
with the data and to see the relationships between events on the network so that you can uncover
anomalies or find ways to enhance your network security rules. For a personalized view of your network,
you also can add a custom tab and include widgets that allow you to find the information that is most
important to you.

Other reports and displays on the firewall often support click-through of data items to enable you to
uncover more detail. This practice often results in a switch to the ACC with preset filters to focus only on
the previously displayed data. Detailed use data is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/use-the-application-
command-center#73861

Automated Correlation Engine

The Automated Correlation Engine is an analytics tool that uses the logs on the firewall to detect events
on your network that can be acted on. The engine correlates a series of related threat events that, when
combined, indicate a likely compromised host on your network or some other higher-level conclusion. It
pinpoints areas of risk, such as compromised hosts on the network, allowing you to assess the risk and
act to prevent exploitation of network resources. The Automated Correlation Engine uses Correlation
objects to analyze the logs for patterns, and when a match occurs it generates a correlated event.
Detailed information is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/use-the-automated-
correlation-engine#38973

Sample questions
1. Which filter finds all log entries for traffic that originates from the internal device whose IP
address is 172.17.1.3 and according to the header appears to be HTTP or HTTPS?
A. ( addr.src in 172.17.1.3 ) and ( ( port.dst eq 80 ) or ( port.dst eq 443 ) )
B. ( ( addr.src in 172.17.1.3 ) and ( port.dst eq 80 ) ) or ( port.dst eq 443 )
C. ( src.addr in 172.17.1.3 ) and ( ( dst.port eq 80 ) or ( dst.port eq 443 ) )
D. ( ( src.addr in 172.17.1.3 ) and ( dst.port eq 80 ) ) or ( dst. port eq 443 )

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 67

 2. Which two log files would you use if you suspect that a rogue administrator is modifying the
firewall’s rulebase to allow and hide illicit traffic? (Choose two.)
A. Traffic
B. Threat
C. Data Filtering
D. Configuration
E. System

Answers under the heading Answers to Interpret log files, reports, and graphs to determine traffic and
threat trends. on p. 119.

Identify scenarios in which there is a benefit from using custom signatures.

To create a custom application, you must define the application attributes: its characteristics, category
and subcategory, risk, port, and timeout. You also must define patterns or values that the firewall can
use to match to the traffic flows themselves (the signature). Finally, you can attach the custom
application to a Security policy that allows or denies the application (or add it to an application group or
match it to an application filter). You also can create custom applications to identify ephemeral
applications of a topical interest.

References
• Manage Custom or Unknown Applications
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/app-id/manage-custom-
or-unknown-applications
• Create a Custom Application
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/app-id/create-a-
custom-application#_33572

Sample questions
1. A customer’s custom application uses DNS to transfer directory information, which needs to be
filtered in a very different manner than normal DNS. How do you cofigure such filtering?
A. You cannot do it with the NGFW. You need to manually configure a proxy.
B. Create specific rules for the sources and destinations that run this application.
C. Create a custom signature, and specify the DNS fields that are different from normal
DNS use and patterns to identify when it is the custom application.
D. Create an Application Override policy and specify the sources and destinations that run
this application.
2. What are two results of using Application Override policies? (Choose two.)
A. prevent matching traffic from entering VPN tunnels
B. apply a specified App-ID label to matching traffic
C. prevent matching traffic from being logged
D. cause matching traffic to bypass Content-ID processing
E. route traffic to WildFire for scanning

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 68

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify scenarios in which there is a benefit from using custom
signatures. on p. 119.

Given a scenario, identify the process to update a Palo Alto Networks system to the latest
version of the software.

Standalone Firewalls
For non-HA firewalls, software updates fall into two categories: subscription updates and PAN-OS®
upgrades.

Subscription updates are enabled through application of various licenses to the firewall. These updates
are managed under Device > Dynamic Updates. Updates can be transferred directly from Palo Alto
Networks on demand or by schedule control. In cases where no network connectivity is present, these
updates can be downloaded from the Palo Alto Networks Dynamic Update section of the Support portal
site onto an administrator’s system and uploaded through a Management WebUI connection and then
applied.

A discussion of this process is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/getting-started/install-content-
and-software-updates#61072

PAN-OS® updates are managed in the Device > Software section of the WebUI. New PAN-OS® versions
can be downloaded and even installed without user disruption. A final system reboot must be
performed to put the new PAN-OS® software into production. This reboot is disruptive and should be
done during a change control window.

A firewall does not need to upgrade to each released PAN-OS® software in sequence. Considerations for
skipping releases are outlined here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/upgrade-to-pan-os-
8-0/upgrade-the-firewall-to-pan-os-8-0#_17982

Make note of the requirement that dynamic updates be upgraded to the latest versions before PAN-OS®
software is upgraded to ensure compatibility.

You can roll back (undo) PAN-OS® updates if required. Details are here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/upgrade-to-pan-os-
8-0/downgrade-from-pan-os-8-0#_97027

HA Firewalls
Dynamic updates are the responsibility of the individual firewalls to manage even when in passive
mode. This task can be difficult if dynamic updates have no network path to the Palo Alto Networks
update servers.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 69

Dynamic updates in HA clusters include an option to “Sync-to-peer” for use when the secondary firewall
has no network route to the update server. Further discussion is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Management-Articles/Scheduled-Dynamic-Updates-in-an-HA-
Environment/ta-p/60449

Firewalls in HA clusters must upgrade PAN-OS® software individually. In active/passive clusters a firewall
typically is put into Suspend mode and then upgraded. Once the upgrade is complete, the firewall is
made active with the partner then going to Suspend mode and being upgraded.

A detailed discussion of this process appears here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/upgrade-to-pan-os-
8-0/upgrade-an-ha-firewall-pair-to-pan-os-8-0#_60928

Upgrading Firewalls Under Panorama Management

Firewalls managed by Panorama can get dynamic updates from Panorama including scheduled updates.
PAN-OS® upgrades also can be managed from Panorama.

A complete discussion is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/manage-
licenses-and-updates

Upgrading of Panorama-managed firewalls to PAN-OS® 8.0 is discussed here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/upgrade-to-pan-os-
8-0/upgrade-firewalls-using-panorama#_58633

HA Cluster Firewall Updates Managed by Panorama

Panorama treats managed firewalls in HA pairs as individual firewalls for software update purposes.

Sample question
1. If you need new dynamic content and the PAN-OS® version, in what order do you do it?
A. It does not matter.
B. Update the PAN-OS® version first, then the dynamic content.
C. Update the dynamic content first, then the PAN-OS® version.
D. Update both at the same time.

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify the process to update a Palo Alto
Networks system to the latest version of the software. on p. 119.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 70

Identify how configuration management operations are used to ensure desired operational
state of stability and continuity.

Firewall settings are stored in XML config files that can be archived, restored, and otherwise managed.

Running Configuration and Candidate Configuration

A firewall contains both a running configuration that contains all settings currently active,and a
candidate configuration. The candidate configuration is a copy of the running configuration that also
includes settings changes not yet committed. Making changes in the firewall WebUI stages these
changes in the candidate configuration until a commit operation merges them, with the running
configuration making them active.

Backing up versions of the running or candidate configuration enables you to later restore those
versions on the firewall. A discussion about the basics is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/firewall-
administration/manage-configuration-backups#68133

Guidelines for configuration management are here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/Configuration-Management-Guidelines/ta-
p/65781

Sample question
1. What is the action that specifies that Security Profiles are relevant in a policy rule?
A. Deny
B. Reject
C. Drop
D. Accept

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how configuration management operations are used to
ensure desired operational state of stability and continuity. on p. 119.

Identify the settings related to critical HA functions (link monitoring; path monitoring; HA1,
HA2, and HA3 functionality; HA backup links; and differences between A/A and A/P).
High availability (HA) is when two firewalls are placed in a group and have their configuration
synchronized to prevent a single point of failure on your network. A heartbeat connection between the
firewall peers ensures seamless failover if a peer goes down. Configure two firewalls in an HA pair to
provide redundancy and allow you to ensure business continuity.

References
• HA Concepts (including the subtopics)
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/high-availability/ha-
concepts

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 71

 • What is HA-Lite on Palo Alto Networks PA-200 and VM-Series Firewalls?
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/What-is-HA-Lite-on-Palo-Alto-Networks-
PA-200-and-VM-Series/ta-p/62553
• HA Links and Backup Links
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/high-availability/ha-
links-and-backup-links
• Set Up Active/Passive HA
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/high-availability/set-up-
active-passive-ha
• Set Up Active/Active HA
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/high-availability/set-up-
active-active-ha

Sample question
1. Which feature is not in active/active (A/A) mode?
A. IPsec tunneling
B. DHCP client
C. link aggregation
D. configuration synchronization

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify the settings related to critical HA functions (link
monitoring; path monitoring; HA1, HA2, and HA3 functionality; HA backup links; and differences
between A/A and A/P). on p. 119.

Identify the sources of information pertaining to HA functionality.

Network monitoring applications use SNMP to query network components, such as the NGFW. Version
8.0 has additional information specific to HA. You now can monitor the dedicated HA2 interfaces of
firewalls, in addition to the HA1, HA2 backup, and HA3 interfaces. To see SNMP statistics for dedicated
HA2 interfaces, use the IF‐MIB and interfaces MIB.

References
• SNMP Support
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/snmp-
support
• Monitor Statistics Using SNMP
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/monitor-
statistics-using-snmp
• Supported MIBs
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/supported-
mibs

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 72

 • Extended SNMP Supporthttps://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-
os/newfeaturesguide/management-features/extended-snmp-support#_37052

Sample question
1. Which MIB specifies the fields for information about the high availability interfaces?
A. MIB-II
B. IF-MIB
C. PAN-COMMON-MIB.my
D. PAN-PRODUCT-MIB.my

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify the sources of information pertaining to HA functionality.
on p. 119.

Identify how to configure the firewall to integrate with AutoFocus and verify its functionality.
AutoFocus, a Palo Alto Networks threat intelligence service, accelerates analysis and response efforts for
the most damaging, unique, and targeted attacks. The hosted security service is natively integrated with
the Palo Alto Networks Next-Generation Security Platform, thus extending your threat analysis and
hunting capabilities without additional IT security resources. AutoFocus provides the visibility and threat
context required to respond more quickly to critical attacks.

References
• At a Glance: AutoFocus
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/apps/pan/public/downloadResource?pagePath=/content/p
an/en_US/resources/datasheets/autofocus-at-a-glance

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 73

 • AutoFocus Administrator’s Guide, especially p. 17-20, 55-57
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/technical-
documentation/autofocus/autofocus_admin_guide.pdf

Sample question
1. Which ability does AutoFocus not have?
A. distinguish between attacks that attempt to exfiltrate data (violate confidentiality) and
attacks that attempt to modify it (violate integrity)
B. display the processes started by specific malware
C. display the network connections used by specific malware
D. distinguish between commodity attacks and advanced persistent threats (APTs) directed
against the customer’s organization or industry

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to configure the firewall to integrate with AutoFocus
and verify its functionality. on p. 120.

