INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD:-

AutoCAD stands for Automatic Computer Aided Design and Drafting. AutoCAD is a CAD
software application for 2D and 3D design and drafting. It is developed and sold by
Autodesk, Inc. First released in December 1982, AutoCAD was one of the first CAD
programs to run on personal computers. At that time, most other CAD programs ran on
mainframe computers or mini-computers that were connected to a graphics computer
terminal for each user. This is used for view, manage and we can also use for Interior,
Civil, and Mechanical etc…
CREATING OBJECTS USING LINE:
Line
A line can be one segment or a series of connected segments, but each segment is a
separate line object. Use lines if you want to edit individual segments. You can close a
sequence of lines so that the first and last segments join to form a closed loop. There are 4
methods for creating a line.
1. FREE HAND METHOD
In this method we have to provide fix location of every point using mouse.
To draw a line
1 From the Draw menu, choose Line.
2 Specify the start point (1).
3 Specify the next point (2).
4 Specify the endpoints of the next segments (3, 4, 5, and 6).
5 Press ENTER to complete the line.

Fig 1.1
2. COORDINATE SYSTEM:-

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 Fig 1.2: Showing X and Y axis
COORDINATE METHOD
In coordinate system there are three coordinates i.e. X, Y, Z. In 2D we have to provide
values of only 2 coordinates i.e. X, Y. In this method we have to provide coordinates of
every point.
Command: @x, y
Choose line command
Specify first point:
Specify next point: @50, 0
Specify next point: @0, 30
st
1 Step:-

Fig 1.3

nd
2 Step:-

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 Fig 1.4
rd
3 Step:-

Fig 1.5
3. POLAR COORDINATE SYSTEMS:
Polar coordinate systems use a distance and an angle to locate a point. When you enter
polar coordinate values, you indicate a point's distance from the origin or from the
previous point and its angle along the XY plane of the current coordinate system. The
following example shows a line drawn with polar coordinates.
You can use absolute or relative polar coordinates (distance and angle) to locate points
when creating objects.
To use polar coordinates to specify a point, enter a distance and an angle separated by an
angle bracket (<).
By default, angles increase in the counterclockwise direction and decrease in the clockwise
direction. To specify a clockwise direction, enter a negative value for the angle. You can
change the angle conventions for the current drawing with UNITS.

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 Fig 1.6: polar coordinate system
Absolute polar coordinates are measured from the UCS origin (0,0), which is the
intersection of the X and Y axes. Use absolute polar coordinates when you know the
precise distance and angle coordinates of the point.
The following example shows two lines drawn with absolute polar coordinates using the
default angle direction setting. Enter the following in the tooltip:-
Command: @<angle
Line
From point: @0,0
To point: @4<120
To point: @5<30

Fig1.7: drawing line in polar coordinate system

Relative coordinates are based on the last point entered. Use relative coordinates when you
know the location of a point in relation to the previous point.
To specify relative coordinates, precede the coordinate values with an @ sign. For
example, entering @1<45 specifies a point at a distance of 1 unit from the last point
specified at an angle of 45 degrees from the X axis.
4. BY GIVING SIZE

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In this method we can create line by giving size and we can also change units of our file.
ORTHO MODE (F8)
When we on the orthomode we can always make straight line at 0, 90, 180 & 270 angles.

500 500

500

Fig 1.8
DYNAMIC INPUT (F12)
When we on the dynamic input we can see the line detail or command information.
OBJECT SNAP (F3)
We can ON or OFF the object snapping option.
Circle (C+ Enter)
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: Specify a point or enter an
option.
Center point:
Draws a circle based on a center point and a diameter or a radius.
Center Radius:
We can create a circle using specify radius by using Circle.
1. Click on circle.
2. Specify centre point for circle.
3. Specify radius of circle.
4. Press Enter.

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 Fig 2.1: drawing a circle with specific radius
Center Diameter:
We can create a circle using a specify diameter by using circle.
1. Click on circle.
2. Specify center point for circle.
3. Right click with Mouse and Choose the Diameter.
4. Specify diameter of circle.
5. Press enter.

