KEY

A REFERENCE B O O K
FOR
G R A M M A R - READING & WRITING

W I T H EXERCISES
Prepared b y
D r .H a n d eG ü r e l
Nilüfer Atılgan

M I D D L E EAST-TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF BASIC ENGLISH
 K E Y

SECTION I
1. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
1. a little music 7. a little fruit
2. a few songs 8. a few apples
3. a few / desks 9. a little / money
4. a little / time 10. a few pennies
5. a little help 11. a little information
6. a little advice 12. a few hours
1. few natural resources 8. few farm animals
2. little cultivable land 9. little com
3. few towns 10. few
4. little contact 11. little help
5. few good roads 12. few countries
6. little money 13. little hope
7. few farms
1. rivers / -
2. operas / symphonies / folk songs / -
3. cities / -
4. - / cars / trucks / buses / -
5. years / trips / - / activities
6. pages / - / problems / - / -
7. suitcases / - / - / -
8. - / - / -
9.
10.
11. letters / -
12. -I-
13. - / sandwiches
14. - / - /experiences
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
I. 1.My brother and I are
2. A large group of students were (was)
3. A book has
4. are a few things
5. The purposes of the training weren't
6. The difference between the two players appears
7. The height of the trees varies
8. It was/ the principal was
9. The only one of those books I haven't read is
10. The nearness of her home to the highway with the speeding cars worries the
mother, who has
11. Making speeches is
12. Each student in the sixth -grade class has
13. has been a lot of improvement
14. Everyone who lives / has
15. The subjects you will be studying in this course are
16. Oranges, tomatoes, fresh strawberries, cabbage and green lettuce are
17. Massachusetts and Connecticut are
 2
18. The majority of students who study physics/realize
19. The study of a theoretical subject prepares
20. Braille, who was/was
II. 1 are a lot of people
2. Does those children's uncle
3. Do most of the students
4. The insurance rates on our car are
5. One of my friends keeps
6. The economic and cultural centre of the U.S. is
7. A lot of the equipment is
8. A car with poor brakes and brake lights is
9. The number of human skeletons found at the archaeological site is
10. Growing flowers is
11. is a little milk and some eggs
12. That book on political parties is
13. Almost all the information in those texts on the Aztec Indians and their civilization
appears
14. Jupiter is
15. Every member of this class speaks
16. The number of students Is
17. is a relationship /the falling demand needs
18. are more than a dozen traffic accidents
19. Twenty dollars is
20. This exercise on singular-plural agreement of subjects and verbs is
1. oversimplifies 6. presents / —
2. uses/— 7. involves
3. causes 8. shows
4. makes 9. makes
5. fails 10. appears
ARTICLES
I. 1. A / 0
2. a / the
3. An / a / 0
4. 0.
5. 0
6. The
7. 0/0
8. the/.a/,a / 0 / 0 / the / an /.a / the / a / a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / a
9. 0 / T h e / t h e / 0 - / 0 / t h e / a / a / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0 / t h e / t h e
10. 0 / 0 / a / the / the / 0 / a / a / the / 0
II. 1. 0/0 14. 0 / the / the
2. the 15. 0 / The
3. the / t h e / 0 16. a / T h e
4. The / the / the/the 17. the / 0
5. The / the / 0 18. 0 / a / T h e
6. 0/a 19. a n / 0 / T h e / a
7. 0 / the 20. T h e / t h e / t h e / 0
8. The/a/0/0 21. the / the / the / 0
9. the / a / 0 22. 0 / T h e / t h e
10. the / the / the / the / the / 0 23. 0 / the / 0
11. an/The 24. a / t h e / t h e
12. 0/the/The 25. 0 / t h e / t h e
13. 0 /the
2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES:
1. frightening horror movies / frightened children
2. amusing clown / amused spectators
3. surprising gift / surprised child
4. disappointing test results / disappointed teacher
5. confusing math problem / confused class
1. exciting 9. frozen
2. confused 10. oil-importing
3. tiring 11. surprising
4. fascinating 12. depressed
5. surprised 13. worrying
6. shocking 14. injured
7. frightened 15. smiling
8. disappointing
ADVERBS:
I. 1. He didn't drive carefully. / He drove carelessly.
2. I read it quickly / fast.
3. He read it slowly.
4. She types correctly.
5. He played well.
II. 1. correct
2. quickly
3. early
4. careless
5. hungry / patiently
COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVES
I. A. 1. harder 4. more confident - than
2. noisier than 5. more quietly than
3. later than 6. less than
7. more calmly than

B. 1. as fast as 6. as crowded as
2. as warm as 7. as much as
3. as slowly as 8. as efficiently as
4. as .accurately as 9. as hot as
5. as neat as 10. as rapid a reader as

C. 1. a little warmer/than 4. a bit happier

2. far more interesting than 5. a lot easier
3. much more comfortable than
D. 1. the latest 5. the most seriously
2. the best 6. the lowest
3. the fastest 7. the politest / most polite
4. The most anxious
 E. 1. less optimistic than 4. the least clever
2. less skillfully than 5. less successful than
3. the least clearly
II. 1. older than/the youngest
2. The most important / the best
3. more than
4. faster than / more reliable
5. The narrowest / the noisiest
6. the wealthiest / the most active
7. the most popular / the worst
8. the largest / bigger than / the most crowded / short
III. 1. as well as / better than
2. as badly as / worse than
3. as well as / better
4. worse than / as badly as
IV. 1. worse than
2. The most skillful
3. the least
4. further/than
5. more kindly
6. the best / the most enthusiastically / efficiently
7. the earliest
8. smaller than / more efficient / the least / the best
9. later than
10. the most clearly
SOME STRUCTURES USED WITH ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
A. I. 1. such a tall man 6. so much /such a lot of smoke
2. so successful 7. so wet
3. such big problems 8. so much / such a lot of money
4. so bad (such a bad headache) 9. such nice people
5. such a kind man 10. so confidently