Identify the impact of deploying dynamic updates.

Palo Alto Networks maintains a Content Delivery Network (CDN) infrastructure for delivering content
updates to Palo Alto Networks firewalls. The firewalls access the web resources in the CDN to perform
various App-ID and Content-ID functions. By default, the firewalls use the management port to access
the CDN infrastructure for application updates, threat and antivirus signature updates, BrightCloud and
PAN-DB database updates and lookups, and access to the Palo Alto Networks WildFire cloud. To ensure
that you are always protected from the latest threats (including those that have not yet been
discovered), you must keep your firewalls up-to-date with the latest content and software updates
published by Palo Alto Networks.

References
• Device > Dynamic Updates
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/device/device-dynamic-updates
• Install Content and Software Updates
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/getting-started/install-
content-and-software-updates
• Manage New App-IDs Introduced in Content Releases
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/app-id/manage-new-
app-ids-introduced-in-content-releases#_29763
• Review New App-IDs https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-
os/app-id/review-new-app-ids#_53319

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 74

Sample question
1. Which field in a new App-ID facilitates the determination of the App-ID’s impact on policy
enforcement?
A. Name
B. Depends on
C. Previously Identified As
D. App-ID Enabled

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify the impact of deploying dynamic updates. on p. 120.

Identify the relationship between Panorama and devices as it pertains to dynamic updates
versions and policy implementation and/or HA peers.
You can use Panorama to qualify software and content updates by deploying them to a subset of
firewalls, Dedicated Log Collectors, or WildFire appliances and appliance clusters before installing the
updates on the rest of the firewalls. If you want to schedule periodic content updates, Panorama
requires a direct internet connection. To deploy software or content updates on demand (unscheduled),
the procedure differs based on whether Panorama is connected to the internet. Panorama displays a
warning if you manually deploy a content update when a scheduled update process has started or will
start within five minutes.

When deploying updates, Panorama notifies the devices (firewalls, Log Collectors, and WildFire) that
updates are available. The devices then retrieve the update packages from Panorama. By default,
devices retrieve updates over the management (MGT) interface on Panorama. However, if you want to
reduce the traffic load on the MGT interface by using another interface for devices to retrieve updates,
you can configure Panorama to use multiple interfaces.

References
• Deploy Updates to Firewalls, Log Collectors and WildFire Appliances Using Panorama
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/ma
nage-licenses-and-updates/deploy-updates-to-firewalls-log-collectors-and-wildfire-appliances-
using-panorama#_76612
• Supported Updates
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide/ma
nage-licenses-and-updates/supported-updates#_97041

Sample questions
1. Which two types of device can receive the Antivirus content update? (Choose two)
A. Log Collector
B. Firewall
C. WildFire
2. Within the 8.0 version, can a content update and a software version be incompatible?. If so, in
what way? (Choose the most accurate answer.)
A. No, they are always compatible.
B. Yes, newer content updates don’t work with older versions of the software.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 75

 C. Yes, newer versions of the software don’t work with older versions of the content
update.
D. Yes, so you need to always update them at the same time.

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the relationship between Panorama and devices as it
pertains to dynamic updates versions and policy implementation and/or HA peers. on p. 120.

Exam Domain 4 – Configuration Troubleshooting

Identify system and traffic issues using WebUI and CLI tools.
There is no simple reference list to include in this section because being able to troubleshoot the firewall
requires a thorough understanding of how it works. The references are for the main troubleshooting
tools.

References
• Log Types and Severity Levels
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/log-types-
and-severity-levels#_51096
• Monitor > Logs
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/web-interface-
help/monitor/monitor-logs#_58165
• CLI Cheat Sheet: Device Management
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/cli-gsg/cli-cheat-sheets/cli-
cheat-sheet-device-management#_44428
• CLI Cheat Sheet: Networking
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/cli-gsg/cli-cheat-sheets/cli-
cheat-sheet-networking#_10944
• Interpret VPN Error Messages
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/vpns/interpret-vpn-
error-messages

Sample questions
1. Users cannot access their Gmail accounts through the firewall. Which log do you look in, and
which filter do you use?
A. Traffic, (app eq gmail)
B. Traffic, (app in gmail)
C. Configuration, (app eq gmail)
D. Configuration, (app in gmail)
2. You can’t get to the web interface. How do you check from the command line if it is running? (D)
A. ps -aux | grep appweb
B. ps -aux | match appweb
C. show system software status | grep appweb
D. show system software status | match appweb

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify system and traffic issues using WebUI and CLI tools. on
p. 120.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 76

Given a session output, identify the configuration requirements used to perform a packet
capture.
Palo Alto Networks firewalls can capture traffic automatically in response to threat detection or can
capture it manually. Capture tools are available in the WebUI and CLI.

Automatic Threat Detection Captures

Automatic captures can be triggered as a response to threat detection. When Security Profiles are
created, configuration settings can include a detection response of an automatic packet capture of the
event. All threat-detecting Security Profiles have this capability. An example follows:

Configuring a packet capture response to the detection of spyware

Information about configuring threat detection captures and accessing the captured data is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/take-a-threat-
packet-capture

Data Filtering Security Profiles can take captures of configured patterns. Because this data might be
highly valuable, special password protections are provided for these stored captures. Details are here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Management-Articles/Enable-data-capture-for-data-filtering-and-
manage-data/ta-p/65934

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 77

Manual Packet Captures
Packet captures can be conducted on demand both from the WebUI and the CLI. WebUI captures are
configured in the Monitor > Packet Capture option. The following image shows configuration options to
create a WebUI capture and turn it on/off. Captured traffic is stored on the firewall and is available for
download as a pcap file usable by many protocol analysis software packages. The capture configuration
follows:

The PAN-OS® WebUI provides access to traffic packet captures. Additional pcap and debug tools are available through
the CLI.

Complete information about the configuration and use of this feature is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/take-a-custom-
packet-capture#17879

Note: Some Palo Alto Networks firewalls include a Hardware Offload feature that optimizes the handling
of traffic. Offloaded traffic will not appear in packet captures in either the WebUI or the CLI. All PA-2000
Series, PA-3050, PA-3060, PA-4000 Series, PA-5000 Series, and PA-7000 Series firewalls have this
feature. To guarantee that all packets are available for capture, a CLI command must be run to
temporarily disable Hardware Offload. See the following information for details and disclosures about
CPU impact.

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/disable-hardware-
offload#85899

Note: WebUI packet captures cannot be used for traffic crossing the management interface.

Note: Management interface traffic cannot be captured by the previously mentioned CLI tools. The
tcpdump command is the only tool with visibility to this traffic.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 78

Sample question
1. Which Security Profiles do not have a packet capture option? (D)
A. Antivirus
B. Anti-spyware
C. Vulnerability Protection
D. URL Filtering

Answer under the heading Answers to Given a session output, identify the configuration requirements
used to perform a packet capture. on p. 120.

Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot and configure interface components.

PAN-OS® software supports a variety of interface configuration options. The network interfaces on a
firewall fall into two general types: Traffic ports and the Management port.

Traffic Ports
Traffic ports provide multiple configuration options with the ability to pass traffic through to other ports
via traffic-handling objects (virtual routers, virtual wires, and VLANs).

Management Port
The Management port is isolated from internal connectivity for security purposes. If the Management
port requires internet access, its traffic must be routed out of the firewall and through other network
infrastructure that provides this connectivity. The traffic often is routed back to a traffic port on the
firewall requiring appropriate Security Policies for access. This traffic is then treated like any other and
must be allowed through by Security policies.

This management traffic can be routed through alternate ports. A discussion is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/Setting-a-Service-Route-for-Services-to-
Use-a-Dataplane/ta-p/59433

Troubleshooting Tools
There are several important tools for troubleshooting traffic flow through the firewall. A best practice in
troubleshooting is to separate general connectivity issues from those of security. Connectivity issues
should be resolved before security processing is evaluated.

The WebUI provides several important tools. The path Monitor > Logs > Traffic log provides session
summary information. Log entries for traffic are generated as specified in Security policies. The typical
configuration specifies that log entries are created when a session ends. Use the magnifying glass icon to
examine this log entry for detail:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 79

 Log entry detail

Details found here include much information for troubleshooting: the Security action, the firewall policy
allowing it through, the assigned App-ID, zones, and the ingress and egress interfaces. NAT details and
flags attesting to other handling details also appear. Examine this data to get valuable insight into the
firewall’s processing of this traffic from both connectivity and security processing views.

This data typically is written at session end, but logging settings can specify log entries be created at
session initiation time. This practice drives more log volume, but it can provide critical data in certain
situations. Turn on Log at Session Start temporarily during troubleshooting to provide more information
and gain insight:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 80

 Turning on entry creation at session initiation time temporarily can aid in troubleshooting.

View open sessions using the Monitor > Session Browser display:

View open sessions within the session browser

The Clear check box at the end of a session summary line can be used to end the session immediately,
often generating the desired log entry.

The CLI show commands will assist with troubleshooting. The WebUI Traffic Capture and CLI pcap and
debug functions give greater visibility to system-level operation for troubleshooting. A complete
discussion about packet captures is here:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 81

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/monitoring/take-packet-
captures#62168

Connectivity issues often arise from unexpected traffic forwarding decisions. Find the simplest view into
forwarding decisions by displaying the Layer 3 routing and forwarding tables in the WebUI:

Display the specific virtual router’s routing and forwarding tables with this link.

Policy-based forwarding (PBF) policies can override routing decisions and must be considered when you
troubleshoot connectivity. The routing and forwarding tables mentioned do not show the effects of
existing PBF policies. PBF troubleshooting is best done on the CLI; show commands can display existing
PBF policies and whether they are active. The test pbf-policy-match command will show the
application of existing PBF policies on modeled traffic.

Sample question
1. Where in the user interface can you see if any sessions are going through a specific interface?
A. dashboard
B. Application Control Center (ACC)
C. session log node in the Monitor tab
D. Th session browser node in the Monitor tab

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot and configure
interface components. on p. 120.

Identify how to troubleshoot SSL decryption failures.

PAN-OS® software can decrypt and inspect inbound and outbound SSL connections going through the
Palo Alto Networks firewall. SSL decryption can occur on interfaces in Virtual Wire, Layer 2 or Layer 3
mode by using the SSL rulebase to configure which traffic to decrypt. Decryption can be based on URL
categories and source user and source/target addresses. Once traffic is decrypted, tunneled applications
can be detected and controlled, and the decrypted data can be inspected for threats, URL filtering, file
blocking, or data filtering. Decrypted traffic is never sent off the device.