Fig 2.2: drawing a circle with specific diameter

3P (Three Points)
Draws a circle based on three points on the circumference.
Specify first point on circle: Specify a point (1)
Specify second point on circle: Specify a point (2)
Specify third point on circle: Specify a point (3)

Fig2.3: drawing a circle with 3 points

2P (Two Points)

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Draws a circle based on two endpoints of the diameter.
Specify first endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (1)
Specify second endpoint of circle's diameter: Specify a point (2)

Fig 2.4: drawing circle with 2 points

RECTANGLE :-
 Menu: Draw Rectangle

Toolbar: Draw
Command (Rec + Enter)
We can draw a rectangular polygon by using rectangle in the command line.
1. Click on rectangle.
2. Specify first corner point.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Click on dimension.
5. Specify width for rectangle and press enter.
6. Specify length for rectangle and press enter.
7. Specify other corner point.

Fig 3.1: showing a rectangle

First Corner Point
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Specify a point or enter an

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option
Other Corner Point
Creates a rectangle using the specified points as diagonally opposite corners.

Fig 3.2: showing a rectangle with 2 points

Chamfer (Cha + Enter):
We can create chamfer in between to intersecting lines.
1. Click on chamfer command.
2. Press D enters.
3. Specify first chamfer distance & press enter.
4. Specify second chamfer distance & press enter.
5. Select the first and second line.

Fig3.3 showing chamfer

Fillet (F + Enter):
We can create fillet at corners or where two lines intersect each other.
1. Click on Fillet Command.
2. Press R enters.
3. Specify radius of fillet & press enter.
4. Select the first and second line.

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 Fig3.4 showing fillet
You can fillet:-
 Arcs
 Circles
 Lines
 Polylines
 Splines
 3D solids
FILLET can be used to round all corners on a polyline using a single command.
Polygon:
Menu: Draw Polygon

Toolbar: Draw
Command:(Pol + Enter)
Enter number of sides <current>: Enter a value between 3 and 1024 and press
ENTER
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: Specify a point (1) or enter

Fig 4.1: different polygons.

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Center of polygon
Defines the center of the polygon.
Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <current>: Enter i or c or
press ENTER
Inscribed in Circle
Specifies the radius of a circle on which all vertices of the polygon lie. Specify radius of
circle: Specify a point (2) or enter a value

Fig 4.2: polygon inscribed in circle

Specifying the radius with your pointing device determines the rotation and size of the
polygon. Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge of the polygon at the
current snap rotation angle.
Circumscribed about Circle
Specifies the distance from the center of the polygon to the midpoints of the edges of the
polygon.
Specify radius of circle: Specify a distance

Fig 4.3: polygon circumscribed about circle

Specifying the radius with your pointing device determines the rotation and size of the
polygon. Specifying the radius with a value draws the bottom edge of the polygon at the
current snap rotation angle.
Ellipse :-
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 Menu: Draw Ellipse Center

Toolbar: Draw
Command: (El + Enter)
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc. Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or
[Arc/Center/Isocircle]: Specify a point or enter an option.
The first two points of the ellipse determine the location and length of the first axis. The
third point determines the distance between the center of the ellipse and the end point of
the second axis.

Fig 5.1: An ellipse

Axis Endpoint
The angle of the first axis determines the angle of the ellipse. The first axis can define
either the major or the minor axis of the ellipse.
Specify other endpoint of axis: Specify a point (2)
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: Specify a distance by entering a value or
locating a point (3), or enter r
Distance to Other Axis
Defines the second axis using the distance from the midpoint of the first axis to the
endpoint of the second axis (3).

Fig 5.2: an ellipse with axis endpoint

Rotation
Creates the ellipse by appearing to rotate a circle about the first axis. Specify rotation

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around major axis: Specify a point (3), or enter a positive angle value less than 90
Move the crosshairs around the center of the ellipse and click. If you enter a value, the
higher the value, the greater the eccentricity of the ellipse. Entering 0 defines a circular
ellipse.