II. such a / such a / so / so / so / such / so/such / such a / so

B. I. 1. Olga is too uglv to be a stewardess
Olga is not pretty enough to be a stewardess
2. Fred is too short to be a policeman
Fred is not tall enough to be a policeman
3. Annabel is too fat to be a model
Annabel is not slim enough to be a model
4. Horace is too shy to be a salesman
Horace is not determined enough to be a salesman
5. Sid is too rude to be a waiter
Sid is not polite enough to be a waiter
 6. Lavinia dresses too untidily to get a job as a sales representative
Lavinia doesn't dress smartly enough to get a job as a sales representative
7. Boris speaks too quickly to get a job as an English teacher
Boris doesn't speak clearly enough to get a job as an English teacher
8. Bill works too slowly to get a job as a road mender
Bill doesn't work fast enough to get a job as a road mender
9. Zeke sings too softly to get a job as a rock singer
Zeke doesn't sing loudly enough to get a job as a rock singer
10. Adam thinks too honestly to get a job as a political agent
Adam doesn't think crookedly enough to get a job as a political agent
II. 1. I have too little time to come to see you.
[don't have enough time to come to see you.
2. These bananas are too green/to be eaten.
These bananas are too green for us to eat.
3. Dick doesn't work hard enough to earn a lot of money.
4. I have enough money to offer you some cake and coffee.
5. Richard has enough credits to graduate in June.
6. That street is too narrow for that large truck to pass through.
7. One semester is not long enough to learn a language.
8. The paper is too thin to write on.
9. Professor Allen is too young to retire.
10. Richard is old enough to vote.
C. 1. It's difficult for me to understand what he's talking about.
2. It's dangerous for you to go out on your own.
3. It's expensive for him to travel to work by train.
4. It's easy for them to criticise.
5. It's healthy for him to take some exercise.
6. It's necessary for research institutes to plan a year's work in advance.
7. It's advisable for universities to extend their laboratory facilities.
8. It's usual for scientists to use mathematics in their work.
9. It's hard for many underdeveloped countries to achieve higher standards of
living.
10. It's important for a government to provide an adequate standard of living for its
people. .
3.TENSES
I. 1. doesn't often shine / is shining
2. stayed / was staying / met
3. will have been teaching
4. will have reduced
5. left (had left)/worked
6. arrived / saw / was standing / has already held / is going to blow / said
7. have been working / don't think / will be
8. will have grown
9. haven't seen / left
10. look / (Have) Haven't you had
11. don't know / will come /is going to come (is coming)
12. will have eaten
13. has just escaped / are still searching / hope / (will) recapture
14. were / died / are recovering
15. will be living
16. have been learning / have only learnt / came
17. was reading / had just written / spoke / didn't realize
18. were having / collapsed / hurt / took / have seen / is getting
19. met / was / had ever known
20. Do you remember / have you forgotten?
21. chooses / leaves / will certainly make
22. has just told / are getting (will get / are going to get)
23. will probably be lying
24. will have achieved / will have modernized
25. left / had never seen
A 1. are 12. washes
2. hear 13. failed
3. have eaten 14. was reading
4. hide 15. remembered
5. bum 16. had left
6. are 17. had given
7. don't have to hide 18. dropped
8. happen 19. rushed
9. gave 20. was
10. went 21. told
11. goes 22. had been
B. 1. were travelling 6. are writing / write
2. put 7. have decided
3. threw 8. cost / will cost
4. thought 9. travel / will travel
5. received
C. 1. is 8. has parked
2. believes 9. hasnt been able to
3. has just bought 10. has put up
4. moved 11. don't have / haven't had
5. has had 12. put
6. returns 13. hopes
7. finds 14. has turned
D. 1. is 6. have visited
2. have been 7. are
3. was living / lived 8. were
4. spent 9. have been
5. moved
E. 1. has always been 8. loves / loved
2. have got 9. visited
3. has decided 10. hid
4. ' began 11. asked
5. wrote 12. was doing
6. are / were 13. showed
7. included 14. contained
 F. 1. has been 5. waited
2. work 6. were
3. are 7. is
4. are working
G. 1. watch
2. have warned
3. will continue
4. hope
5. will be
H. 1. was
2. has become
3. are
4. hunt
5. is
I. 1. dried (had dried) 7. did
2. ignored 8. were driving
3. drove 9. came (was coming)
4. want 10. had both started
5. make 11. were driving
6. saw

4. MODALS
I. 1. He must smoke a lot of cigarettes.
2. She must have a lot of clothes.
3. She can't have many clothes.
4. He must drink a lot of beer.
5. She can't be happy.
6. It can't be far away.
7. She must meet a lot of people.
8. He can't be tidy.
9. It must use a lot of petrol.
10. She can't have many friends.
II. 1. might have had 5. maybe
2. might have helped 6. may try
3. might have had 7. may board
4. might have caught
III. He may have had a lot of work to do.
He may have had visitors.
He may have visited his mother.
He can't have gone out with customers.
He can't have gone to a bar.
IV. 1. must have got 2. must have cut 3. must have been 4. can't have been 5. must
have used 6. can't have taken 7. must have disturbed 8. must have used 9. must
have left 10. can't have been
V. 1. needn't do 2. must finish 3. mustn't leave 4. needn't stamp 5. must check
6.mustn't forget 7. needn't worry 8. must remember 9. mustn't make 10. needn't
take
 VI. 1. didn't need to take 2. needn't have brought 3. needn't have carried 4. needn't
have stocked 5. didn't need to take 6. needn't have bought 7. needn't have taken
8. needn't have carried 9. needn't have put

VII. 1. must have posted 5. had to drink

2. had to post 6. must have drunk
3. had to sell 7. must have run
4. must have sold 8. had to run

VIII. 1. had to get up 4. should have renewed

2. should have got up 5. should have been
3. had to renew 6. had to drive

5. NOUN CLAUSES
I. 1. if we are going to have a test tomorrow
2. if sound travels faster than light
3. if animals have the same emotions as human beings
4. if there will be another earthquake
5. if beings from outer space have ever visited

II. 1. which one he wants. 5. how old a person has to be.

2. Why they left the country 6. Where she went
3. who those people are. 7. What she said
4. • What we are doing in class 8.' Who sent these flowers

III. 1. What does Tom want? what Tom wants

2. Why did Sue leave class early? why Sue left class early.
3. How long is the movie going to last? how long the movie is going to
last.
4. Who did Alice talk to about the test? who Alice talked to
5. Who has bought the tickets? who has bought the tickets.
6. Whose notebook is that? whose notebook that is
7. How many students will be absent from class tomorrow?
how many students will be absent
8. How does Jane get to school? how she gets to school.