References
• Decryption Overview
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/decryption-
overview
• How to Implement and Test SSL Decryptionhttps://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-
Articles/How-to-Implement-and-Test-SSL-Decryption/ta-p/59719

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 82

Sample question
1. SSL decryption has been working for the customer but suddenly it stopped. What could be a
possible reason?
A. The firewall’s CA certificate expired. By default, those certificates are valid for one year.
B. The firewall’s IP address, which is encoded in the certificate, changed.
C. The firewall has been upgraded to a different model.
D. The firewall’s decryption subscription expired.

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify how to troubleshoot SSL decryption failures. on p. 120.

Identify certificate chain of trust issues.

Keys are strings of numbers that typically are generated using a mathematical operation involving
random numbers and large primes. Keys are used to transform other strings (such as passwords and
shared secrets) from plaintext to ciphertext (a process called encryption) and from ciphertext to
plaintext (a process called decryption). Keys can be symmetric (the same key is used to encrypt and
decrypt) or asymmetric (one key is used for encryption and a mathematically related key is used for
decryption). Any system can generate a key.

X.509 certificates are used to establish trust between a client and a server to establish an SSL
connection. The certificate contains either the FQDN of the server or its IP address in the common name
(CN) field. All certificates must be issued by a certificate authority (CA). After the CA verifies a client or
server, the CA issues the certificate and signs it with the CA’s a private key. The client already has the
CA’s public key to verify those signatures.

With a Decryption policy configured, a session between the client and the server is established only if
the firewall trusts the CA that signed the server certificate. To establish trust, the firewall must have the
server root CA certificate in its certificate trust list (CTL) and use the public key contained in that root CA
certificate to verify the signature. The firewall then presents a copy of the server certificate signed by
the Forward Trust certificate for the client to authenticate. You also can configure the firewall to use an
enterprise CA as a forward trust certificate for SSL Forward Proxy. If the firewall does not have the
server root CA certificate in its CTL, the firewall will present a copy of the server certificate signed by the
Forward Untrust certificate to the client. The Forward Untrust certificate ensures that clients are
prompted with a certificate warning when they attempt to access sites hosted by a server with
untrusted certificates.

References
• Keys and Certificates for Decryption Policies
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/decryption/keys-and-
certificates-for-decryption-policies#_40372
• Certificate Management
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/certificate-
management#_19363

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 • How to Install a Chained Certificate Signed by a Public CA
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Management-Articles/How-to-Install-a-Chained-
Certificate-Signed-by-a-Public-CA/ta-p/55523

Sample question
1. Which condition could be a symptom of a chain of trust issue?
A. The firewall no longer decrypts HTTPS traffic.
B. The firewall no longer decrypts HTTPS traffic from a specific site.
C. The firewall still decrypts HTTPS traffic from all sites, but it re-encrypts it using the
Forward Untrust certificate instead of the Forward Trust certificate.
D. The firewall still decrypts HTTPS traffic from a specific site, but it re-encrypts it using the
Forward Untrust certificate instead of the Forward Trust certificate.

Answer under the heading Answers to Identify certificate chain of trust issues. on p. 121.

Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot traffic routing issues.

There are several methods to route traffic using the NGFW:

• Static routes require manual configuration on every router in the network, rather than the
firewall entering dynamic routes in its route tables. Even though static routes require that
configuration on all routers, such routes may be desirable in small networks rather than having
an administrator confoigure a routing protocol.
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an interior gateway protocol (IGP) that was designed for
small IP networks. RIP relies on hop count to determine routes; the best routes have the fewest
number of hops. RIP is based on UDP and uses port 520 for route updates. By limiting routes to
a maximum of 15 hops, the protocol helps prevent the development of routing loops, but also
limits the supported network size. If more than 15 hops are required, traffic is not routed. RIP
also can take longer to converge than OSPF and other routing protocols.
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an IGP that is most often used to dynamically manage
network routes in large enterprise network. It determines routes dynamically by obtaining
information from other routers and advertising routes to other routers by way of Link State
Advertisements (LSAs). The information gathered from the LSAs is used to construct a topology
map of the network. This topology map is shared across routers in the network and is used to
populate the IP routing table with available routes.

Changes in the network topology are detected dynamically and are used to generate a new
topology map within seconds. A shortest path tree is computed of each route. Metrics
associated with each routing interface are used to calculate the best route. These metrics can
include distance, network throughput, and link availability. These metrics also can be configured
statically to direct the outcome of the OSPF topology map.
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the primary internet routing protocol. BGP determines
network reachability based on IP prefixes that are available within autonomous systems (AS),

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 84

 where an AS is a set of IP prefixes that a network provider has designated to be part of a single
routing policy.

References
• Virtual Routers
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking/virtual-
routers
• Site-to-Site VPN with Static and Dynamic Routing
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/vpns/site-to-site-vpn-
with-static-and-dynamic-routing
• Static Routes
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking/static-
routes#_99987
• RIP
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking/rip#_61661
• OSPF
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-
os/networking/ospf#_29900
• BGP
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking/bgp

Sample question
1. Where do you find the dynamic routing configuration for data in the NGFW’s web interface?
A. Device > Network > Virtual Router
B. Network > Virtual Router
C. Device > Network > Interfaces
D. Network > Interfaces

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot traffic routing
issues. on p. 121.

Exam Domain 5 – Core Concepts

Identify the correct order of the policy evaluation based on the packet flow architecture.

Policies
Palo Alto Networks firewalls implement several types of policies:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 85

 Types of policies in a Palo Alto Networks firewall

Each type of policy is implemented as a list in which match processing against traffic is performed from
the top of the list down. The first policy matching the traffic in question is executed, with no other policy
processing of that type performed. Each type of policy is reviewed in the order indicated in the following
process flow:

All traffic processed by the firewall follows this sequence of events.

Evaluation Order
An example of the importance of evaluation order can be found with NAT and Security policies. NAT
policies change TCP/IP addresses in packet headers. Security policies are required to allow the traffic in
question to transit the firewall. The processing order indicates that addresses changed by NAT policies
are done after Security policies are evaluated, resulting in Security policies being written for pre-NAT
packet addresses.

An overview of the different policy types is here:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 86

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/70/pan-os/pan-os/policy/policy-types

CLI test Command

The firewall CLI includes an advanced traffic-handling prediction command, test. The test command
includes a specification of the rulebase to test and a description of the traffic to present. The command
result returns the processing outcome, including the policy that handles the traffic (if any) and the
result.

A dated but still useful article with examples is here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Management-Articles/How-To-Test-Security-NAT-and-PBF-Rules-
via-the-CLI/ta-p/55911

Sample Questions
1. What is the correct order of operations between the Security policy and the NAT policy?
A. NAT policy evaluated, Security policy evaluated, NAT policy applied, Security policy
applied
B. NAT policy evaluated, NAT policy applied, Security policy evaluated, Security policy
applied
C. NAT policy evaluated, Security policy evaluated, Security policy applied, NAT policy
applied
D. Security policy evaluated, NAT evaluated, NAT policy applied, Security policy applied
2. Which two statements are correct regarding policy evaluation? (Choose two.)
A. All rules are searched and the most specific rule will match.
B. Policies are evaluated from the top down, and the first match processes the traffic.
C. Interzone traffic is allowed by default.
D. Intrazone traffic is allowed by default.
E. Outbound traffic is allowed by default. Only inbound traffic is evaluated.

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the correct order of the policy evaluation based on the
packet flow architecture. on p. 121.

Given an attack scenario, identify the Palo Alto Networks appropriate threat prevention
component to prevent/mitigate the attack.

Advance Persistent Threats

Threats to your organization are growing in complexity and capability. Advanced persistent threats
represent the most difficult challenge to the security professional.

An overview of APTs as they relate to Palo Alto Networks firewalls is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/features/apt-prevention

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 87

Security Policies and Profiles
The primary firewall tools protecting users from threats are Security policies combined with Security
Profiles implementing specific protections.

The first steps in creating a Security policy are found here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/getting-started/set-up-a-basic-
security-policy#79320

The completion of these steps provides only a basic setup that is not comprehensive enough to protect
your network. The next phase is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/best-practice-internet-
gateway-security-policy#60768

The previous review includes a review of Security Profiles, which is an important aspect of protection
detection and prevention for specific types of threats. See the following document for more details:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/create-best-practice-
security-profiles#48239

Sample Question
1. A URL Filtering Profile is part of which type of identification?
A. App-ID
B. Content-ID
C. User-ID

Answer under the heading Answer to Given an attack scenario, identify the Palo Alto Networks
appropriate threat prevention component to prevent/mitigate the attack. on p. 121.

Identify methods for identifying users.

User-ID and Mapping Users

The User-ID feature of the Palo Alto NGFW enables you to create policies and perform reporting based
on users and groups rather than on individual IP addresses.

User-ID seamlessly integrates Palo Alto Networks firewalls with a range of enterprise directory and
terminal services offerings, enabling you to associate application activity and policy rules to users and
groups—not just IP addresses. Furthermore, with User-ID enabled, the Application Command Center
(ACC), App Scope, reports, and logs all include usernames in addition to user IP addresses.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 88

For user- and group-based policies, the firewall requires a list of all available users and their
corresponding group mappings that you can select when defining your policies. The firewall
collects group mapping information by connecting directly to your LDAP directory server.

Before it can enforce user- and group-based policies, the firewall must be able to map the IP addresses
in the packets it receives to usernames. User-ID provides many mechanisms to collect this user
mapping information.

A User-ID agent process runs either on the firewall (Agentless implementation) or is installed as a
separate process on a Windows OS machine. This User-ID agent monitors various network technologies
for authentication events and gathers the data, creating a master IP-address-to-user mapping table
stored in the firewall. For example, the User-ID agent monitors server logs for login events, probes
clients, and listens for syslog messages from authenticating services. To identify mappings for IP
addresses that the agent didn’t map, you can configure the firewall to redirect HTTP requests to a
Captive Portal login. You can customize the user mapping mechanisms to suit your environment, and
even use different mechanisms at different sites.

In complex environments, multiple User-ID agents can be deployed to work collaboratively on a master
User-ID-to-address mapping table. The following diagram illustrates the main functionality of the User-
ID agent:

PAN-OS® software can use multiple information sources to map usernames to the IP address of a session.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 89

References
A complete overview of User-ID is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/70/pan-os/pan-os/user-id

Design and deployment considerations for complex environments are here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/Architecting-User-Identification-
Deployments/ta-p/60904?attachment-id=2853

Best practices for User-ID implementations are here:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Configuration-Articles/User-ID-best-practices/ta-
p/65756?attachment-id=3509

and:

https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/t5/Learning-Articles/Best-practices-for-securing-User-ID-
deployments/ta-p/61606

Sample Question
1. User-ID maps users to what type of information? (Choose the most accurate answer.) (B)
A. MAC addresses
B. IP addresses
C. IP address/port number combinations
D. IP addresses in the case of single-user devices (tablets, PCs, etc.), IP address / port
number combinations in the case of multi-user devices (such as servers)

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify methods for identifying users. on p. 121.