Fig 5.3: ellipse by rotation

Center
Creates the elliptical arc using a center point you specify.
Specify center of elliptical arc: Specify endpoint of axis:
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: Specify a distance or enter r
Creates an ellipse using a center point, the endpoint of the first axis, and the length of the
second axis. You can specify the distances by clicking a location at the desired distance or
by entering a value for the length.

Fig 5.4: an ellipse with a radius

Zoom (Z + Enter):-
Menu: View Zoom Realtime

Toolbar: Standard
Command entry: zoom

Shortcut menu: With no objects selected right-click in the drawing area and choose Zoom
to zoom in real time.
You can change the magnification of a view by zooming in and out, which is similar to

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zooming in and out with a camera. Using ZOOM does not change the absolute size of
objects in the drawing. It changes only the magnification of the view. In a perspective
view, ZOOM displays the 3DZOOM prompts.
Zoom have a following types:
1. Zoom All (ZA + Enter)
2. Zoom Extents (ZE + Enter)
3. Zoom Previous (ZP + Enter)
4. Zoom Vmax (ZV + Enter)
5. Zoom window (ZW + Enter)

Zoom All (ZA + Enter)

Zooms to display the entire drawing in the current viewport. In a plan view, all zooms to
the grid limits or current extents, whichever is greater.
In a 3D view, ZOOM all is equivalent to ZOOM Extents. The display shows all objects
even if the drawing extends outside the grid limits.

Fig 6.1: after and before zoom

In the illustration, LIMITS is greater than the extents of the drawing. Because it always
regenerates the drawing, you cannot use ZOOM all transparently.
Zoom Center
Zooms to display a view defined by a center point and a magnification value or a height. A
smaller value for the height increases the magnification. A larger value decreases the
magnification.
Specify center point: Specify a point (1)
Enter magnification or height <current>: Enter a value or press ENTER

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 Fig 6.2: zoom in at centre
Zoom Dynamic (ZD + Enter)
Pans and zooms using a rectangular view box. The view box represents your view, which
you can shrink or enlarge and move around the drawing. Positioning and sizing the view
box pans or zooms to fill the viewport with the view inside the view box.

Fig 6.3: zoom in at different parts

1. To change the size of the view box, click, resize it, and click again to accept the new size
of the view box.
2. To pan with the view box, drag it to the location you want and press ENTER.
PAN (P + Enter):-
Moves the view in the current viewport.

Toolbar: Standard
Menu: View Pan Real-time
The following prompt is displayed; you can pan the drawing display in real time.
Press ESC or ENTER to exit, or right-click to display a shortcut menu.
If you enter –pan at the Command prompt, PAN displays command prompts, and you can
specify a displacement to pan the drawing display.
You can pan a view in a viewport, which is similar to panning with a camera. Using PAN
does not change the location of objects in the drawing; it only changes the view.

Before Pan:-

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After Pan:-
Fig 7.1: before and after Pan

Trim and Extend Filleted Objects

You can use the Trim option to specify whether the selected objects are trimmed or
extended to the endpoints of the resulting arc or left unchanged.

Fig 8.3:showing fillet by trim and no trim option

Trim (Tr + Enter)
We can trim object at a cutting edges defined by other object by using trim.
1. Click on trim.
2. Select the object.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Select object to trim.
Before Trim: After Trim:

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Extend (EX + Enter):-
We can extend an object to meet other object by using extend in the command line.
1. Click on Extend command.
2. Select the object.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Select object to extend.
Array:-
Menu: Modify Array
Toolbar: Modify
Command:(AR + Enter)
With this option we can create multiple copy of an object in a pattern by using
array. There are three types of array
1. Rectangular array
2. Polar array
3. Path array
Rectangular Array
Creates an array of rows and columns of copies of the selected object.

Fig 10.1: showing rectangular array

1. Click on array.
2. Select the object.

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3. Right click with mouse.
4. Click on rectangular array.
5. Enter the no of rows and columns.
6. Give the row spacing and column
spacing. 7.Press Enter.