IV. 1 that I should study tonight

2 that flying in an airplane
3 that I will get
4 that there will be more
5 that over half of ......
6 that all people
7 that the brain

D. The use of infinitives:

1. I don't know when to go/come.
2. I don't know how to fix the
3. I don't know where to meet you.
4. I don't know whether to believe him or not.
5. I don't know which one to buy.
6. I don't know where to find it.
 9
E. Other uses of that clauses:
I. 1. It's true that drug abuse .
That drug abuse is true.
2. It's a pity that Tim hasn't
That tim hasn't is a pity.
3. It is unfair that some women
That some women ...is unfair.
4. It is a well-known fact that the earth
That the earth is a well-known fact.
5. It is surprising that Irene
That Irene is surprising.
6. It is obvious that she doesn't
That she is obvious.
II. 1. Robby is happy that he is attending a computer course.
2. Carlos' mother is surprised that he studies hard.
3. June is angry that she will not get a promotion.
4. I'm aware that other companies have higher paying jobs.
5. Angela's mother is pleased that she moved into that hew building.
III. (Accept any other reasonable idea)
1 that I have to study for the Mid-Term
that I want to sleep early.
2 ..........................that l like English.
that it is necessary for my department.
that I can get a job more easily.
3 that the room I'm staying in is not comfortable.
that my roommate disturbs me a lot.
that I cant get used to the weather here.
4 that you don't have to wait for a bus.
that you can go wherever you like at any time you want.
that you have to spend a lot of money on petrol and
maintenance.
F. Using -ever words:
1. She can go wherever she wants to go.
2. Whoever wants to join us is welcome.
3. We can watch whichever you prefer.
4. He always says whatever comes into his mind.
5. He makes friends with whom)ever he meets.

6. CONDITIONALS
I. 1. were 6. is
2. will be 7. is
3. weren't 8. were
4. would have been 9. would be / were
10. would have been
II. 1. If the sun didn't rise, the world would be dark.
2. If a hydrogen bomb were dropped, millions of people would be killed.
3. If you lose some weight, you'll feel much better.
4. If you look in a mirror, you'll see yourself.
5. If the temperature goes below 0 C, water freezes.
6. If we live in peace, there will be no wars.
7. If he had read the book, he would have known the story.
III. 1. want/will go
2. wanted / would go
3. were/would go
4. is / will go
5. don't / will become
6. had/would get
7. hadn't helped / wouldn't have been able to
8. will help/need
9. hadn't dropped / wouldn't have lost
10. were/would run
11. can't finish / will have to finish
12. had supported / would have been
13. doesn't rain / won't have
14. wouldn't have applied /had known
15. were / would permit
16. has/'will find
17. is / will be cancelled
18. had had / would (could )have taken
19. had / wouldn't have to wash
20. would have written / hadn't been
IV. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T
5. T 6. T 7.T 8. F
V. 1. ... I would call the security people if I were sure the person was stealing.
2 you wouldn't have got(ten) into so much trouble if you had listened to me.
3 she would have died if she hadn't received immediate medical help.
4 there wouldn't be so many flies in the room if there were a screen on the
window.
5 we wouldn't have run out of petrol if we had stopped at the service station.
VI. 1. weren't / would help
2. had/ would have voted
3. did / would help
4. had / would have met
5. were/ would cook
6. didn't/would go
7. didn't / would get
8. weren't / wouldn't float
9. hadn't / would have got(ten)
10. could / would get
VII. (Accept any other reasonable idea)
1. I would ask them to be quiet.
2. I wouldn't lend him any more money.
3. I would take him to dinner with me.
4. I would take him home in a taxi.
5. I would ask him to tell me his name again.
6. I would call my lawyer.
7. I would ask him to check my paper again.
8. I would warn him not to do it again.
let the teacher know about it
9. I would complain about it to the manager.
10. No.
 WISH
1. I wish I hadn't been so negative about my job.
2. i wish I had tried to learn Spanish.
3. I wish I could keep in touch with my Spanish friends /
I wish I hadn't lost their addresses.
4. I wish I had taken enough photographs.
5. I wish it wasn't cold and damp here.
I wish I were in Spain now.

7. PASSIVES
is bought/is levelled / are bought / are laid / are dug / are built / is made / are put in

1. won't be held 6. has to be returned

2. must be watered 7. should have been ordered
3. will be completed 8. was checked/had been checked
4. could have been hurt 9. can be made
5. hasn't been done yet 10. might be found

1. That class was cancelled after the first day

2. Yesterday, the witness was interviewed by both the police and the press.
3. No passive.
4. This year a good English-English dictionary should be bought by the
intermediate students.
5. New universities have been established in different cities.
6. His passport has been stolen.
7. Our garbage is collected by a private company.
8. Bill's calculator has been repaired.
9. No passive.
10.
As we approached, the garage door was opened by an electronic device.
IV. 1.
2. It's held twice a year.
3. They are entertained at either the Park Hotel or the Hilton.
4. They are kept in the filing cabinet.
5. Lunch is served between 12 and 2.
It is organized every six weeks.
V. 1. is affected 9. fed
2. has fallen 10. must carry
3. will be cut 11. were caught
4. is rising 12. will be given
5. has increased/is increasing 13. can be found
6. keeps 14. selected
7. has been employed 15. will provide
8. was hijacked

VI. A. 1. received 8. was found /had been found

2. was asked 9. was surprised
3. wondered 10. heard
4. was wanted 11. felt
5. went 12. had never expected
6. isn't worried 13. was stolen
7. was told 14. was
 B. 1. is caused
2. continues
3. isn't
4. is not increased
5. is not reduced