Identify the fundamental functions residing on the management and dataplanes of a Palo
Alto Networks firewall.

Management and Dataplanes

Whether physical or virtual, the management plane and dataplane functionality is integral to all Palo
Alto Networks firewalls. These functions have dedicated hardware resources, making them independent
of each other. The following diagram details the architecture of a PA-220 firewall:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 90

 Palo Alto Networks maintains the management plane and dataplane separation to protect system resources.

Every Palo Alto Networks firewall assigns a minimum of these functions to the management plane:

• Configuration management
• Logging
• Reporting functions
• User-ID agent process
• Route updates

The Management Network and Console connector terminates directly on this plane.

The following functions are assigned to the dataplane:

• Signature Match Processor:

o All Content-ID and App-ID services
• Security Processors:
o Session management
o Encryption/decryption
o Compression/decompression
o Policy enforcement

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 91

 • Network Processor:
o Route
o ARP
o MAC lookup
o QoS
o NAT
o Flow control

The dataplane connects directly to the traffic interfaces.

As more computing capability is added to more powerful firewall models, the management and
dataplanes gain other functionality as required, sometimes implemented on dedicated cards. Several
core functions gain FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays) for flexible high-performance processing.
Additional management plane functions might include:

• First packet processing

• Switch fabric management

Dedicated log collection and processing is implemented on a separate card.

The following diagram provides an overview of the PA-7000 Series architecture:

PA-7000 Series architecture

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 92

Sample Question
1. On a PA-7000, which management function runs on a separate card?
A. configuration management
B. logging
C. reporting
D. The web user interface

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify methods for identifying users. on p. 121.

Given a scenario, determine how to control bandwidth use on a per-application basis.

Quality of Service (QoS) is a set of technologies that work on a network to guarantee its ability to
dependably run high-priority applications and traffic under limited network capacity. QoS technologies
accomplish these tasks by providing differentiated handling and capacity allocation to specific flows in
network traffic, which enables the network administrator to assign the order in which traffic is handled
and the amount of bandwidth provided to traffic.

Palo Alto Networks QoS provides basic QoS applied to networks and extends it to provide QoS to
applications and users.

Palo Alto Networks QoS provides an “Application Aware” QoS service that can be driven by the traffic’s
App-ID. Existing QoS packet markings can be used as input in QoS decisions. QoS markings can be
written back to packets for consumption on other network nodes.

QoS implementation on a Palo Alto Networks firewall begins with three primary configuration
components that support a full QoS solution: a QoS policy, a QoS Profile, and configuration of the QoS
egress interface. Each option in the QoS configuration task facilitates a broader process that optimizes
and prioritizes the traffic flow and allocates and ensures bandwidth according to configurable
parameters.

QoS policies assign traffic classes (1-8) to the described traffic.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 93

 PAN-OS® QoS functionality can use App-ID for specific bandwidth reservation.

QoS Profiles describe the priority to be given to the specified traffic when the interface becomes
constrained. As priority decreases, more packets are randomly dropped until the constraint is cleared.
Profiles also specify bandwidth enforcement applied at all times.

QoS Profiles prioritize specified traffic.

To apply a QoS profile, assign it to an interface. Note that this assignment shapes only egress traffic on
the interface.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 94

 Profiles are applied to interfaces to control their egress traffic.

The interrelationship between the QoS Policies, traffic classes, QoS Profiles, and interfaces is shown in
the following image:

QoS is configured at the policy, profile, and interface level for granular control.

References
A detailed discussion of QoS is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/70/pan-os/pan-os/quality-of-service

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 95

Sample Question
1. What parameter whose value is known to NGFW is important for QoS decisions?
A. App-ID
B. Content-ID
C. User-ID

Answer under the heading Answer to Given a scenario, determine how to control bandwidth use on a
per-application basis. on p. 121.

Identify the fundamental functions and concepts of WildFire

Wildfire Overview
WildFire is a sandbox analysis service that examines files for zero-day malware. A firewall administrator
can submit copies of files transferred through the firewall to WildFire for analysis. Typically, within 5
minutes WildFire will process the file and provide a malware verdict plus a detailed analysis report. This
service is available to all firewall owners for free with a license available for advanced features.

WildFire is implemented in a Palo Alto Networks managed public cloud or a WF-500 appliance installed
on a user’s network.

The following diagram outlines the principal functions of WildFire:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 96

 WildFire looks within files for malicious activities and renders a verdict with an analysis report.

WildFire malware findings result in a new detection signature being created and added to the worldwide
Antivirus update for all firewalls within 24 to 48 hours. WildFire license holders can receive these new
signatures in as little as 5 minutes.

References
A detailed description of WildFire is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/wildfire/wf_adminThe use of WildFire in

firewall profiles is outlined here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/wildfire-analysis-profiles

Sample questions
1. Which file type is not supported by WildFire?
A. iOS applications
B. Android applications
C. Windows applications
D. Microsoft Excel files

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 97

 2. The firewall will skip the upload to WildFire in which three cases? (Choose three.)
A. The file has been signed by a trusted signer.
B. The file is being uploaded rather than downloaded.
C. The file is an attachment in an email.
D. The file hash matches a previous submission.
E. The file is larger than 10MB.
F. The file is transferred through HTTPS.

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the fundamental functions and concepts of WildFire on
p. 122.

Identify the purpose of and use case for MFA and the Authentication policy.
You can configure multi-factor authentication (MFA) to ensure that each user authenticates using
multiple methods (factors) when accessing highly sensitive services and applications. For example, you
can force users to enter a login password and then enter a verification code that they receive by phone
before allowing access to important financial documents. This approach helps to prevent attackers from
accessing every service and application in your network just by stealing passwords.

References
• Multi-Factor Authentication
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/authentication/multi-
factor-authentication
• Authentication Policy
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-
os/authentication/authentication-policy#_84422

Sample question
1. What are the two purposes of multi-factor authentication? (Choose two.)
A. reduce the value of stolen passwords
B. simplify password resets
C. reduce/prevent password sharing
D. ensure strong passwords
E. provide single sign-on functionality

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify the purpose of and use case for MFA and the
Authentication policy. on p. 122.

Identify the dependencies for implementing MFA.

To use multi-factor authentication (MFA) for protecting sensitive services and applications, you must
configure Captive Portal to display a web form for the first authentication factor and to record
authentication timestamps. The firewall uses the timestamps to evaluate the timeouts for
Authentication policy rules. To enable additional authentication factors, you can integrate the firewall

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 98

with MFA vendors through RADIUS or vendor APIs. After evaluating the Authentication policy, the
firewall evaluates the Security policy, so you must configure rules for both policy types.

References
• Configure Multi-Factor Authentication
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-
os/authentication/configure-multi-factor-authentication#_79409
• Map IP Addresses to Usernames Using Captive Portal
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/user-id/map-ip-
addresses-to-usernames-using-captive-portal#_65651

Sample question
1. What are the two Captive Portal modes? (Choose two.)
A. Proxy
B. Transparent
C. Web form
D. Certificate
E. Redirect

Answer under the heading Answer to Identify the dependencies for implementing MFA. on p. 122.

Given a scenario, identify how to forward traffic

In a Layer 2 deployment, the firewall provides switching between two or more networks. Devices are
connected to a Layer 2 segment; the firewall forwards the frames to the proper port, which is associated
with the MAC address identified in the frame. The firewall uses virtual routers to obtain routes to other
subnets by manually defining static routes or through participation in one or more Layer 3 routing
protocols (dynamic routes). The routes that the firewall obtains through these methods populate the
firewall’s IP routing information base (RIB).

References
• Layer 2 Interfaces
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking/layer-2-
interfaces
• Virtual Routers
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/networking/virtual-
routers#_64633
• PBF (Policy-Based Forwarding)
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/pbf
• Use Case: PBF for Outbound Access with Dual ISPs
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/use-case-pbf-for-
outbound-access-with-dual-isps

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 99

Sample question
1. An organization has strict security requirements that require every connection between two
internal computers to be inspected. Those internal computers are connected and disconnected
by non-technical users. How do you forward traffic between those internal computers?
A. Use a switch.
B. Use an NGFW configured as a switch, with Layer 2 interfaces.
C. Use an NGFW configured as a router, with Layer 3 interfaces.
D. Use an NGFW in TAP or Virtual Mirror mode.

Answer to heading Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to forward traffic on p. 122.

Given a scenario, identify how to configure policies and related objects.

Security Policy Overview

The firewall will not allow any traffic to flow from one zone to another unless there is a Security policy
rule to allow it. When a packet enters a firewall interface, the firewall matches the attributes in the
packet against the Security policy rules to determine whether to block or allow the session based on
attributes such as the source and destination security zone, the source and destination IP address, the
application, the user, and the service. The firewall evaluates incoming traffic against the Security policy
rulebase from left to right and from top to bottom and then takes the action specified in the first
security rule that matches (for example, whether to allow, deny, or drop the packet). Because
processing goes from the top to bottom, you must order the rules in your Security policy rulebase so
that more specific rules are at the top of the rulebase and more general rules are at the bottom to
ensure that the firewall is enforcing policy as expected.

The first steps in creating a Security policy are here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/getting-started/set-up-a-basic-
security-policy#79320

The completion of these steps provides only a basic setup that is not comprehensive enough to protect
your network. The next phase is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/best-practice-internet-
gateway-security-policy#60768

Security Profiles are an important aspect of protection detection and prevention for specific types of
threats. See the following document for more details:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/create-best-practice-
security-profiles#48239

Security policies are a top-down first match and exit. Up to two processing steps are in each Security
policy match. Step 1 confirms that a match has been made based on the matching conditions provided
in the Security policy. If a match is found in Step 1, the traffic is logged (based on that policy’s

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 100

configuration) and the chosen action (deny, allow, drop, reset) is performed. Once processing is
complete, there will be no further matching in the Security policy list.

Security Policy: Allow

If the action is “allow,” Step 2 of the policy is evaluated. Step 2 is the application of configured Security
Profiles. In Step 2, the content of sessions is scanned for various threat signatures, URLs can be scanned
for unauthorized destinations, and files can be scanned for malware.