Rows
Specifies the number of rows in the array.
Columns
Specifies the number of columns in the array.
Offset Distance and Direction
Provides a space for you to specify the distance and direction of the array’s offset.
Row Offset
Specifies the distance (in units) between rows.
Column Offset
Specifies the distance (in units) between columns.
Angle of Array
Specifies the angle of rotation. This angle is normally 0, so the rows and columns are
orthogonal with respect to the X and Y drawing axes of the current UCS.
Polar Array
Creates an array by copying the selected objects around a specified center point.

Fig 10.2: showing polar array

1. Click on array.
2. Select the object.

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3. Right click with mouse.
4. Click on polar array.
5. Choose the center point of array.
6. Give no of items.
7. Give angle to fill.
Total Number of Items
Sets the number of objects that appear in the resultant array. The default value is 4.
Angle to Fill
Sets the size of the array by defining the included angle between the base points of the first
and last elements in the array.
Angle between Items
Sets the included angle between the base points of the arrayed objects and the center of the
array. Enter a positive value.
Path Array
1. Click on array.
2. Select the object.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Choose the Path array.
5. Select the Path Curve.
6. Give number of Items.
7. Give spacing along the path.

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 Fig 10.3 showing path array
ARC:-
Menu: Draw Arc 3 Points

Toolbar: Draw
Command: (A + Enter)
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: Specify a point, enter c , or press
ENTER to start tangent to last line, arc, or polyline
To create an arc, you can specify combinations of center, endpoint,
start point, radius, angle, direction values.
Start Point Specifies the starting point of the arc.
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]:
Three Point
Draws an arc using three specified points on the arc’s’ circumference. The first point is the
start point (1). The second point (2) is a point on the circumference of the arc. The third
point is the endpoint (3). Specify end point of arc: Specify a point (3)

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 Fig 11.1: an arc
You can specify a three-point arc either clockwise or counterclockwise.
Center start end
Specifies the center of the circle of which the arc is a part. Specify center point of arc:
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]:
Start center end
Using the center point (2), draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) to an
endpoint that falls on an imaginary ray drawn from the center point through the third point
(3).

Fig 11.2: an arc with center and a end point

The arc does not necessarily pass through this third point, as shown in the illustration.
Start center angle
Draws an arc counterclockwise from the start point (1) using a center point (2) with a
specified included angle. If the angle is negative, a clockwise arc is drawn. Specify
included angle: Specify an angle

Fig 11.3: an arc with an angle

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Start end (angle/direction/radius)
Click on arc.
Specifies the start point of the arc.
Specify end point of arc:
Specify center point of arc or
[Angle/Direction/Radius] OFFSET (O + Enter)
OFFSET creates a new object whose shape parallels the shape of a selected object.
Offsetting a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which
side you specify for the offset.
Procedure of offset command:
1. Click on offset command
2. Specify offset distance
3. Press enter
4. Select object to offset
5. Specify point on side to offset

Fig 11.4:an offset command

Polyline :-
Creates a 2D polyline.
Menu: Draw Polyline

Toolbar: Draw
Command:(PL + Enter)
We can create a 2D polyline we using polyline.
There are two types:
1. Arc

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 2. Half width
Arc
1. Click on Polyline
2. Specify start point
3. Press A Enter for arc and give Size
4. Press C enter for close
Half Width
1. Click on Polyline
2. Press H enter for Half Width
3. Specify Starting half width & press enter
4. Specify ending half width.
5. Press Enter.
UNITS:-
Indicates the format in which you enter and in which the program displays coordinates and
measurements. Several formats are available. Two of them, Engineering and Architectural,
have a specific base unit (inches) assigned to them. You can select from other measurement
styles that can represent any convenient unit of measurement. Decimal: Displays
measurements in decimal notation.
Engineering: Displays measurements in feet and decimal inches.
Architectural: Displays measurements in feet, inches, and fractional inches.
Fractional: Displays measurements in mixed-number (integer and fractional) notation.
Scientific: Displays measurements in scientific notation (numbers expressed in the form of
the product of a decimal number between 0 and 10 and a power of 10).
USING THE OBJECT PROPERTIES TOOLBAR:

Fig 12.1: shows a line toolbar

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Auto-CAD provides two main tools that you can use to easily edit object properties such as
layers, colors, line types, and line weights.
Object Properties toolbar:
Provides options for viewing or changing the object properties that are common to all
objects, including layers and layer properties, colors, linetypes, line weights, and plot style.
Properties window:
Provides a complete list of properties for any object. You can view an object's properties
and modify the ones that can be changed.
LineColour: Displays or sets the color.

