Kufa Journal of Engineering

Vol. 8, No. 3, October 2017, P.P. 1-20

Received 23 October 2016, accepted 3 January 2017

EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF

SLOT DIMPLE TUBE ON THE HEAT EXCHANGER
PERFORMANCE
Humam K. Jalghaf1 and Falah F. Hatem2
1
Asst. Lecturer, Mechanical Eng. Dept., University of Technology, E-mail:
[email protected]
2
Lecturer, PhD, Mechanical Eng. Dept., University of Technology, E-mail:
[email protected]

ABSTACT:
The present work investigated experimental and numerical the effect of internal radiate on the
external tube on heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop in tube for range of Reynolds
Number of (4000-16000). The study also discuss the different in results between the slot dimple
tube and plain tube. Heat transfer and pressure drop for test tube were evaluated and presented
as dimensionless value by Nusselt number and friction factor. Overall enhancement ratio of
dimpled tube is discussed. Thermal and hydrodynamic results of CFD study are presented in
form velocity vector and contour of local heat transfer coefficient. The results comparison of
Nusselt number between plain tube and present slot dimples tube, shows that slot dimples tube
enhance the heat transfer between 1.584 - 2 times the plain tube, and When compare between
experimental and correlated Nusselt number for present slot dimple tube, the result show
deviation in the test range of Reynolds number. The numerical results were in good agreement
with the present experimental results. The deviation is within 6 - 22% higher for numerical at
low and high Reynolds number, respectively. The overall enhancement ratio for present slot
dimpled tube dependent on plain tube, the result depict that the slot dimple tube gave high
enhancement in heat transfer relative to plain tube. The enhancement ratio is varied from (1.09
to 1.15) for range of Reynolds numbers between (4000 to16000).

KEYWORDS: Experimental study, Numerical study, dimple tube, heat transfer enhancement,
Nusselt number.
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪Humam and Falah‬‬

‫دراسة عملية ونظرية الداء االنبوب ذي الندب الشقي المستخدم في مبادل حراري‬
‫م‪ .‬د‪ .‬فالح فاخر حاتم‬ ‫م‪ .‬م‪ .‬همام كريم جلغف‬
‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‪ ،‬الجامعة التكنولوجية‬ ‫قسم الهندسة الميكانيكية‪ ،‬الجامعة التكنولوجية‬
‫الخالصة‪:‬‬
‫تم في هذا البحث دراسة تجريبية ونظرية لوجود ندب شقية طولية في انبوب مبادل حراراي على اداءه لمدى من عدد رينولدز‬
‫بين ( ‪ .)16000 - 4000‬تم في هذه الدراسة مقارنة النتائج بين أنبوب ذي الندب الشقي وأنبوب عادي كما تم تقييم انتقال‬
‫الحرارة وانخفاض الضغط ألنبوب االختبار وعرض كقيمة البعدية بواسطة عدد نسلت ومعامل االحتكاك‪ .‬كذلك تم دراسة‬
‫نسبة التحسين الكلية النتقال الحرارة في االنبوب ‪ .‬تم اظهار النتائج الحرارية والهيدروديناميكية بشكل متجهات سرعه و‬
‫كونتور معامل انتقال الحرارة الموقعي‪ .‬من مقارنة نتائج عدد نسلت بين االنبوب العادي وانبوب ذي الندب الشقي الحالي تبين‬
‫أن الندب الشقي يمكن أن يعزز نقل الحرارة بمقدار (‪ )1.584- 2‬اكبر من االنبوب العادي‪ ،‬وعند مقارنة رقم نسلت بين‬
‫التجريبية والتصحيحية لألنبوب ذي الشق ‪ ،‬اظهرت النتائج انحراف في مجموعة اختبار عدد رينولدز‪ .‬وكانت النتائج النظريه‬
‫في تطابق جيد مع النتائج التجريبية الحالية وبنسبة انحراف هو ضمن (‪ )6-22 %‬اعلى من النتائج النظرية القل واعلى عدد‬
‫رينولدزعلى التوالي ‪ .‬نتيجة االختبار نسبة التحسن الكلية لالنبوب ذي الندب الشقي الحالي مقارنة مع أنبوب االعتيادي‪ ،‬أن‬
‫االنبوب ذي الندب الشقي يعطي تعزيز عالي في نسبة التحسن الكلية بمقدار زيادة من (‪ )1.09-1.15%‬لمجموعة من عدد‬
‫رينولدز بين (‪.)16000 -4000‬‬
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 3

1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, a significant number of thermal engineering researchers are seeking for new
enhancing heat transfer methods between surfaces and the surrounding fluid. Due to this fact,
Bergles (1998), classified the mechanisms of enhancing heat transfer as active or passive
methods, those which require external power to maintain the enhancement mechanism are
named active methods. On the other hand, the passive enhancement methods are those which
do not require external power to sustain the enhancements’ characteristics. In addition, a hybrid
technique which includes two or more form each of passive and active technique. Plain tubes
are common elements used as a heat transfer surface in most heat exchange equipment. The
overall heat transfer coefficient depends on both internal and external heat transfer process, for
example, in fire tube boiler where flue gas passes through tube and water boiling takes place at
the outer surface of tube. The heat transfer is restricted by the flue gas side due to lower thermal
conductivity compared to boiling heat transfer which is almost greater than gas convective heat
transfer by order of 30-50, therefore the enhancement be considered in tube side. In shell and
tube heat exchanger, the convection heat transfer coefficient on the shell side (flow over the
tubes) is 100-200% greater than the convective heat transfer coefficient inside the tube for the
same Reynolds number, therefore, the enhancement of heat transfer at the internal tube surface
is necessary to reduce the overall resistance of heat transfer.