If Panorama device groups are used to push Security policy to one or more firewalls, the Security policy
list is expanded to include rules before (“Pre”) and after (“Post”) the local firewall rules. Panorama rules
are merged with local firewall policies in the position chosen during Panorama rule creation.

Security policy should use App-ID for match criteria.

At the end of the list are two default policies: one for an Intrazone Allow and one for an Interzone Deny.
Taken together they implement the default security behavior of the firewall to block interzone traffic
and allow intrazone traffic. (The default logging is off for both.)

Security policies in PAN-OS® software are set by type: Universal (default), Interzone, and Intrazone. (All
policies – regardless of type – are evaluated top-down, first match, then exit.) The Universal type covers
both Interzone and Intrazone.

Security policy “rule type” selects the type of traffic the policy applies to.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 101

Throughput performance is not changed based on how quickly a match is made. Because evaluation is
top-down first match then exit, exceptions to policies must appear before the general policy. Beyond
this policy, order is based on administrative preference. Use Administrative Tags, a Policy search bar,
and a Global Find to quickly navigate to the policy or policies needed for moves, adds, changes, deletes,
clones, and troubleshooting.

Security Policy: Deny

Among Security policy actions the “deny” choice requires an explanation. This is a legacy setting from
prior versions of PAN-OS® software that was the only choice to stop traffic. Prior to PAN-OS® 7, a
reference was made to the App-ID database for the matching session’s application to find the preferred
method of stopping traffic, which ranged from blocking to reset. These choices now have been added
directly to the Action choices. The settings continue to be present in the App-ID database and are now
exposed for viewing. Firewall administrators now can choose the desired blocking action directly or can
continue to rely on the Palo Alto Networks specification by choosing ”deny.”

The actions available in security rules

Security Profile Overview

Security Profiles implement specific protections provided by the Palo Alto Networks Content-ID next-
generation technology. After Security Profiles are created, they are attached to Security policies
specifying Content-ID scans to be performed on traffic allowed by that policy. These profiles must be
attached to Security policies to invoke their protections and will be applied only to the traffic handled by
that particular policy.

Security Profiles include:

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 102

 Configurable Security Profiles

An overview of each Security Profile is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/security-profiles.html

The following diagram outlines the Content-ID engine that is responsible for Security Profile actions:

Content-ID engine

All scanning is done by signature matching on a streaming basis (not file basis). These signatures are
updated based on the configuration and licensing options. For example, with a WildFire license, new
virus and malware signatures can be installed as quickly as every 5 minutes. If the firewall has a Threat
Prevention license but no WildFie license, signatures from WildFire would be updated only every 24
hours.

Once enabled, content scanning does consume firewall resources. Consult a firewall comparison chart to
identify the model with appropriate “Threat Enabled” throughput.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 103

WildFire Analysis Profiles
WildFire’s cloud can scan your organization’s files using an appropriately configured WildFire Analysis
Profile. A profile includes match conditions describing file characteristics you want to forward to
WildFire for analysis. As files matching these conditions are transferred through your firewall, a copy is
sent to WildFire for analysis.

Note: Files are not quarantined pending WildFire evaluation. In cases of positive malware findings, the
security engineer must use information collected on the firewall and by WildFire to locate the file
internally for remediation.

WildFire Profiles indicate which files are to be forwarded according to system-wide WildFire
configuration settings. WildFire typically renders a verdict on a file within 5 to 10 minutes of receipt.

\WildFire analysis results in a detailed report including all aspects of the original file and the contained
malware. This report is a valuable tool that describes the exact nature of the detected threat. Discussion
of the report is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/wildfire/wf_admin/monitor-wildfire-
activity/wildfire-analysis-reports-close-up#90140

WildFire Profile setup details are here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/policy/wildfire-analysis-
profiles#75179

A complete review of WildFire implementation considerations is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/wildfire/wf_admin

An explanation of WildFire subscription benefits is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/wildfire/wf_admin/wildfire-overview/wildfire-
subscription#25174

URL Filtering Profiles

A URL Filtering Profile is a collection of URL filtering controls that are applied to individual Security policy
rules to enforce your web access policy. The firewall comes with a default profile that is configured to
block threat-prone categories such as malware, phishing, and adult. You can use the default profile in a
Security policy, clone it to be used as a starting point for new URL Filtering Profiles, or add a new URL
Filtering Profile that will have all categories set to allow for visibility into the traffic on your network. You
then can customize the newly added URL FilteringProfiles and add lists of specific websites that always
should be blocked or allowed. This information provides more granular control over URL categories. For
example, you may want to block social-networking sites but allow some websites that are part of the
social-networking category.

URL filtering requires a URL filtering subscription that keeps URL data type information current.
Thissubscription provides descriptive data as to which type of information is at a given URL. Profiles can

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 104

implement various actions against categories that reflect the organization’s use policies and risk
posture.

When URL Filtering Profiles invoke an action, the user can be notified directly, reducing user confusion
as to the cause. These pages can be modified to meet an organization’s particular need:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/url-filtering/url-filtering-
response-pages

An overview of URL filtering is provided here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/url-filtering

Update services from two vendors are available for the firewall, but only one can be active at a given
moment. Although they provide similar support to URL Filtering Profiles, the way each approach works
within the firewall differs. A brief discussion of the two methods is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/url-filtering/url-filtering-vendors

Specific information about implementing URL Filtering profiles and their allowed actions is here:

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/url-filtering/configure-url-
filtering#74872

Sample Questions
1. Which action specifies that Security Profiles are relevant in a policy rule? (D)
A. Deny
B. Drop
C. Reset
D. Allow
2. Are files quarantined while WildFire checks if they are malware or legitimate? (B)
A. yes
B. no
C. By default yes, but you can change the settings.
D. By default no, but you can change the settings.

Answers under the heading Answers to Given a scenario, identify how to configure policies and related
objects. on p. 122.

Identify the methods for automating the configuration of a firewall

Bootstrapping is the process of configuring a firewall automatically. . You create a package with the
model configuration for your network and then use that package to deploy firewalls (physical or virtual)
anywhere. For physical firewalls, you use a USB drive. For virtual firewalls, you can use a virtual disk, a
virtual CD-ROM, or an AWS S3 bucket. You either can bootstrap the firewall with basic initial

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 105

configuration and licenses so that the firewall can register with Panorama and then retrieve its full
configuration from Panorama, or you can bootstrap the complete configuration so that the firewall is
fully configured on bootup.

References
• Prepare the Bootstrap Package
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/bootstrap-
the-vm-series-firewall/prepare-the-bootstrap-package#_32401Prepare a USB Flash Drive for
Bootstrapping a Firewall
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os/firewall-
administration/prepare-a-usb-flash-drive-for-bootstrapping-a-firewall
• Bootstrap the VM-Series Firewall in Azure
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/bootstrap-
the-vm-series-firewall/bootstrap-the-vm-series-firewall-in-azure#_46161
• Bootstrap the VM-Series Firewall in AWS
(https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization/bootstrap-
the-vm-series-firewall/bootstrap-the-vm-series-firewall-in-aws#_75110
• AWS CloudFormation
https://aws.amazon.com/cloudformation/
• Working with Managed Policies
http://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/access_policies_managed-
using.html#_create-managed-policy-console

Sample questions
1. Which operating system do you select to use for a Palo Alto Networks NGFW running in
Microsoft Azure? (C)
A. Windows
B. BSD
C. Linux
D. Linux or BSD
2. What are the four component directories of a Palo Alto Networks bootstrap container? (A)
A. software, config, license, and content
B. software, config, lic, and content
C. software, configuration, license, and content
D. software, configuration, lic, and content

Answers under the heading Answers to Identify the methods for automating the configuration of a
firewall on p. 122.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 106

Further Resources

• Firewall 8.0 Essentials: Configuration and Management (EDU 210)

https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/datasheets/education
/edu-210-8x-datasheet.pdf
• Panorama Essentials (221) Course for PAN-OS® 8.0
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/content/dam/pan/en_US/assets/pdf/datasheets/education
/edu-221-8x-datasheet.pdf
• PAN-OS 8.0 Admin Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/pan-os
• PAN-OS CLI Quick Start
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/cli-gsg
• PAN‐OS 8.0 New Features Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide
• Panorama 8.0 Admin Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/panorama/panorama_adminguide
• Panorama 8.0 New Features Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/panorama-
features
• GlobalProtect 8.0 Admin Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/globalprotect/globalprotect-admin-
guide
• GlobalProtect 8.0 New Features Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-
os/newfeaturesguide/globalprotect-features
• WildFire 8.0 Admin Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/wildfire/wf_admin
• WildFire 8.0 New Features Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-os/newfeaturesguide/wildfire-
features
• VM-Series Deployment Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/virtualization/virtualization
• Virtualization 8.0 New Features Guide
https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/documentation/80/pan-
os/newfeaturesguide/virtualization-features
• Live Community
https://live.paloaltonetworks.com/
• Firewall In‐Line Help

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 107

Appendix A: Sample test

1. Which step happens last to a packet?

A. check allowed ports
B. check Security Profiles
C. check Security policy
D. forwarding lookup
2. Which interface type requires you to configure where the next hop is for various addresses?
A. TAP
B. Virtual Wire
C. Layer 2
D. Layer 3
3. Can you allow the firewall to be managed through a data interface. Where do you specify it?
A. You specify Web UI in the interface properties.
B. You specify Management in the interface properties.
C. You specify HTTPS in the Interface Management Profile, and then specify in the
interface properties to use that profile.
D. You specify Management in the Interface Management Profile, and then specify in the
interface properties to use that profile.
4. Some devices managed by Panorama have their external interface on ethernet1/1, some on
ethernet1/2. However, the zone definitions for the external zone are identical. What is the
recommended solution in this case?
A. Create two templates: One for the ethernet1/1 devices, one for the ethernet1/2
devices. Use the same external zone definitions in both. Apply those two templates to
the appropriate devices.
B. Create three templates: One for the ethernet1/1 devices, one for the ethernet1/2
devices, and one with the external zone definitions. Use those templates to create two
template stacks, one with the ethernet1/1 and external zone, another with the
ethernet1/2 and external zone. Apply those two template stacks to the appropriate
devices.
C. Create three templates: One for the ethernet1/1 devices, one for the ethernet1/2
devices, and one with the external zone definitions. Apply the external zone template to
all devices, and the ethernet1/1 and ethernet1/2 as appropriate (you can apply up to
five templates per device).
D. Create three template stacks: One for the ethernet1/1 devices, one for the ethernet1/2
devices, and one with the external zone definitions. Apply the external zone template to
all devices, and the ethernet1/1 and ethernet1/2 as appropriate (you can apply up to
five templates per device).
5. Which two options have the correct order of policy evaluation? (Remembering that not all rule
types exist in all policies.) (Choose two.)