Fig 12.2: shows a line color

Linetype: Displays or sets the linetype.

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 Fig 12.3: shows line type

Fig 12.4: shows line type manager

Fig 12.5: shows line type manager for loading lines

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Lineweight: Displays or sets the lineweight.

Fig 12.6: shows line weight

Copy:
You can duplicate the object you select by using copy in the command line.

Menu: Modify Copy

Toolbar: Modify
Command: (CO + Enter)
Procedure:
1. Click on copy command.
2. Select the object.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Specify base point.
5. Specify second point of displacement.

Fig 13: copying a object two times

Displacement
Specifies a relative distance and direction using coordinates.
Specify displacement <last value>: Enter coordinates to represent a vector

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Mirror (MI + Enter):-
You can flip objects about a specified axis to create a symmetrical mirror image.
Mirroring is useful for creating symmetrical objects because you can quickly draw half the
object and then mirror it instead of drawing the entire object.
You flip objects about an axis called a mirror line to create a mirror image. To specify this
temporary mirror line, you enter two points. You can choose whether to erase or retain the
original objects.

Fig 14: showing mirror of an object

ROTATE :-
Rotates objects around a base point.

Menu: Modify Rotate

Toolbar: Modify
Command entry: (RO + Enter)
Procedure:
1. Click on rotate.
2. Select the object.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Specify base point.
5. Specify rotational angle.
6. Press Enter.
Rotation Angle
Determines how far an object rotates around the base point.
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The axis of rotation passes through the specified base point and is parallel to the Z axis of
the current UCS.

Reference
Rotates objects from a specified angle to a new, absolute angle.
Specify the reference angle < last reference angle >: Specify an angle by entering a value
or by specifying two points
Specify the new angle or [Points] <last new angle>: Specify the new absolute angle by
entering a value or by specifying two points

Fig 15: showing rotation to an angle

HATCH (H + Enter):-
Hatching fills a specified area in a drawing with a pattern. You can hatch an enclosed area
or a specified boundary using the BHATCH and HATCH commands.
We can fill a specify boundary with a pattern we using in the command line.
1. Click on Hatch (H + Enter)
2. Pick the internal point.
3. Do the modification from the property for the hatch command.

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 Fig 16.1: showing hatching
GRADIENT:-
We can fill a specify boundary with a color. We using gradient in command line.
1. Click on Gradient Command.
2. Pick the internal point.
3. Select the gradient color and do the setting from property bar.

Fig 16.2 showing gradient

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MULTILINE TEXT (MT + Enter):-
Multiline text consists of any number of text lines or paragraphs that fit within a width you
specify.Using the Multiline Text Editor, you can apply underlining, fonts, color, and text
height changes to individual characters, words, or phrases within a paragraph. Command:
mt
MTEXT Current text style: "Standard”
Specify first corner: Specify the location of first corner
Specify opposite corner or [Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width/Columns]:
Specify the location of opposite corner.
You can change these (Height/Justify/Line spacing/Rotation/Style/Width/Columns) from
the Text Formatting window has shown in the diagram given below.

