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ASE 342 - Aerodynamics II: Example

1) The document discusses oblique shock waves, normal shock waves, and expansion waves that occur when supersonic flows interact with solid surfaces. 2) It provides examples of calculating pressure ratios and coefficients for flows passing through single and multiple shock systems. Multiple shock systems are more efficient at slowing flows. 3) Detached bow shocks form when the flow deflection angle exceeds the maximum deflection angle for a given Mach number. Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves are the opposite of oblique shock waves and accelerate the flow isentropically.

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Mert Yılmaz
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46 views

ASE 342 - Aerodynamics II: Example

1) The document discusses oblique shock waves, normal shock waves, and expansion waves that occur when supersonic flows interact with solid surfaces. 2) It provides examples of calculating pressure ratios and coefficients for flows passing through single and multiple shock systems. Multiple shock systems are more efficient at slowing flows. 3) Detached bow shocks form when the flow deflection angle exceeds the maximum deflection angle for a given Mach number. Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves are the opposite of oblique shock waves and accelerate the flow isentropically.

Uploaded by

Mert Yılmaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

12/03/2018

Attendance keyword: nuszf

ASE 342 – Aerodynamics II

Lecturer: Uğur Karban

[email protected] Room R-215

Example
 Consider a Mach 3 flow. It is desired to slow the flow
down to a subsonic speed. Two ways to achieve this:
passing the flow through (1) a normal shock, (2) an
oblique and a normal shock subsequently. Find the total
pressure ratio for both cases. (𝛽 = 40° for Case 2)

Case 1 Case 2

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Solution
 Case 1
𝑝0,2 𝑝0,2 𝑝2 𝑝1
𝑀2 = 0.475 = = 0.3283
𝑝0,1 𝑝2 𝑝1 𝑝0,1
 Case 2
𝑝0,2,𝑜𝑏
𝑀𝑛,1 = 𝑀1 sin 𝛽 = 1.93 𝑀𝑛,2 = 0.59 = 0.7542
𝑝0,1
 From the 𝜃 – 𝛽 – 𝑀 plot, for 𝑀1 = 3 and 𝛽 = 40°, we find
𝜃 = 22°
𝑀𝑛,2 𝑝0,2
𝑀2 = = 1.91 = 0.7628
sin 𝛽 − 𝜃 𝑝0,2,𝑜𝑏
𝑝0,2 𝑝0,2 𝑝0,2,𝑜𝑏 𝑝0,2 𝑝0,2
= = 0.5753 ൘ = 1.75
𝑝0,1 𝑝0,2,𝑜𝑏 𝑝0,1 𝑝0,1 𝑝0,1
𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒2 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒1
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Total pressure ratio


 Total pressure indicates how much
useful work can be done by the
flow
 The higher the total pressure ratio
is, the higher the efficiency is!
 Multiple shock system is more
efficient
 This is why oblique shock inlet is
used for engines of supersonic
A/Cs

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Supersonic flow over wedges and cones


 Wedge  Cone
 Flow is 2-D  Shock is weaker
 The relations obtained are  Flow is 3-D
exact!  Streamlines are curved

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E.g.: Pressure coefficient of a wedge


 Supersonic flow at Mach 5
over a wedge with the tip
half angle, 𝜃 = 15°. What
is the pressure coefficient,
𝑐𝑑 ? (Assume that the base
pressure, 𝑝1 , is equal to
freestream static
pressure)

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E.g.: Pressure coefficient of a wedge


 Pressure coefficient is defined as follows
𝐷′ 𝐷′
𝑐𝑑 = =
𝑞1 𝑆 𝑞1 𝑐
𝐷 ′ = 2 𝑝2 𝑙 sin 𝜃 − 2𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝑝1 = 2𝑙 sin 𝜃 𝑝2 − 𝑝1
𝑝2 − 𝑝1
𝑙 = 𝑐/ cos 𝜃 𝐷 ′ = 2𝑐 tan 𝜃 𝑝2 − 𝑝1 𝑐𝑑 = 2𝑐 tan 𝜃
𝑞1
1 1 𝛾𝑝1 2 1 𝛾𝑝1 2 𝛾
𝑞1 = 𝜌𝑉12 = 𝜌 𝑉 = 𝑉 = 𝑝1 𝑀12
2 2 𝛾𝑝1 1 2 𝑎12 1 2
Note that flow is still
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 4 tan 𝜃 𝑝2 inviscid, but we calculate a
𝑐𝑑 = 4𝑐 tan 𝜃 = −1 nonzero drag coefficient
𝛾𝑝1 𝑀12 𝑐 𝛾𝑀12 𝑝1
for supersonic flows
𝑝2
𝑀1 = 5, 𝜃 = 15° → 𝛽 = 24.2° → = 4.736 𝑐𝑑 = 0.114
𝑝1
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Shock interactions and reflections


 What happens if there are more than one solid surfaces?