C.1. took 6. were

2. was reached 7. were
3. was added 8. reached
4. is expected 9. produces
5. be illustrated 10. influences

D. 1. is needed
2. cost
3. makes
4. is needed
5. can be used

1. has been made

2. had
3. has advanced
4. survives
5. hasn't been won
6. have been discovered
7. are still increasing

F. 1. are based 7. are divided

2. consist 8. appear
3. makes 9. is pressed
4. contains 10. controls
5. turns 11. are called
6. stores

VII. A. 1. have been conducting 5. are added

2. have been attempted 6. harvest
3. is spread 7. recycles
4. is left out

B. The alga is dried into a powder which can be added to food to increase its
nutritional value. The powder can be used in everything from soap to cookies and
the flavour or the colour of the food is not changed. Many meals of alga-added
foods have been prepared (by nutritionists) and the scientists report that the
foods have readily been accepted (by consumers). Key advantages of alga are
that it can be cultivated very economically, that few natural resources such as
water and energy are used up while growing it and that it provides far more protein
than wheat or soya beans do. It has been shown that the product is commercially
suitable and publicly acceptable. The future of the alga powder now depends on
whether health department of countries around the world encourage its production
and use.
Passive forms in sentences with TWO OBJECTS
1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. a
II. 1. Children are given
2. We're first when we are 6
3. We were informed by a letter
4. We're given every week
5. The girl is usually given ....
III. 1. You will probably be given lots of forms to fill in / Lots of forms will probably be
given to you to fill in.
2. You might be interviewed.
3. You could even be given a so called 'personality test'. / A so-called 'personality
test' could even be given to you.
4. You may be required to give a proof of your qualifications and earnings.
5. You might even be asked to do a written test.

It + Passive
1. It should never be assumed that money can solve all problems.
2. It can't be denied that smoking is dangerous for health.
3. After the election, it was naturally thought that the winning party would keep its
pre-election promises.
4. It's quite rightly feared that the government is going to increase the income tax
rates.
5. It's known that too much noise causes headache and hearing problems.
8. RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. which/that 9. who, that
2. which 10. whose
3. who(m)/that 11. who, that
4. whose 12. which
5. whom 13. which
6. where 14. whose
7. who(m), that 15. whose
8. which, that

II. 1. The candidate for whom I voted / who(m) I voted for

2. The names of the victims in whose memory..... are unknown / or
This monument was built in the memory of victims the names of whom are
unknown.
3. Finding reasonably priced housing is becoming a major problem about which
many
4. The total environment, in which scientists are interested, includes.
5. Single-family homes, for which buyers must pay high prices, are
becoming
III. 1. The fanner couldn't harvest the crops which/that the storm had destroyed.
2. The Egyptian pyramids, whose construction is still a mystery, are one of the
wonders of the world.
3. inflation is continuing to rise, which means that the economy will continue to be
a problem.
4. Brighton, where I was brought up, has changed a lot in recent years.
5. The money which/that was left by the rich man was used to build a hospital.
6. Mrs. Anderson answered my letter immediately, which made me very happy.
7. They increased their offer from 5% to 8%. which surprised everyone.
8. I would like to live in the central part of the city, where there are more facilities.
9. The river, which/that contains a large amount of fish, flows into the Baltic Sea.
10. Tom Wood knows a lot about Indians among whom he lived for a year.
11. That doll, whose head is missing, belongs to my sister.
12. The car which/that crashed into a wall will never run again.
13. When I went to secondary school, I met Jeff, who I have remained friendly
with.
When , I met Jeff, with whom I have remained friendly.
14. There was an accident on H5. which means I'll be late to work this morning.
15. Albert Schweitzer, whose interests included classical music and theology, is
best known for his medical work in Africa.
16. The invention of the mini-skirt by Mary Quant, who is still producing new
designs, changed fashion in the sixties.
17. Child labor was a social problem in late 18th century England, where children
worked under very difficult conditions.
18. Farmers depend on meteorologists, whose correct predictions they need for
successful agricultural planning.
19. Petroleum, which is referred to as black gold by some people, is one of
the today.
Petroleum, which some people refer to as black gold, is one
20. Independent research laboratories, whose advice consumers take, test many
new products on the market.
IV. 1. He gave several reasons, only a few of which were meaningful.
2. The teachers discussed Jim's problems, one of which was poor study habits.
3. The city has 16 schools, two of which are junior colleges.
4. The village has around 200 people, the majority of whom are farmers.
5. That company has five employees, all of whom are computer experts.
6. I tried on six pairs of shoes, none of which I liked.
7. The hotel has one hundred rooms, each of which has colour television.
8. Ethnic groups, the biggest of which are usually located in large cities, are found
throughout the United States.
9. The students, half of whom had received a failing grade in chemistry, wrote a
letter of protest to the Dean.
10. At our school's international fair, I ate a lot of foreign food, some of which I had
not tasted before.
N + of which
I. 1. They own an original Picasso painting , the value of which is over
a million dollars.
2. My country depends on its income from coffee, the price of which varies
according to the changes in the world market.
3. The genetic engineers are busy with some important experiments, the results of
which will be published in the "Journal of Science".
4. The Professor has assigned the students a research paper the purpose of
which is to give them practice in using the scientific methods.
5. We toured a 300 year-old house the exterior of which was decorated with
flowery patterns.
II. 1. e 2. b 3. h 4. i 5. j
6. a 7. g 8. d 9. f 10. c

REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES TO PHRASES

I. 1. The research being carried out on this subject is extensive.
2. Whales, once plentiful,.are now in danger of extinction.
3. The exhaust steam is passed over tubes filled with cold water.
4. The drunken man, not paying attention, drove through a red light.
5. Generators not required for service are stopped.
6. Art theft, the most extensive form of international crime except for narcotics, is
increasing at an alarming rate.
7. Inflation, an economic monster, is not easy to control.
8. Parachuting is a fast-growing sport with its own unique variations.
9. Many countries have passed laws stating that all ancient artifacts are national
properties.
10. There are enormous oil deposits, lying under the surface of the earth.
11. Emerson, one of the first transcendentalists, was an early American writer.
12. Many of the students hoping to enter the university will be disappointed
because only one tenth of those applying for admission will be accepted.
13. Mercury, the nearest planet to the sun, is also the smallest of the nine planets
orbiting the sun.
14. Be sure to follow the instructions given at the top of the page.
15. Did you get the message concerning the special meeting?
16. Any student unwilling to go on the trip should inform the office.
17. I'd like to buy a book about Green-peace Movement.
18. They have built a new sports complex with four tennis courts, a swimming pool
and a football field.
19. HAC Hospital, the sole provider of medical sen/ices for much of the town's
population, faces severe reductions announced by the new budget.
20. I know a very rich lady with twenty cats and five dogs to which she intends to
leave all her money after her death.
II. A Day in Central Park
1. from China
2. from Iran
3. in which they rode / they rode in
4. where they got off
5. waiting for their trains
6. on which they rode up to street level
7. bordered by beautiful flowers
8. some relaxing on the grass and some playing games.
9. laughing and applauding
10. painted white
11. making him look like a clown
12. who acts out situations without speaking. (In giving descriptions the long form
is preferred)
13. which/that are mechanical
14. walking by
15. where she disappeared
16. where he continued his act
17. into which the audience dropped money
18. about which they decided to tell their classmates in their next conversation
class / or
which they decided to tell their classmates about in their next conversation
class.
9. PARTICIPLES
1. Being so ill, he can't go back to work yet.
2. Having been ill for a very long time, he needs more time
. 3. Having lost all his money, he went home.
4. (Being) rejected by all his friends, he decided....;..
5. Finding the front door open, I
6. Having had dinner, they continued on their journey.
7. I got home feeling very tired.
8. Thinking they might be hungry, I offered
9. Ann fell asleep watching TV.
10. Being unemployed, he hasn't got much money.
11. Having spent all our money, we couldn't
12. Being unable to help in any other way, I gave
13. Having failed to qualify as a doctor, I took up
14. Knowing that he wouldn't be able to buy food on his journey, he took ...
15. Having been warned about the bandits, he left
16. Jones and Smith came in, followed by their wives.
17. Having been his own boss for such a long time, he found it........
18. (Being) viewed from a distance, the island.......
19. Pushing the door slightly open, he saw
20. (Being) accused of dishonesty
10.MIXED EXERCISES
I .A. 1. have decided 9. intends
2. decorated 10. is
3. have been having 11. are trying
4. to pay 12. give
5. started 13. can do/do
6. did 14. is solved
7. hasn't started 15. will be
8. phones
 B. 1. haven't replied 22. to have disappeared
2. wrote 23. to call
3. to begin 24. was
4. was going to write 25. was
5. arrived 26. were
6. coming 27. was clearing
7. had 28. came
8. went / had to go 29. to throw
9. announced 30. realized
10. was going to get 31. was
11. had ever met 32. Have you managed
12. quit 33. hope
13. decided 34. think/thought
14. had had 35. are / were
15. is 36. have just realized
16. doesn't seem 37. will have to / have to / must stop
17. wants 38. don't leave
18. writing 39. will miss
19. thinking 40. am going
20. couldn't 41. will write
21. looked 42. get
C. 1. have just moved 8. has never happened
2. seems 9. is ruining / has ruined
3. have taken 10. can't sleep
4. asks 11. am worried/worry
5. look 12. is going to happen/will happen
6. gives 13. would be
7. am not 14. can give
D. 1. was delighted 12. Don't forget
2. to leam 13. are leaving/will be leaving/
3. have definitely decided will leave
4. are looking 14. to know
5. meeting 15. will be wearing
6. know 16. am enclosing
7. will be 17. can see
8. to meet 18. is
9. have booked/ book 19. won't be wearing
10. know 20. am sure
11. can meet 21. will recognise
E. 1. saw 14. cleared
2. has been admitted 15. suggests
3. will probably suffer 16. do
4. happened 17. will run out of
5. would have been 18. pay
6. had happened 19. destroy
7. faces 20. is
8. tells 21. produces
9. is 22. actually use /
10. to worry / to be worried are actually using
11. don't believe 23. use
12. growing 24. causing
13. wants 25. will be
 1. was piloting 10. was
2. occurred 11. was
3. was 12. was
4. were getting 13. would be closed
5. was circling 14. improved
6. came 15. escaped
7. would be able to land 16. explained
8. were diverted/ 17. had come down
were being diverted 18. would all have been killed
9. found

G. 1. to make 5. organising
2. smoking 6. limiting
3. to make 7. persuading
4. give up 8. to forbid

H. 1. was returning 11. lifted

2. had been 12. appeared
3. was standing 13. to push
4. watching 14. watched
5. saw 15. frightening
6. approaching 16. decided
7. was moving 17. to inform
8. was 18. reporting
9. looked 19. including
10. swimming 20. being

.A. 1. moved 11. will

2. said 12. b y
3. found 13. late
4. was 14. living/being
.5. ourselves 15. have
6. according 16. started
7. no 17. should
8. at 18. where
9. done 19. we're
10. results 20. want

B. 1. year 21. cleaned

2. nave 22. did
3. in/last 23. in
4. told 24. now
5. wanted 25. hadn't
6. for 26. wouldn't
7. do 27. asked
8. my 28. needed
9. how 29. know
10. studied 30. needs
11. become 31. camp
12. should 32. hadn't
13. to 33. wouldn't
14. need/ needed 34. I'd
15. for 35. saved
16. if 36. feel
17. is 37. can/should
18. couldn't 38. should
19. let 39. going
20. could 40. refuse
c. 1. to 12. In
2. has 13. job
3. to 14. letters
4. taken 15. by
5. help 16. to
6. enough 17. collect/save/keep
7. using 18. to
8. about 19. power/limits
9. In 20. most
10. we 21. might
11. the
D. 1. in 7. product
2. a 8. buy
3. more 9. new
4. who 10. about
5. which 11. us
6. what 12. what
S E C T I O N II

