Mechanics of materials

Lecture 8
Orthotropic linear elasticity

Reijo Kouhia

Tampere University of Technology

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Systems

Wednesday 9th March, 2016

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

3 Orthotropy

1 Constitutive models - symmetries

2 Transverse isotropy, determination of material constants

3 Orthotropy

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 2/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Constitutive models - symmetries 3 Orthotropy

Eight possible linear elastic symmetries

Figure from Chadwick, Vianello, Cowin, JMPS, 2001.

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 3/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

3 Orthotropy

1 Constitutive models - symmetries

2 Transverse isotropy, determination of material constants

3 Orthotropy

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 4/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Transverse isotropy, determination of 3 Orthotropy

material constants
1 Stress in the longitudinal direction 1, i.e. σ11 , measure
ε11 , ε22 = ε33 , then E1 = EL = σ11 /ε11 and
νL = ν12 = ν13 = −ε22 /ε11 .

2 Stress in the transverse direction, i.e. σ22 , measure strain in

the three perpendicular direction ε11 , ε22 and ε33 , then
E2 = σ22 /ε22 , ν23 = −ε33 ε22 = νT

3 Shear in 1-2 plane, then G12 = GL = τ12 /γ12 . Note

G12 = G13 .

4 This test is not necessary. Shear in the isotropy plane, i.e. in

the 2-3 plane. G23 = τ23 /γ23 . Could also be obtained from
G23 = E2 /(1 + ν23 ).
Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 5/13
 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Transverse isotropy - determination of 3 Orthotropy

material constants (cont’d)

Figure from http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101104010/lecture12/12 4.htm

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 6/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

3 Orthotropy

1 Constitutive models - symmetries

2 Transverse isotropy, determination of material constants

3 Orthotropy

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 7/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Orthotropy 3 Orthotropy

Definition: Material posses three orthogonal symmetry planes =

two orthogonal symmetry planes.

Examples: wood, paper, rolled steel and rolled aluminium.

Three directions m 1 ⊥ m 2 ⊥ m 3 ⊥ m 1 .

Structural tensors

M 1 = m 1m T1 , M 2 = m 2m T2 , M 3 = m 3m T3 .

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 8/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Representation theorem for orthotropic 3 Orthotropy

elasticity

The spesific strain energy (or alternatively the complementary

energy) can depend on seven invariants

W = W (εε, M 1 , M 2 ) = W (I1 , I2 , I3 , I4 , I5 , I6 , I7 ),

where the invariants can be defined as

I1 = trεε, I2 = 12 tr(εε2 ), I3 = 13 tr(εε3 ),

εM 1 ),
I4 = tr(εM I5 = tr(εε2M 1 ),
εM 2 ),
I6 = tr(εM I7 = tr(εε2M 2 ),

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 9/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Representation theorem for orthotropic 3 Orthotropy

elasticity (cont’d)

The invariants can be written in a more symmetric set

εM 1 ) I2 = tr(εM
I1 = tr(εM εM 2 ) I3 = tr(εM
εM 3 )
I4 = tr(εε2M 1 ), I5 = tr(εε2M 2 ), I6 = tr(εε2M 3 ),
I7 = 13 tr(εε3 ).

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 10/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Linear orthotropic elasticity 3 Orthotropy

Nine material parameters, engineering constants

E1 , E2 , E3 Modulae of elasticity in directions 1, 2, 3,

G12 , G23 , G13 Shear modulea,
ν12 , ν23 , ν13 Poisson’s ratios.

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 11/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Restrictions to the elastic constants 3 Orthotropy

Thermodynamic restrictions to the material parameters

E1 , E2 , E3 > 0, G12 , G23 , G13 > 0

1 − νij νji > 0 no sum.

Taking the reciprocal relation (νij Ej = νji Ei , no sum) into
account q
2
1 − νij Ej /Ej , i.e. |νij | < Ei /Ej

In addition orthotropic material have to satisfy

1 − ν12 ν21 − ν23 ν32 − ν31 ν13 − ν12 ν23 ν31 − ν32 ν21 ν13 > 0.

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 12/13

 1 Constitutive models

2 Transverse isotropy

Definition of Poisson’s ratios 3 Orthotropy

Be careful, the definition is not unique.

Here it is defined as a ratio of transverse strain in the jth

direction to the axial strain in the ith direction when stressed in
the i-direction,

σi
εj = −νij εi = −νij no sum.
Ei

Mechanics of materials – R. Kouhia 13/13