• Reflected shock is weaker than the


incident shock since 𝑀2 < 𝑀1
• Φ is not equal to 𝛽
• Same 𝜃 but at different Mach #
• Simply solve zones 1-2 and 2-3
sequentially
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Mach reflection
 Occurs when 𝑀2 is lower than the minimum Mach # for
the given 𝜃
 In such a case, O.S. does not reach the upper wall through
a straight line
 It bends as shown in the figure, so that the flow
passes through a normal shock wave at the
upper surface
 This way the streamlines at the upper
surface remain parallel to the wall
 Can be treated numerically

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Interaction of left- and right-running shock


waves
 In case of deflection from both sides of a channel, the left-
and right-running shock waves intersect each other

 𝐴 is refracted as 𝐷
 𝐵 is refracted as 𝐶

 Across the slip line


 𝑝4 = 𝑝4′ and 𝑉4 ∥ 𝑉4′
 All the rest is different
 Most noticeably 𝑠4 ≠ 𝑠4′

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Interaction of two left-running shock waves


 In case of sequential deflection on one side of a channel,
we have two left-/right-running O.S.Ws intersecting each
other.
 The shock waves 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶 intersect to form
a stronger O.S.W 𝐶𝐷
 The reflected wave 𝐶𝐸 is necessary for
flow alignment, so that
 𝑉4 ∥ 𝑉5
 𝑝4 = 𝑝5

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Detached bow shock


 When 𝜃 > 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 for a given
Mach #, we see no longer an
oblique shock wave, but a
detached bow shock!
 Point 𝑎  normal shock
 Shock wave becomes gradually
weaker  turns into a Mach
wave at point 𝑒
 Point 𝑏  O.S.W with strong
shock solution
 Point 𝑐  𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
 Point 𝑐′  flow becomes sonic
 Point 𝑑  supersonic flow
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Detached bow shock


 From points 𝑎 to 𝑒, we see all possible oblique shock
solutions
 Can only be solved
numerically

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Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves


 An oblique shock wave occurs when flow is turned into
itself
 Adiabatic but irreversible (downstream entropy is greater than
the upstream entropy)
 Expansion waves are opposite to the O.S.Ws
 Occur when flow is turned
away from itself
 Adiabatic
 Isentropic (𝑠2 = 𝑠1)

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Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves


 Infinitely many Mach waves between the two Mach lines
1 1
𝜇1 = asin 𝜇2 = asin Flow is accelerated
𝑀1 𝑀2
gradually between
 First studied by Prandtl and his student these two lines
Meyer in 1907-1908
 We will repeat
the same analysis!

𝑀2 > 𝑀1

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Solution for an infinitesimal expansion


 Assume an infinitesimal expansion by an angle 𝑑𝜃
 Remember that the tangential velocity remains unchanged
across a wave!
𝑉 cos 𝜇 = 𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉 cos(𝜇 + 𝑑𝜃)
𝑉 + 𝑑𝑉 cos 𝜇
=
𝑉 cos 𝜇 + 𝑑𝜃

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Solution for an infinitesimal expansion


 From the trigonometric relations
small angle assumption
cos(𝜇 + 𝑑𝜃) = cos 𝜇 cos 𝑑𝜃 − sin 𝜇 sin 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝑑𝜃 ≈ 1, sin 𝑑𝜃 ≈ 𝜃

𝑑𝑉 cos 𝜇 1 1
1+ = = = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + ⋯
𝑉 cos 𝜇 − sin 𝜇 𝑑𝜃 1 − 𝑑𝜃 tan 𝜇 1 − 𝑥
for small 𝑥, H.O.T can be
𝑑𝑉 1 neglected
1+ = 1 + 𝑑𝜃 tan 𝜇 tan 𝜇 =
𝑉 𝑀2 − 1 𝑀
𝑑𝑉 1
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑀2 − 1 𝜇
𝑉
𝜃 𝑀2 𝑀2 − 1
𝑑𝑉
න 𝑑𝜃 = න 𝑀2 − 1 we need to write this
0 𝑀1 𝑉
in terms of 𝑀

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Solution for an infinitesimal expansion


 Remember the definition of Mach number
𝑀 = 𝑉Τ𝑎 → 𝑉 = 𝑀𝑎 → ln 𝑉 = ln 𝑀 + ln 𝑎 taking the derivative
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑎 𝑎0 2 𝑇0 𝛾−1 2
= + = =1+ 𝑀
𝑉 𝑀 𝑎 𝑎 𝑇 2
−1Τ2
𝛾−1 2
𝑎 = 𝑎0 1+ 𝑀
2
−1
𝑑𝑎 𝛾−1 𝛾−1 2
=− 𝑀 1+ 𝑀 𝑑𝑀
𝑎 2 2
𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑𝑀
= 2
𝑉 1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀 𝑀

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Solution for the expansion fan


 Replacing the final expression into the integral equation
𝑀2
𝑀2 − 1 𝑑𝑀
𝜃=න 2
𝑀1 1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀 𝑀

 The indefinite integral is called Prandtl-Meyer function


𝑀2 − 1 𝑑𝑀
𝜈 𝑀 =න 2
1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀 𝑀

𝛾+1 𝛾+1 2
𝜈 𝑀 = atan (𝑀 − 1) − atan 𝑀2 − 1
𝛾−1 𝛾−1

 Given 𝑀1 and 𝜃, we can find 𝑀2 using 𝜃 = 𝜈 𝑀2 − 𝜈 𝑀1

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Solution for the expansion fan


 Isentropy condition  𝑇0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡, 𝑝0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡

𝑇2 𝑇2 /𝑇0 1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀12
= =
𝑇1 𝑇1 /𝑇0 1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀22
𝛾
𝑝2 𝑝2 /𝑝0 1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀12 𝛾−1
= =
𝑝1 𝑝1 /𝑝0 1 + 𝛾 − 1 Τ2 𝑀22
 Since the process is isentropic, the same relations can be
used for isentropic compression!

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