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 108

 A. device group pre-rules, shared pre-rules, local firewall rules, intrazone-default,
interzone-default
B. device group pre-rules, local firewall rules, shared post-rules, device group post-rules,
intrazone-default, interzone-default
C. device group pre-rules, local firewall rules, device group post-rules, shared post-rules,
intrazone-default, interzone-default
D. device group pre-rules, local firewall rules, intrazone-default, interzone-default, device
group post-rules, shared post-rules
E. shared pre-rules, device group pre-rules, local firewall rules, intrazone-default,
interzone-default
6. When you deploy the Palo Alto Networks NGFW on NSX, how many virtual network interfaces
does a VM-Series firewall need?
A. two, one for traffic input and output and one for management traffic
B. four, two for traffic input and output and two for management traffic (for high
availability)
C. three, one for traffic input, one for traffic output, and one for management traffic
D. six, two for traffic input, two for traffic output, and two for management traffic (for high
availability)
7. Which source of user information is not supported by the NGFW?
A. RACF
B. LDAP
C. Active Directory
D. SAML
8. What is the main mechanism of packet-based attacks?
A. malformed packets that trigger software bugs when they are received
B. excess packets that fill up buffers, preventing legitimate traffic from being processed
C. packets that get responses that leak information about the system
D. packets that either fill up buffers or get responses that leak information
9. Which method is not a decryption method?
A. SSH Proxy
B. SSL Proxy
C. SSL Forward Proxy
D. SSL Inbound Inspection
10. What type of identification does an Application Override policy override?
A. App-ID
B. User-ID
C. Content-ID
11. Which two types of application can cause an insufficient data value in the Application field in the
Traffic log? (Choose two.)
A. UDP
B. TCP
C. ICMP

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 109

 12. Which three profile types are used to prevent malware from entering the network? (Choose
three.)
A. Antivirus
B. Anti-spyware
C. WildFire Analysis
D. File blocking
E. Vulnerability Protection
F. Zone Protection
13. Which user credential detection method does not require access to an external directory?
A. group mapping
B. domain credential filter
14. Which object type(s) has a property to specify whether it can transfer files?
A. Application
B. Service
15. When destination NAT rules are configured, the associated security rule is matched using which
parameters?
A. pre-NAT source zone and post-NAT destination zone
B. post-NAT source zone and pre-NAT destination zone
C. pre-NAT source zone and post-NAT destination IP address
D. post-NAT source zone and post-NAT destination zone
16. What is the initial IP address for the management interface?
A. 10.0.0.1
B. 172.16.0.1
C. 192.168.1.1
D. 192.168.255.254
17. In a new firewall, which port provides WebUI access by default?
A. Data port #1
B. any data port
C. Management port
D. Console port
18. Which application requires you to import private keys?
A. Capital Portal
B. Forward Trust
C. SSL Inbound Inspection
D. SSL Exclude Certificate
19. Can two Layer 3 interfaces have the same IP address. If so, under which conditions?
A. No, that is impossible.
B. Yes, but they must be connected to the same Ethernet network through a switch. This
configuration can be used only for high availability.
C. Yes, but they must be connected to different virtual routers.
D. Yes, but they must be subinterfaces of the same physical interface.
20. Which two protocols are supported for site-to-site VPNs? (Choose two.)
A. Authentication header (AH)
B. Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

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 C. Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
D. Transport Layer Security (TLS)
E. Secure Shell (SSH)
21. Which two functions is a GlobalProtect Portal responsible for? (Choose two.)
A. terminating SSL tunnels
B. authenticating GlobalProtect users
C. creating on-demand certificates to encrypt SSL
D. managing and updating GlobalProtect client configurations
E. managing GlobalProtect Gateway configurations
22. What is the preferred SYN flood action?
A. Random Drop
B. Random Early Drop
C. SYN Proxy
D. SYN Cookies
23. What, if anything, would be a valid reason to allow non-SYN TCP packets at the start of a
connection?
A. Such packets could happen legitimately in the case of asymmetric routing.
B. Such packets could happen legitimately if there is load balancing across firewalls.
C. Such packets could happen legitimately because of either asymmetric routing or load
balancing across firewalls.
24. Where do you configure protection from malformed IP and TCP headers?
A. DoS Profile
B. QoS Profile
C. Zone Protection Profile
25. Which parameter is not a valid criterion for the original packet in address translation?
A. source zone
B. application
C. service
D. destination address
26. Which parameter do you use to apply a rule to traffic coming in from a specific interface?
A. source zone
B. source address
C. User
D. source interface
27. Where do you specify that certain URL categories are not to be decrypted (to avoid the liability
of holding information such as employees’ personal bank credentials)?
A. certificate properties
B. Decryption Profile
C. Decryption policy
D. Security policy
28. Where do you specify how the firewall should treat invalid certificates?
A. certificate properties
B. Decryption Profile
C. Decryption policy

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 D. Security policy
29. Which two platforms support pay-as-you-go (PAYG) firewall licensing? (Choose two.)
A. Microsoft Azure
B. Microsoft Hyper-V
C. Amazon AWS
D. VMware NSX
E. VMware ESXi
30. Which log type gets redirected in Device > Log Settings?
A. Config log
B. Traffic log
C. Threat log
D. WildFire Submission log
31. Which tab of the user interface gives you a consolidated picture of the security situation and the
top-level threats?
A. Dashboard
B. ACC
C. Monitor
D. Devices
32. A customer’s custom application uses SMTP (email) to transfer directory information, which
needs to be filtered in a very different manner than normal DNS. How do you confiogure this
filtering?
A. You cannot do it with the NGFW. You need to manually configure a proxy.
B. Create specific rules for the sources and destinations that run this application.
C. Create a custom signature, and specify the SMTP fields that are different from normal
DNS use and patterns to identify when it is the custom application.
D. Create an Application Override policy and specify the sources and destinations that run
this application.
33. Which kind of update requires a disruption in connectivity?
A. There never is a need to disrupt connectivity.
B. Dynamic content updates require a brief disruption while the firewall integrates them
with the Security policy.
C. PAN-OS® updates require a reboot to apply.
34. Which high availability port (or ports) is used for which plane?
A. HA1 for the dataplane, HA2 for the management plane.
B. HA1 for the management plane, HA2 for the dataplane.
C. If HA1 works, it is used for both data and management. HA2 is a backup.
D. HA1 for the management plane, HA2 for the dataplane in the 7000 Series. The less
costly models have only an HA1, which is used for both management and data.
35. Which two protocols can AutoFocus use to retrieve log information from an NGFW?
A. Syslog
B. Log transfer protocol, a Palo Alto Networks proprietary protocol
C. HTTP
D. HTTPS

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 E. SNMP
36. How often does Palo Alto Networks publish new applications?
A. every 30 minutes
B. hourly
C. daily
D. weekly
37. Which type of device can receive the GlobalProtect data files content update?
A. Log Collector
B. firewall
C. WildFire
38. An administrator claims to be unable to log in to the firewall. In which log will you see evidence
of this problem?
A. Traffic
B. System
C. Configuration
D. Authentication
39. How do you reboot the firewall from the command line?
A. restart system
B. reboot
C. request restart system
D. request reboot
40. Where in the user interface do you configure how many packets to capture?
A. In the Device tab, as part of the Setup node.
B. In the Security Profiles, because the desired number of captured packets can vary
between profiles.
C. You configure a default in the Device tab, as part of the Capture node. Then, you can
configure exceptions in the Security Profiles.
41. You are preparing a bootstrap template for use with either Microsoft Azure or Amazon AWS.
You don’t want to include the Content-ID files because the firewall will download the latest
version when it is booted anyway. What do you do?
A. Leave the content directory empty.
B. Do not create a content directory.
C. Either leave the content directory empty or do not create it.
42. Which format do you use for an AWS CloudFormation Template?
A. XML
B. CSV
C. JSON
D. JSON or XML
43. When are security rules from Panorama processed, compared to local firewall rules?
A. The question is incorrect, because a firewall can either have local rules or Panorama
rules.
B. Panorama rules are processed first, so they take precedence.
C. Local rules are processed first, so they take precedence.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 113

 D. Some Panorama rules are processed before the firewall’s local rules, and some are
processed after the local rules.
44. Which statement about Security Profiles is correct?
A. They are evaluated from top down, with the first match processing the traffic.
B. They are applied to all inbound traffic when they are enabled.
C. They enable a specific type of scanning (e.g., Virus, Spyware).
D. They can specify actions based on the username.
45. Which authentication method can be handled by the browser without affecting the user
experience?
A. web-challenge
B. browser-challenge
C. web-form
D. browser-form
46. The R&D network of the defense contractor is not connected to the internet. However, it is
connected to SIPRNet (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIPRNet), which is used to transfer
classified information. The contractor is concerned about getting malware files and infected
PDFs through that network. Can this company use WildFire for protection?
A. No, because there is no network path to the WildFire server.
B. No, but no protection is needed because everybody with SIPRnet access has a security
clearance and is trustworthy.
C. Yes, but only if they can get approval to have a gateway to the public internet.
D. Yes. They can use a WF-500 appliance.
47. How does the NGFW handle excess packets when there are QoS constraints?
A. It buffers them until there is bandwidth to send them.
B. It drops a percentage of them randomly.
C. It replaces them with packets that tell the computer on the other side to slow down.
D. It sends a portion instead of the whole packet.
48. Which function is performed by the control plane?
A. signature matching
B. route lookup
C. policy matching
D. route updates
49. Which of the following User-ID methods is not transparent to the user?
A. Captive portal
B. User-ID agent connected to Active Directory
C. User-ID agent monitoring server logs for login events
D. User-ID agent connected to a Cisco WLAN controller
50. Which feature of the NGFW lets you identify attempts to tunnel SSH over other ports?
A. App-ID
B. Content-ID
C. User-ID
D. Content-ID and User-ID

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 51. What is the correct order of operations?
A. Check allowed ports, decrypt (if traffic is encrypted and the policy specifies to decrypt
it), check Security policy, check Security Profiles, re-encrypt traffic.
B. Check allowed ports, decrypt (if traffic is encrypted and the policy specifies to decrypt
it), check Security Profiles, check Security policy, re-encrypt traffic.
C. Decrypt (if traffic is encrypted and the policy specifies to decrypt it), check allowed
ports, check Security policy, re-encrypt traffic.
D. Decrypt (if traffic is encrypted and the policy specifies to decrypt it), check allowed
ports, check Security Profiles, check Security policy, re-encrypt traffic.