1. SHOWING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN IDEAS

Paired Conjunctions:
1. Jack has neither a pen nor a paper.
2. You can have either tea or coffee.
3. Both the leopard and the tiger face extinction.
Not only the leopard but also the tiger faces extinction.
4. The President's assistant will neither confirm nor deny the story.
5. Both coal and oil are irreplaceable natural sources.
Not only coal but also oil is.an irreplaceable natural resource.
6. Neither his sister n^r his parents have written to Jack for a long time.
(Neither his parents ner his sister Ms written )
7. According to the news report, it will either snow or rain tonight.
8. Neither her roommates n^r her brother knows where she is.
(Neither her brother nor her roommates know )
9. He has always been an amusing speaker not only at home but also in public.
(He has always been an amusing speaker, both at home and in public.)
10. He frequently broadcasts both in English ancl in Welsh.
(He frequently broadcasts not only in English but also in Welsh.)
11. I've got neither the time n^r the money to go on holiday.
12. We can leave either today qt tomorrow - whichever you prefer.
13. Both the front and the back of the house need painting.
Not only the front but also the back of the house needs painting.
14. That man's name is either Richard or Robert.
15. He gave up his job not only because he needed a change but also because
the pay was low.

Cause:
1 my parents' generosity/the generosity of my parents,
2 his wife's illness.
3 Dr. Robinson's excellent research on wolves/ the excellent research
(done) by Dr. Robinson on wolves.
4 the noise in the next apartment.
5 the circumstances beyond my control,
Opposition:
I. 1. Although he wasn't hungry, he ate two sandwiches.
2. Despite being very sad, Sally smiled and pretended to be having a good time.
3. The local police department has implemented several new crime prevention
programmes. Nevertheless, the crime rate has continued to rise.
4. Regardless of his honesty as a politician, I would never vote for Henry
Johnson because I don't agree with his views on foreign policy.
5. George was alone and lost in the woods, yet he did not panic.
II. 1. Despite /In spite of her low grades, she was admitted to the university.
2. I like living in the dorm despite the noise (there).
3. In spite of the hard work, they enjoyed themselves.
4. They wanted to climb the mountain in spite of the dangers.
5. Despite the extremely hot weather, they went jogging in the park.
III. 1. despite 5. Although
2. though 6. however
3. All the same 7. Nevertheless
4. in spite of 8. Even though
Purposes:
I. 1 in order not to wake his wife
2. In order to explain
3 so as to avoid having to stand in a queue. / in order not to stand in a
queue.
4. In order to make sure
5 ....so as not to waste your time.
6. In order to protect my interests,
7. So as not to bore you, / In order to avoid boring you,
II. 1 so that I can get a good night's sleep tonight.
2. It's a good idea for you to learn how to type so that you can type your own
papers
3. Ed took some change from his pocket so that he would by a newspaper.
4 so that he would stay home from school.
5 so that I could see the parade better.
Exceptions, Additions and expanding
I. 1. They've all gone home apart from the cook.
2. Everyone has agreed to contribute except Tim.
Everyone, except Tim, has agreed to contribute.
3. Except for you, no one seems to be interested in it.
No one seems to be interested in it but you.
4. I'll do everything to help bul the washing up.
5. There's nothing interesting there apart from the ruins of the castle.
II. 1. There are many ways you can work on improving your English outside the
class. For example, in addition to speaking English as much as possible,
you should read as many magazines Besides.
watching English
2. In addition to the increase in population there has also been
Furthermore, a housing shortage has developed.
Moreover, there are so many automobiles

Classification
I. 1. Books are classified according to their content and author.
2. Teachers are grouped according to their experience and rank.
3. Jobs are categorized by the type of work, salary and benefits.
4. Flowers are classified by their colour, need for sunlight and water.
5. Movies are categorized according to their length and content.

II. 1. Chemical substances are of two types; compounds and mixtures.

Chemical substances can be classified as compounds and mixtures.
2. Books are of two types; hardback and paperback books.
Books can be categorized as hardback and paperback books.
3. Sounds are of two types; voiced and voiceless sounds.
Sounds can be classified as voiced and voiceless sounds.
4. Transportation is of three types; air, land and water transportation.
Transportation can be categorized as air, land and water transportation.
5. Pollution is of four types; water, air, environmental and noise pollution.
Pollution can be classified as water, air, environmental and noise pollution.
Giving Examples:
1. such as milk, bread and clothes.
2. such as cancer and AIDS.
3. as telephone and microchips / such as gunpowder and atom bomb
4. such as when I talk on the phone or when someone speaks fast
5. such as German and Dutch / such as Chinese and Russian.
Contrast, Difference and Variables:
I. 1. others (some) are short / others (some) are not.
2. others enjoy the crowd and activity in the city.
3. some can speak at least one foreign language.
4. is always extremely cold.
5. would like (to have) a girl.

II. 1. different 4. Unlike

2. whereas 5. differences
3. while
Contracted Time Statements
1. After passing into the discharge pipe, the steam condenses.
2. While getting rid of their waste
3. Before gaining national fame, the
4. Before building the dam
5. The metal begins to melt after exceeding the critical temperature.
6. After leaving the furnace,
7. While rising, the piston carries the exhaust
Connectors of Condition:
1. Unless you leave now, you'll be late for class.
You should / had better leave now. Otherwise, you'll be late for class.
2. You can't travel abroad unless you have a passport.
You have to / must have a passport. Otherwise, you can't travel abroad.
3. You can't get a driver's licence unless you're at least 18 years old.
You have to / must be at least 18 years old. Otherwise, you can't get a
driver's licence.
4. You'll get hungry during class unless you eat breakfast.
You had better / should eat breakfast. Otherwise, you'll get hungry during
class.
5. Unless Tom gets a job soon, his family won't have
Tom has to / must / should / had better get a job soon. Otherwise, his
family
6. Unless I wash my clothes tonight, I won't
I have to / must / had better wash my clothes tonight. Otherwise, i
won't
7. Unless my salary is increased, I'll look for another job.
My salary must be increased. Otherwise. I'll..
8. Unless she apologizes to me, I won't forgive her.
She must / has to apologize to me. Otherwise
9. You are not allowed into the club unless you are a member.
You have to / must be a member. Otherwise, you are not allowed....
10. Unless you speak slowly, he won't
You should/must/have to speak slowly. Otherwise
 II. 1. Tom has decided to take some lemonade, in case he needs a drink.
2. Tom has decided to take a towel, in case he wants to swim.
3. Tom has decided to take his camera, in case he wants to take some
photographs.
4................... a book, in case he gets bored.
5.................... a map, in case he loses his way.
6.................... some chocolate, in case he gets hungry.
7.................... a sweater, in case of cold weather.
(in case he gets cold)
8.................... an umbrella, in case it rains.