Fig 17: multiple text in a window

TABLE:-
This command is used for making table in the graphics area to define the
Bill of materials etc.
Command: table
Specify insertion point: Specify location of placing the table
When you enter the table command an insert table is open, in this table give the value of
no. of rows and no. of columns then ok. After this Specify insertion point. Made the table
format as required. Example as shown below

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 Fig 18.1: inserting a table

Fig 18.2: text formatting in a table

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 Fig 18.3: showing a table
CREATING DIMENSIONS:-
A precise drawing plotted to scale often does not convey enough information for builders
to construct your design. Usually you add annotation showing object measurements and
the distances and angles between object. Dimensioning is the process of adding
measurement Annotation to a drawing.
You can create dimensions for a variety of object types in many orientations. The basic
types of dimensioning are:-
 Linear
 Radial (radius, diameter and jogged)
 Angular
 Ordinate
 Arc Length
Linear dimensions can be horizontal, vertical, aligned, rotated, baseline, or continued
(chained). Some examples are shown in the illustration.
Dimensioning is the process of adding measurement annotation to a drawing. AutoCAD
provides many ways to dimension objects and many ways to format dimensions. You can
create dimensions for a wide variety of object shapes in many different orientations. You
can create dimension styles to format dimensions quickly and ensure that dimensions in
your drawing conform to industry or project standards.

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 Fig 19.1 different dimensions
The following table lists the Autocad dimensions and common methods for starting
dimensions.
As you create dimensions, you probably will use more than one method, based on your
experience, personal preference, or design tasks.

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 Table 1.1: Shows commands and description about dimensions
1. LINEAR DIMENSION
It creates a linear dimension with a horizontal, vertical, or rotated dimension line.
Procedure-

1. Click on linear dimension.

2. Specify first extension line (1).
3. Specify second extension line(2).
4. Specify dimension line location.
Command entry:-Dimlear

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 Fig 19.2: a linear dimension
2. ALIGNED DIMENSION (DAL + Enter)
It creates a linear dimension with the dimension line parallel to the extension line origin
points. The dimension creates a true length measurement of the object.
Procedure-

1. Click Dimension Align.

2. Specify first extension line (1).
3. Specify second extension line (2).
4. Specify dimension line location (3).
Command entry: - Dim aligned

Fig 19.3: an aligned dimension

3. ARC LENGTH
We can specify the arc length.
Command entry: - Dimarc
Procedure-

Fig19.4: an arc length dimension

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1. Click Dimension arc length
2. Select the arc or polyline arc segment (1).
3. Specify the dimension line location (2).
4. QUICK DIMENSIONS
It is used for quickly creates a series of dimensions from selected objects.
Procedure-

1. Click Dimension Quick Dimension

2. Select the figure for dimension.
Command entry: - qdim

2.3026

R0.1808
0.9041

Fig 19.5: showing quick dimensions

5. BASELINE DIMENSION
It creates a linear, angular, or ordinate dimension from the baseline
of the previous or selected dimension.
Command entry:-dim baseline
Procedure-

1. Click Dimension Baseline.

2. Use an object snap to select the second extension line origin, or press ENTER to select
any dimension as the base dimension.
3. Use an object snap to specify the next extension line origin.
4. Continue to select extension line origins as required.
5. Press ENTER twice to end the command.

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 Fig 20.6: creating dimensions using baseline

WORKING IN 3D SPACE VIEW

It helps us to see different view of our drawing. For example- Top View,
Bottom View, Right View, Left View, Front View, Back View and different
Isometric Views. For Example:-

RIGHT VIEW:-
TOP VIEW:-

Fig 21.1: different views in 3D

EXTRUDE
With this command we can create 3D solid or surface by extrude a 2D object. Extrude
command can convert 2D to 3D object.
Procedure-
1. Click Draw►Modeling►Extrude
2. Select object to Extrude.

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3. Right click with mouse.
4. Specify height of extrude and press enter.
For Example:-
Before Extrude:-

Fig 22.1: before extrude

After Extrude:

Fig 22.2: after extrude

3D BOX:-
Creates a 3D solid box.
 Menu: Draw Box

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: box
1. Click on box.
2. Specify corner of box.
3. Right click with mouse.
4. Click on length and give length.
5. Specify height and width.
6. Press Enter.

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 Fig: 23: A 3D solid box
CYLINDER
Creates a 3D solid cylinder.
 Menu: Draw Cylinder

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: cylinder
With this command we can create a 3D solid cylinder.