Answers under the heading Answers to the sample test on p. 122.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 115

Appendix B: Answers to sample questions
Answers to Exam Domain 1 – PlanAnswer to Identify how the Palo Alto Networks products work
together to detect and prevent threats.
1. C

Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of the firewall to meet
business requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform.
1. D

Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to design an implementation of firewalls in High Availability
to meet business requirements leveraging the Palo Alto Networks Security Platform.
1. A

Answers to Identify the appropriate interface type and configuration for a specified network
deployment.
1. B
2. A

Answer to Identify how to use template stacks for administering Palo Alto Networks firewalls as a
scalable solution using Panorama.
1. B

Answer to Identify how to use device group hierarchy for administering Palo Alto Networks firewalls
as a scalable solution using Panorama.
1. C

Answers to Identify options to deploy Palo Alto Networks firewalls in a private cloud (VM-Series).
1. C
2. D

Answer to Identify methods for authorization, authentication, and device administration.

1. B

Answer to Given a scenario, identify ways to mitigate resource exhaustion (because of denial-of-
service) in application servers.
1. A, B

Answers to Identify decryption deployment strategies.

1. D
2. D

Answer to Identify the impact of application override to the overall functionality of the firewall.
1. C

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 116

Answers to Identify the methods of User-ID redistribution
1. A

Answers to Exam Domain 2 – Deploy and Configure

Answer to Identify the application meanings in the Traffic log (incomplete, insufficient data, non-syn
TCP, not applicable, unknown TCP, unknown UDP, and unknown P2P).
1. B

Answers to Given a scenario, identify the set of Security Profiles that should be used.
1. D

Answers to Identify the relationship between URL filtering and credential theft prevention.
1. D
2. B

Answer to Identify differences between services and applications

1. B, E

Answer to Identify how to create security rules to implement App-ID without relying on port-based
rules.
1. B, D

Answers to Identify the required settings and steps necessary to provision and deploy a next‐
generation firewall.
1. B
2. B

Answer to Identify how to configure and maintain certificates to support firewall features.
1. A

Answer to Identify how to configure a virtual router.

1. B

Answer to Identify the configuration settings for site‐to‐site VPN.

1. D

Answers to Identify the configuration settings for GlobalProtect.

1. D
2. A, B

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 117

Answers to Identify how to configure items pertaining to denial-of-service protection and zone
protection.
1. B
2. A, B
3. A, C

Answer to Identify how to configure features of the NAT rulebase.

1. B

Answer to Given a configuration example including DNAT, identify how to configure security rules.
1. A, C, D

Answers to Identify how to configure decryption.

1. C
2. A

Answer to Given a scenario, identify an application override configuration and use case.
1. C

Answers to Identify how to configure VM-Series firewalls for deployment.

1. A
2. B, D, E

Answers to Exam Domain 3 – Operate

Answers to Identify considerations for configuring external log forwarding.

1. C
2. B

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 118

Answers to Interpret log files, reports, and graphs to determine traffic and threat trends.
1. A
2. D, E

Answers to Identify scenarios in which there is a benefit from using custom signatures.
1. C
2. B, D

Answer to Given a scenario, identify the process to update a Palo Alto Networks system to the latest
version of the software.
1. C

Answer to Identify how configuration management operations are used to ensure desired operational
state of stability and continuity.
1. D

Answer to Identify the settings related to critical HA functions (link monitoring; path monitoring; HA1,
HA2, and HA3 functionality; HA backup links; and differences between A/A and A/P).
1. B

Answer to Identify the sources of information pertaining to HA functionality.

1. B

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 119

Answer to Identify how to configure the firewall to integrate with AutoFocus and verify its
functionality.
1. A

Answer to Identify the impact of deploying dynamic updates.

1. C

Answers to Identify the relationship between Panorama and devices as it pertains to dynamic updates
versions and policy implementation and/or HA peers.
1. A, B
2. C

Answers to Exam Domain 4 – Configuration Troubleshooting

Answers to Identify system and traffic issues using WebUI and CLI tools.
1. A
2. D

Answer to Given a session output, identify the configuration requirements used to perform a packet
capture.
1. D

Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot and configure interface components.
1. D

Answer to Identify how to troubleshoot SSL decryption failures.

1. A

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 120

Answers to Identify certificate chain of trust issues.
1. D

Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to troubleshoot traffic routing issues.

1. B

Answers to Exam Domain 5 – Core Concepts

Answers to Identify the correct order of the policy evaluation based on the packet flow architecture.
1. C
2. B, D

Answer to Given an attack scenario, identify the Palo Alto Networks appropriate threat prevention
component to prevent/mitigate the attack.
1. B

Answer to Identify methods for identifying users.

1. B

Answer to Identify the fundamental functions residing on the management and dataplanes of a Palo
Alto Networks firewall.
1. B

Answer to Given a scenario, determine how to control bandwidth use on a per-application basis.
1. A

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 121

Answers to Identify the fundamental functions and concepts of WildFire
1. A
2. A, D, E

Answer to Identify the purpose of and use case for MFA and the Authentication policy.
1. A, C

Answer to Identify the dependencies for implementing MFA.

1. B, E

Answer to Given a scenario, identify how to forward traffic

1. B

Answers to Given a scenario, identify how to configure policies and related objects.
1. D
2. B

Answers to Identify the methods for automating the configuration of a firewall

1. C
2. A

Answers to the sample test

1. B
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C, E
6. C
7. A

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 122

 8. A
9. B
10. A
11. A, B
12. A, C, D
13. A
14. A
15. A
16. C
17. C
18. C
19. C
20. A, C
21. B, D
22. D
23. B
24. C
25. B
26. A
27. C
28. B
29. A, C
30. A
31. B
32. C
33. C
34. B
35. C, D
36. D
37. B
38. B
39. C
40. A
41. A
42. C
43. D
44. C
45. B
46. D
47. B
48. D
49. A
50. A
51. A

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 123

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 124
Appendix C: Glossary
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES): A symmetric block cipher based on the Rijndael cipher.

AES: See Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

API: See application programming interface (API).

application programming interface (API): A set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software
applications and integrations.

application whitelisting: A technique used to prevent unauthorized applications from running on an

endpoint. Authorized applications are manually added to a list that is maintained on the endpoint. If an
application is not on the whitelist, it cannot run on the endpoint. However, if it is on the whitelist the
application can run, regardless of whether vulnerabilities or exploits are present within the application.

attack vector: A path or tool that an attacker uses to target a network.

BES: See bulk electric system (BES).

boot sector: Contains machine code that is loaded into an endpoint’s memory by firmware during the
startup process, before the operating system is loaded.

boot sector virus: Targets the boot sector or master boot record (MBR) of an endpoint’s storage drive or
other removable storage media. See also boot sector and master boot record (MBR).

bot: Individual endpoints that are infected with advanced malware that enables an attacker to take
control of the compromised endpoint. Also known as a zombie. See also botnet.

botnet: A network of bots (often tens of thousands or more) working together under the control of
attackers using numerous command and control (CnC) servers. See also bot.

bring your own apps (BYOA): Closely related to BYOD, BYOA is a policy trend in which organizations
permit end users to download, install, and use their own personal apps on mobile devices, primarily
smartphones and tablets, for work-related purposes. See also bring your own device (BYOD).

bring your own device (BYOD): A policy trend in which organizations permit end users to use their own
personal devices, primarily smartphones and tablets, for work-related purposes. BYOD relieves
organizations from the cost of providing equipment to employees, but creates a management challenge
due to the vast number and type of devices that must be supported. See also bring your own apps
(BYOA).

bulk electric system (BES): The large interconnected electrical system, consisting of generation and
transmission facilities (among others), that comprises the “power grid.”

BYOA: See bring your own apps (BYOA).

BYOD: See bring your own device (BYOD).

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 125

child process: In multitasking operating systems, a sub-process created by a parent process that is
currently running on the system.

CIP: See Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP).

consumerization: A computing trend that describes the process that occurs as end users increasingly
find personal technology and apps that are more powerful or capable, more convenient, less expensive,
quicker to install, and easier to use, than enterprise IT solutions.

covered entity: Defined by HIPAA as a healthcare provider that electronically transmits PHI (such as
doctors, clinics, psychologists, dentists, chiropractors, nursing homes, and pharmacies), a health plan
(such as a health insurance company, health maintenance organization, company health plan, or
government program including Medicare, Medicaid, military and veterans’ healthcare), or a healthcare
clearinghouse. See also Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and protected health
information (PHI).

Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP): Cybersecurity standards defined by NERC to protect the physical
and cyber assets necessary to operate the bulk electric system (BES). See also bulk electric system (BES)
and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC).

data encapsulation: A process in which protocol information from the OSI layer immediately above is
wrapped in the data section of the OSI layer immediately below. See also open systems interconnection
(OSI) reference model.

DDOS: See distributed denial-of-service (DDOS).

distributed denial-of-service (DDOS): A type of cyberattack in which extremely high volumes of network
traffic such as packets, data, or transactions are sent to the target victim’s network to make their
network and systems (such as an e-commerce website or other web application) unavailable or
unusable.

EAP: See extensible authentication protocol (EAP).

EAP-TLS: See extensible authentication protocol Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS).

EHR: See electronic health record (EHR).

electronic health record (EHR): As defined by HealthIT.gov, an EHR “goes beyond the data collected in
the provider’s office and include[s] a more comprehensive patient history. EHR data can be created,
managed, and consulted by authorized providers and staff from across more than one healthcare
organization.”

electronic medical record (EMR): As defined by HealthIT.gov, an EMR “contains the standard medical
and clinical data gathered in one provider’s office.”

EMR: See electronic medical record (EMR).

endpoint: A computing device such as a desktop or laptop computer, handheld scanner, point-of-sale
(POS) terminal, printer, satellite radio, security or videoconferencing camera, self-service kiosk, server,
smart meter, smart TV, smartphone, tablet, or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) phone. Although

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 126

endpoints can include servers and network equipment, the term is generally used to describe end user
devices.

Enterprise 2.0: A term introduced by Andrew McAfee and defined as “the use of emergent social
software platforms within companies, or between companies and their partners or customers.” See also
Web 2.0.

exclusive or (XOR): A Boolean operator in which the output is true only when the inputs are different
(for example, TRUE and TRUE equals FALSE, but TRUE and FALSE equals TRUE).

exploit: A small piece of software code, part of a malformed data file, or a sequence (string) of
commands, that leverages a vulnerability in a system or software, causing unintended or unanticipated
behavior in the system or software.

extensible authentication protocol (EAP): A widely used authentication framework that includes
approximately 40 different authentication methods.

extensible authentication protocol Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS): An Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) open standard that uses the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol in Wi-Fi networks and
PPP connections. See also point-to-point protocol (PPP) and Transport Layer Security (TLS).

extensible markup language (XML): A programming language specification that defines a set of rules for
encoding documents in a human- and machine-readable format.

false negative: In anti-malware, malware that is incorrectly identified as a legitimate file or application.
In intrusion detection, a threat that is incorrectly identified as legitimate traffic. See also false positive.

false positive: In anti-malware, a legitimate file or application that is incorrectly identified as malware.
In intrusion detection, legitimate traffic that is incorrectly identified as a threat. See also false negative.

favicon (“favorite icon”): A small file containing one or more small icons associated with a particular
website or webpage.

Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA): See Federal Information Security
Modernization Act (FISMA).

Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA): A U.S. law that implements a comprehensive
framework to protect information systems used in U.S. federal government agencies. Known as the
Federal Information Security Management Act prior to 2014.

Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999: See Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA).

FISMA: See Federal Information Security Modernization Act (FISMA).

floppy disk: A removable magnetic storage medium commonly used from the mid-1970s until
approximately 2007, when they were largely replaced by removable USB storage devices.

generic routing encapsulation (GRE): A tunneling protocol developed by Cisco Systems® that can
encapsulate various network layer protocols inside virtual point-to-point links.

GLBA: See Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA).

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 127

Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA): A U.S. law that requires financial institutions to implement privacy and
information security policies to safeguard the non-public personal information of clients and consumers.
Also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999.

GRE: See generic routing encapsulation (GRE).

hacker: Originally used to refer to anyone with highly specialized computing skills, without connoting
good or bad purposes. However, common misuse of the term has redefined a hacker as someone that
circumvents computer security with malicious intent, such as a cybercriminal, cyberterrorist, or
hacktivist.

hash signature: A cryptographic representation of an entire file or program’s source code.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA): A U.S. law that defines data privacy and
security requirements to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information. See
also covered entity and protected health information (PHI).

heap spraying: A technique used to facilitate arbitrary code execution by injecting a certain sequence of
bytes into the memory of a target process.

HIPAA: See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

indicator of compromise (IOC): A network or operating system (OS) artifact that provides a high level of
confidence that a computer security incident has occurred.

initialization vector (IV): A random number used only once in a session, in conjunction with an
encryption key, to protect data confidentiality. Also known as a nonce.

IOC: See indicator of compromise (IOC).

IV: See initialization vector (IV).

jailbreaking: Hacking an Apple® iOS device to gain root-level access to the device. This is sometimes
done by end users to allow them to download and install mobile apps without paying for them, from
sources, other than the App Store®, that are not sanctioned and/or controlled by Apple®. Jailbreaking
bypasses the security features of the device by replacing the firmware’s operating system with a similar,
albeit counterfeit version, which makes it vulnerable to malware and exploits. See also rooting.

least privilege: A network security principle in which only the permission or access rights necessary to
perform an authorized task are granted.

malware: Malicious software or code that typically damages, takes control of, or collects information
from an infected endpoint. Malware broadly includes viruses, worms, Trojan horses (including Remote
Access Trojans, or RATs), anti-AV, logic bombs, backdoors, rootkits, bootkits, spyware, and (to a lesser
extent) adware.

master boot record (MBR): Contains information on how the logical partitions (or file systems) are
organized on the storage media, and an executable boot loader that starts up the installed operating
system.

MBR: See master boot record (MBR).

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 128

metamorphism: A programming technique used to alter malware code with every iteration, to avoid
detection by signature-based anti-malware software. Although the malware payload changes with each
iteration – for example, by using a different code structure or sequence, or inserting garbage code to
change the file size – the fundamental behavior of the malware payload remains unchanged.
Metamorphism uses more advanced techniques than polymorphism. See also polymorphism.

Microsoft® Challenge-handshake authentication protocol (MS-CHAP): A protocol used to authenticate

Microsoft® Windows®-based workstation, using a challenge-response mechanism to authenticate PPTP
connections without sending passwords.

MS-CHAP: See Microsoft® Challenge-handshake authentication protocol (MS-CHAP).

mutex: A program object that allows multiple program threads to share the same resource, such as file
access, but not simultaneously.

NERC: See North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC).

Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive: A European Union (EU) directive that imposes
network and information security requirements – to be enacted by national laws across the EU within
two years of adoption in 2016 – for banks, energy companies, healthcare providers and digital service
providers, among others.

NIS: See Network and Information Security (NIS) Directive.

nonce: See initialization vector (IV).

North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC): A not-for-profit international regulatory

authority responsible for assuring the reliability of the bulk electric system (BES) in the continental U.S.,
Canada, and the northern portion of Baja California, Mexico. See also bulk electric system (BES) and
Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP).

obfuscation: A programming technique used to render code unreadable. It can be implemented using a
simple substitution cipher, such as an exclusive or (XOR) operation, or more sophisticated encryption
algorithms, such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). See also Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES), exclusive or (XOR), and packer.

one-way (hash) function: A mathematical function that creates a unique representation (a hash value)
of a larger set of data in a manner that is easy to compute in one direction (input to output), but not in
the reverse direction (output to input). The hash function can’t recover the original text from the hash
value. However, an attacker could attempt to guess what the original text was and see if it produces a
matching hash value.

open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model: Defines standard protocols for communication
and interoperability using a layered approach in which data is passed from the highest layer
(application) downward through each layer to the lowest layer (physical), then transmitted across the
network to its destination, then passed upward from the lowest layer to the highest layer. See also data
encapsulation.

OSI model: See open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 129

packer: A software tool that can be used to obfuscate code by compressing a malware program for
delivery, then decompressing it in memory at runtime. See also obfuscation.

packet capture (PCAP): A traffic intercept of data packets that can be used for analysis.

PAP: See password authentication protocol (PAP).

password authentication protocol (PAP): An authentication protocol used by PPP to validate users with
an unencrypted password. See also point-to-point protocol (PPP).

Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS): A proprietary information security standard
mandated and administered by the PCI Security Standards Council (SSC), and applicable to any
organization that transmits, processes, or stores payment card (such as debit and credit cards)
information. See also PCI Security Standards Council (SSC).

PCAP: See packet capture (PCAP).

PCI: See Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS).

PCI DSS: See Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (PCI DSS).

PCI Security Standards Council (SSC): Comprised of Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Discover, and
JCB, the SSC maintains, evolves, and promotes PCI DSS. See also Payment Card Industry Data Security
Standards (PCI DSS).

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA): A Canadian privacy law that
defines individual rights with respect to the privacy of their personal information, and governs how
private sector organizations collect, use, and disclose personal information during business.

Personally Identifiable Information (PII): Defined by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) as “any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any
information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual’s identity… and (2) any other
information that is linked or linkable to an individual….”

PHI: See protected health information (PHI).

PII: See Personally Identifiable Information (PII).

PIPEDA: See Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA).

PKI: See public key infrastructure (PKI).

point-to-point protocol (PPP): A Layer 2 (data link) protocol layer used to establish a direct connection
between two nodes.

polymorphism: A programming technique used to alter a part of malware code with every iteration, to
avoid detection by signature-based anti-malware software. For example, an encryption key or
decryption routine may change with every iteration, but the malware payload remains unchanged. See
also metamorphism.

PPP: See point-to-point protocol (PPP).

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 130

pre-shared key (PSK): A shared secret, used in symmetric key cryptography which has been exchanged
between two parties communicating over an encrypted channel.

promiscuous mode: Refers to Ethernet hardware used in computer networking, typically a network
interface card (NIC), that receives all traffic on a network segment, even if the traffic is not addressed to
the hardware.

protected health information (PHI): Defined by HIPAA as information about an individual’s health
status, provision of healthcare, or payment for healthcare that includes identifiers such as names,
geographic identifiers (smaller than a state), dates, phone and fax numbers, email addresses, Social
Security numbers, medical record numbers, or photographs, among others. See also Health Insurance
Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

public key infrastructure (PKI): A set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage,
distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public key encryption.

QoS: See quality of service (QoS).

quality of service (QoS): The overall performance of specific applications or services on a network
including error rate, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc. QoS policies can be
configured on certain network and security devices to prioritize certain traffic, such as voice or video,
over other, less performance-intensive traffic, such as file transfers.

RADIUS: See Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS).

rainbow table: A pre-computed table used to find the original value of a cryptographic hash function.

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS): A client/server protocol and software that
enables remote access servers to communicate with a central server to authenticate users and authorize
access to a system or service.

remote procedure call (RPC): An inter-process communication (IPC) protocol that enables an application
to be run on a different computer or network, rather than the local computer on which it is installed.

representational state transfer (REST): An architectural programming style that typically runs over
HTTP, and is commonly used for mobile apps, social networking websites, and mashup tools.

REST: See representational state transfer (REST).

rooting: The Google Android™ equivalent of jailbreaking. See jailbreaking.

RPC: See remote procedure call (RPC).

SaaS: See Software as a Service (SaaS).

salt: Randomly generated data that is used as an additional input to a one-way has function that hashes
a password or passphrase. The same original text hashed with different salts results in different hash
values.

Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act: A U.S. law that increases financial governance and accountability in publicly
traded companies.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 131

script kiddie: Someone with limited hacking and/or programming skills that uses malicious programs
(malware) written by others to attack a computer or network.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL): A cryptographic protocol for managing authentication and encrypted
communication between a client and server to protect the confidentiality and integrity of data
exchanged in the session.

service set identifier (SSID): A case sensitive, 32-character alphanumeric identifier that uniquely
identifies a Wi-Fi network.

Software as a Service (SaaS): A cloud computing service model, defined by the U.S. National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST), in which “the capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various
client devices through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser, or a program interface. The
consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers,
operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of
limited user-specific application configuration settings.”

SOX: See Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act.

spear phishing: A highly targeted phishing attack that uses specific information about the target to make
the phishing attempt appear legitimate.

SSID: See service set identifier (SSID).

SSL: See Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

STIX: See structured threat information expression (STIX).

structured threat information expression (STIX): An XML format for conveying data about cybersecurity
threats in a standardized format. See also extensible markup language (XML).

threat vector: See attack vector.

TLS: See Transport Layer Security (TLS).

Tor (“The Onion Router”): Software that enables anonymous communication over the internet.

Transport Layer Security (TLS): The successor to SSL (although it is still commonly referred to as SSL).
See also Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

uniform resource locator (URL): A unique reference (or address) to an internet resource, such as a
webpage.

URL: See uniform resource locator (URL).

vulnerability: A bug or flaw that exists in a system or software, and creates a security risk.

Web 2.0: A term popularized by Tim O’Reilly and Dale Dougherty, unofficially referring to a new era of
the World Wide Web, which is characterized by dynamic or user-generated content, interaction, and
collaboration, and the growth of social media. See also Enterprise 2.0.

© 2018 Palo Alto Networks, Inc. 132

XML: See extensible markup language (XML).

XOR: See exclusive or (XOR).

zero-day threat: The window of vulnerability that exists from the time a new (unknown) threat is
released until security vendors release a signature file or security patch for the threat.

zombie: See bot.

Continuing Your Learning Journey with Palo Alto Networks

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