Mixed Exercises:
1. 1. failed the exam.
2. I didn't study (hadn't studied).
3. I failed the exam.
4. ; therefore, I failed the exam.
5. ; however, I passed the exam.
6. ; nevertheless, I failed the exam.
7. I passed the exam.
8. I failed the exam.
9. I failed the exam.
10. I will/can/may/might pass the exam.
11. , I won't/can't pass the exam.
12. Otherwise, I won't/can't pass the exam.
13. Consequently, I failed the exam.
14. As a result, I failed the exam.
15. I can pass the exam.
16. , yet I failed the exam.
17. I passed the exam.
18. I study hard.
II. 1. , others are pessimists.
2. he is still thirsty.
3. Hawaii. My parents, however, have been there twice. / were there
last year.
4 open the door
5. I can have lunch.
6. to fog ; therefore, all flights were cancelled (or Therefore,)
7. There was heavy fog ; therefore, the airport was closed (or Therefore,)
8. we usually eat out.
9. person; nevertheless, I believe in good and bad luck.
10. unless there is some rain soon.
11. quickly. Otherwise, we won't finish on time.
12. children, on the other hand, are well -behaved.
III. A. 1. because of 7. except
2. Since 8. besides
3. however 9. therefore
4. in spite of 10. so that
5. unless 11. Otherwise
6. Although

B. 1. Despite 8. besides
2. As a result of 9. for example
3. Because of 10. (in order) to
4. as 11. Nevertheless
5. nevertheless 12. therefore
6. but also 13. Moreover
7. Although 14. In addition
15. therefore

1. ; however,
2. . For example,
3. ; therefore,
4. . As a result,
5. .In addition,

A. 1. Both 4. lead to
2. and 5. latter
3. result in 6. as

B. 1. similar 5. on which
2. both 6. On the other hand
3. to 7. As
4. Both

C. 1. In order to 4. etc.
2. For example 5. However
3. classify 6. when

D. 1. that 4. both
2. either 5. Apart from
3. or 6. who

E 1. types of 5. with
2. next 6. differ
3. Therefore 7. whereas
4. however 8. to

F. 1. that 5. Similarly
2. to 6. which
3. because 7. nonetheless
4. For example 8. even though
G. 1. and 7. If
2. as well as 8. what
3. as 9. as
4. whereas 10. however
5. difference 11. who
6. like
H. 1. whereas 6. that is
2. ie. 7. By contrast
3. as 8. which
4. An example 9. as
5. which
I. 1. that 5. such as
2. Without 6. consequently
3. which 7. in order to
4. unlikely
J. 1. like 5. different
2. Both 6. like
3. how 7. Therefore
4. like 8. neither
9. both
K. 1. than
2. which
3. Although
4. Unlike
L 1. therefore 4. as
2. In order to 5. however
3. that 6. Thus
M. 1. such as 6. because of
2. but 7. Finally
3. such 8. also
4. Moreover 9. As a result
5. as
2. SOME USEFUL VOCABULARY FOR ACADEMIC STUDY
A. 1. distributed 4. based on
2. derived from 5. stems from
3. results in
B. 1. tend to 3. point out
2. causes / involved in 4. liable to / gives rise to
C. 1. applications 4. carried out
2. estimating 5. brought about
3. inclined
D. 1. undergoing 3. enables / introduce
2- involved in / equipped 4. required/avoid/result from
II. A. 1. enables 5. is likely
2. overcome 6. making
3. helps 7. cope with
4. avoid 8. attempts
B. 1. tackling 4. consider
2. involved in 5. reducing
3. allow 6. spent'".
C. 1. keep : 4. consider
2. tend to 5. devote
3. deal with 6. put........ 7. into practice
D. 1. depend on 5. required
2. supply 6. avoid
3. produce 7. provide
4. applies
E. 1. pointing out 4. demonstrating
2. lead to 5. utilizes
3. outlined
3. SENTENCE ANALYSIS
Stage 1
1. I 6. C 11. c 16. I
2. I 7. I 12. I 17. C
3. C 8. I 13. I 18. I
4. I 9. C 14. I 19. I
5. I 10. C 15. I 20. I

4. SENTENCE EXPANDING
1. The old bridge, which had been loaded with heavy truck traffic for years, finally
collapsed.
2. Since gasoline is becoming expensive, automobile manufacturers are producing
smaller cars which use less gasoline.
3. Research scientists are working hard to develop economical means of converting the
sun's rays into usable energy.
4. The generation gap is often noticeable in many societies around the world, especially
in countries experiencing a rapid industrialization.
 5. Most governments in developing countries have not yet succeeded in developing
programmes that encourage people to remain in rural areas.
6. Thousands of people who are currently employed as computer programmers work
with everyday issues and problems.
7. Today, as a result of sophisticated techniques and space exploration, we know far
more about the universe, especially about our own solar system.
8. Although scientists have experimented with different methods of prediction from
observing animal behaviour to measuring radio signals from space, they have not
proven successful in predicting earthquakes.
9. In choosing a major, a student has to consider various factors such as personal
interests, job opportunities and the availability of training institutions.
10. If you want to learn a foreign language. very well, you must spend your time
practising new sentence structures, listening to native speakers and studying the
vocabulary.
11. If neither industry nor the public works toward reducing pollution problems, future
generations will suffer.
12.' There is hardly any business where a credit card is not accepted.
13. Large companies whose investments lead to new manufacturing techniques can
afford costly research and development.
14. Before broadcasting regular programmes, as an experiment, the television station
decided to show movies most of which I had already seen.
15. American cars had always been designed primarily for comfort until the price of
gasoline started to rise.