Fig: 24: A cylinder

Procedure:
1. Click on cylinder.
2. Specify center point for base of cylinder.
3. Specify radius for base of cylinder, Press enter.
4. Specify height of cylinder.
CONE:-
We can create a 3D solid cone.
 Menu: Draw Cone

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: Cone
Creates a 3D solid with a circular or elliptical base that tapers symmetrically to a point or
to a circular or elliptical planar face.

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 Fig 25.1: A cone
Procedure:
1. Click on cone.
2. Specify center point for base on cone.
3. Specify radius for base on cone, press enter.
4. Specify height of cone, press enter.

EXTRUDE (EXT + Enter)

Creates 3D solid or surface by extending the dimensions of an object.
 Menu: Draw Extrude

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: extrude
You can extrude either an open or closed object to create 3D surface or solid. If you
extrude a surface, you will create a regular surface or a NURBS surface depending on how
the SURFACEMODELINGMODE system variable is set. To extrude meshes, use the
MESHEXTRUDE command.

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 Fig 26
REVOLVE (REV + Enter)
Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping an object around an axis
 Menu: Draw Revolve

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: revolve
1. Click on revolve.
2. Select the object.
3. Specify start point of axis.
4. Specify end point of axis.
5. Specify angle of revolution and press Enter.

Fig 27: revolve

Revolve path and profile curves can be:
 Open or closed
 Planar or non-planar
 Solid and surface element
SWEEP
Creates 3D solid or surface by sweeping 2D or 3D object or sub object along a path.
Menu: Draw Modeling Sweep

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: Sweep
1. Make any path with polyline and make the object.
2. Select the object to sweep.
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 3. Right click with mouse.
4. Select the sweep path.

Fig: 28: Creating pipes

UNION(UNI):
Combines selected 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions by addition.
 Menu: Draw Union

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: union
You can combine two or more 3D solids, surfaces, or 2D regions into a single, composite
3D solid, surface, or region. You must select the same type of objects to combine.

Fig 29.1: showing union of two objects

1. Click on union.
2. Select the first object then select the second object.
3. Press Enter.
SUBTRACT(SU):
Combines selected 3D solids or 2D regions by subtraction.
 Menu: Draw subtract.

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: Subtract

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With SUBTRACT, you can create a 3D solid by subtracting one set of existing 3D solids
from another, overlapping set. You can select only regions for use with this command.
1. Click on subtract.
2. Select the first object which you want to keep and press Enter.
3. Select the second object which is to be subtracted.
4. Press Enter.

Fig 29.2: subtraction of two objects

3DMOVE
In a 3D view, displays the 3D Move gizmo to aid in moving 3D objects a specified
distance in a specified direction.
 Menu: Draw move

Toolbar: Draw
Command entry: move
With the 3D Move gizmo, you can move selected objects and subobjects freely or
constrain the movement to an axis or plane.

Fig 30: moving a 3d object

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SPHERE
With this command we can create the 3D solid sphere.

Procedure:

1. Click on sphere.
2. Specify center of sphere.
3. Specify radius of sphere.

Fig 31: Sphere

PYRAMID
With this command we can create a 3D solid pyramid.

Procedure:

1. Click on pyramid.
2. Specify center of base.
3. Specify base radius and press enter.
4. Specify height of pyramid and press enter.

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 Fig 32: Pyramid

HYPERLINK (CTRL + k)
We can create a link between two or more than two files.

1. Make the object.

2. Click on hyperlink.
3. Select the object.
4. Right click with mouse.
5. Select the file name.
6. Click on ok.
7. For see the link files press CTRL + click on the object.

ACTION RECORDER
We can do recording in our file.

1. Click on action recorder.

2. Click on record.
3. Do the work
4. Click on tool menu.
5. Click on stop recording.
6. Give the name
7. Click on ok.

WINDOW MENU
CLOSE: We can close current file.

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CLOSE ALL: We can close all open file.

LOCK LOCATION: We can lock the tool bar location after that we cannot move toolbar.

CASCADE: We can arrange open file in cascade format.

TILE HORIZONTAL: We can arrange open file in tile horizontally.

TILE VERTICALLY: We can arrange open file in tile vertically.

ICONS: We can arrange the minimize icons in our file.

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