5. SENTENCE FORMATION
1. Traditional sun-care products protect us from harmful UVB rays which cause
sunburn by absorbing and re-emitting these rays without causing any harm.
Titanium dioxide (TD), on the other hand, physically blocks the rays while protecting
the skin from both UVB and UVA rays which penetrate deeper to break down the
supportive collagen and also contribute to skin cancer. With TD, which does not
undergo a chemical reaction, you can tan very slowly or not at all, so it is safer for
babies and for adults with skin allergies.
2. The lego toys are interlocking plastic bricks with which children build houses, cars
and towers. They were invented by Ole Christiansen during the Depression
Years. Christiansen was a Danish cabinet-maker who could not find work, so he
made wooden Lego toys which he then exchanged for food.
3. One cause of marital distress is that men and women have different priorities. For
instance, the malfunctioning washing-machine is just as important to a housewife as
a multi-million dollar deal is to her husband.
4. Newspaper articles usually deal with bad news of disasters, scandals, problems
most of which arouse the curiosity of the public. It has been said that this is
because good news is boring and people will not buy papers unless they can find
exciting and stimulating news stories. However, it should be possible to make good
news as exciting and interesting as bad news.
5. Being a serious problem for workers in factories, boredom has been attacked by
many psychologists. It has been shown that when small animals called "plonaria"
are given simple repetitive tasks to find water, they commit suicide rather than carry
on. Some factories have tried to eliminate repetitive tasks by building extra
machinery and by giving workers a chance to participate more directly.in the
preparation of a product. For example, Saab and Volvo, Swedish car
manufacturers, give their workers a chance to make their work more pleasing by
allowing them to build cars in small groups rather than making them work on
conveyor belts, which causes the employees to get a great deal more satisfaction
from their work.
6. Between English and Arabic there are many surprising grammatical differences the
most noticeable of which is in word order. In English, the basic word order-in
sentences is subject-verb-object whereas in Arabic the order is verb-subject-
object. In English, yes-no questions are formed by changing the word order of a
statement. Conversely, in Arabic, the word order remains the same, but a small
word which tells that a question is coming is added.
7. The geochemist goes to sea in a ship equipped with special pipes. Then
technicians push these pipes through thousands of feet of water until they strike the
bottom of the ocean. Next, they drive the pipes into the sea bottom and bring them
up again when they are full of mud which is taken to the laboratory and examined
carefully in order to obtain evidence about the constitution of rocks of the earth.
8. Biking enthusiasts know how annoying a punctured tire can be. Now a company.
called Green Tyre is marketing a bicycle tire that will never leave you flat. The tires,
which look and ride the same as conventional tires, are made of solid polyurethane
infused with thousands of microscopic air bubbles: Available in 13 models ranging
from a 20-inch version-to a 26-inch racing style, the tires come in green, blue and
yellow. According to Mr. Donnel, one of the marketing managers, they last two to
three times longer than inflated tube tires.
9. Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem which interests
him. He must solve the problems as they arise. Taking into account many
solutions, he reaches the optimum one. It may be the cheapest for a given
performance, the most reliable for a given weight, the simplest for a given safety or
the most efficient for a given cost, so engineering is optimising.
10. Owing to the remarkable development of mass-communications people everywhere
are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas while
governments are often forced to introduce further innovations. The rate of social
change throughout the world is taking place at such a vast speed that it builds up
unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents
serious problems for the government concerned. Moreover, other social stresses
may occur due to population explosion or problems arising from mass migration
movements.
Unlike the sulfa drugs which are hard crystals, the penicillins are made up of plant
material that the body can eventually absorb. However, penicillin has harmful side
effects like sulfa. Frequently, it causes not only unpleasant reactions such as a skin
rash or a light fever but also more harmful reactions, even causing the death of some
people who are allergic to it. However despite its dangerous side effects, penicillin
must be regarded as the most effective and generally useful of the miracle drugs.
Since penicillin was first introduced in 1941 it has saved untold thousands of lives.
 12. Credit cards serve many purposes one of which is to make large purchases
possible. Due to the fact that customers need several months to pay the total cost
of some expensive items such as televisions and refrigerators, they almost always
buy these with credit cards. In addition, credit cards are convenient. Since people
do not want to carry a lot of money in their wallets, they can use their cards to make
some purchases for which they don't have enough money. Credit cards also help
people keep financial records. For example, after paying for some furniture they can
save the receipt which they are given in order to show what they purchased and
how much they spent. Consequently, when credit cards are used and not abused,
they can provide a practical alternative to cash.
13. When the Chinese began to develop their public health services in 1949, they
stated that their main aim would be to prevent disease occurring. One part of their
public health programme was to teach the people simple health rules such as the
importance of drinking pure water and of getting rid of household rubbish. Mao's war
of flies, mosquitoes and rats may have been regarded by the rest of the world as a
joke, yet the fact is that (it's a fact that) it is difficult to find a housefly in China these
days. As a result, it is now possible to control the spread of some of the diseases
which, twenty-five years ago, were carried from house to house and from village to
village.
14. Regardless of the type of inflation a country's economy is experiencing, inflation
affects every individual in that society. In many countries like Mexico, Argentina and
Turkey, many families could no longer afford to buy the homes that they bought
years ago. People on fixed incomes have such serious financial problems that they
cannot live decently since their incomes do not keep up with the rate of inflation.
Inflation will continue to trouble many of us until there is cooperation not only among
the individuals within a country but also among the various governments of the
world.
15. The consumer protection movement started as a result of a growing number of
problems faced by consumers for many years. Before the current interest in
consumer protection began, the buyer was expected to look out for defects and
dishonesty when he bought something. If he made a mistake, it was his
responsibility, and nothing could be done about it. Because of the changes in
technology and advertising, it has become almost impossible for people to get the
most for their money. Technology has produced such highly complicated products
that buyers do not have the technical knowledge to evaluate them adequately. Due
to the persuasiveness of advertising, people cannot resist buying things which
they don't need or can't afford although they realize that no product will make their
lives perfect.