Literature shows that an extensive work was developed to enhance the convective heat transfer
coefficient inside tube. Watchorn et al. (2006) studied experimentally the influences of the
twisted tape insertion on the heat transfer and flow friction characteristics in a concentric double
pipe heat exchanger for the range of Reynolds number of 2000-12000. The experimental results
revealed that the increase in heat transfer rate of the twisted-tape inserts is found to be strongly
influenced by tape-induced swirl or vortex motion. Over the range investigated, the maximum
Nusselt numbers for using the enhancement devices with y = 5.0 and 7.0 are 188% and 159%,
respectively, higher than that for the plain tube. The swirling flow induced by twisted tape
inserts led to high friction of 3.37 and 2.94 times of the plain tube, for y = 5.0 and 7.0,
respectively. Emman (2004) presented a numerical and experimental study on heat transfer
enhancement by using semi-circular buckling (bulge) pipes. These buckling were organized in
two ways in-line and stagger. The pipe is 0.0415m with buckling diameter of 0.022m and
Reynolds number range 4000-30000. The study showed that the heat transfer rate increases
with the increase in the buckling diameter. The study also indicates that the space between two
buckling centres is inversely proportional to the heat transfer rate. The pressure drop in the
4 Humam and Falah

stagger is higher than that of in-line because this is more acute than the stagger due to higher
velocity occur at the buckling surface. This higher velocity leads to higher-pressure drop, till
the fluid reaches the top of the semi-circular buckling surface. Also her results show that the
pumping power required for the stagger arrange is less than the inline due to previous reasons.
Khalil et al. (2010) investigated experimentally the heat transfer, pressure drop characteristics,
and efficiency enhancement for swirling flow through a sudden pipe expansion. Propeller swirl
generator with different vane angles inserted at different distances (S) from the test pipe
entrance to investigate its influence on the heat transfer inside the sudden pipe expansion. It
was found that inserting a swirl generator inside a sudden pipe expansion causes an increment
in both the relative mean Nusselt number and the enhanced efficiency of the tested pipe. Amer
et al. (2016) investigated experimentally the heat transfer and pressure drop using dimpled tube.
The experimental results showed that the heat transfer and pressure drop of staggered
arrangement are increased when dimples pitch ratio X/d is decreased. The result also shows that
the spherical dimple is the better than oval (with the same conditions), and the staggered
arrangement performed better heat transfer than that of the inline arrangement. The current
study is used slot dimpled tube and compared with plain tube. Evaluation the enhancement in
heat transfer for slot dimpled through the study and the effect of increasing Reynolds number
on Nusselt number with a constant surface temperature. The theoretical analysis of this work
will be completed, using ANSYS FLUENT commercial CFD software to study the effect of
Reynolds number on heat transfer enhancement, average Nusselt number and velocity profile.

2. TEST RIG AND EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS:

The test rig composed of the following main parts and measuring apparatus, the schematic
diagram and photo of the experimental apparatus used in this study are shown in Fig. 1:

A: Flow System;

B: Steam Generation System;

C: Instrumentations.

A- Flow System
In the experimental, a turbulent flow regime was considered; therefore the system was designed
for obtaining Reynolds number in the range of 4000 to 16000. The air flow system includes
the following parts:

1. Blower.
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 5

2. Air flow tube

3. Test section.

4. Test tubes.

Fig. 1. The photos and Schematic diagram of the test rig

1- Bordan gauge. 2- Steam delivers. 3- Steam condensate drian. 4- Steam shell with insulation.

5- Flange of steam the shell. 6- Flange of the ring. 7-Outer air tube. 8- Inlet air tube. 9- Union joint.
10- Water manometer. 11- Pressure tapping

The following notes classify technical description for each part:

1-Blower

Centrifugal fan with impeller diameter (410 mm) was used for supplying air to the test section.
The fan is capable to provide volume flow rate of 40 m3/hr and the maximum discharge pressure
of 4000Pa. The fan is driven by an electric motor of 500W running at 2800 r.p.m. The air flow
rate is controlled by a slide vane located at the fan’s inlet section.

2-Air Flow Tube

Air flow was measured using orifice flow meters manufactured according to British standard
(Amer et al., 2016), This required a uniform and fully developed flow upstream of the orifice
6 Humam and Falah

section where L/D should be ≥ 16, therefore a steel tube of (50 mm) inner diameter and (1000
mm) length is connected between the blower outlet flange and the orifice flange. Due to limited
space, the test section is located in parallel to the air supply system, therefore a tube with U
shape of 1 length on both side is connected between the orifice plate and the test section. This
connection maintain the flow undisturbed downstream of the orifice plate and obtain a fully
developed flow at the test section entrance. Pipe fitting reducer of 50 x 40 mm is connected
with the U shape section to fit the diameter of the tube test section. This tube is connected with
the test tube by special pipe coupling, where the pressure and temperature taps are fixed to
connect with measurement apparatus.

3- Test Section: The test section contained of two parts:

I-Shell side

The test section is a shell and tube configuration, where steam flows in shell side, while air
flows inside the tube. The shell side is made from carbon steel tube of 75 mm inner diameter,
outer diameter 82 mm and 1200 mm length. The shell ends are welded with the special flange
that machined to produce sealing housing, where sealing cap pushed through by screw bolts,
the cross section of the flange and sealing cup. The flanges have a central bore hole with a
diameter equal to the test tube diameter, where the test tube can be slide through aligning the
tube to be in the shell center. Teflon rope of 10 mm is packed in the flange housing and warping
round the test tube while sealing cup is forced by the four bolts to compress the teflon rope on
the test tube and on the inner ring of the flange housing to produce tight sealing and to maintain
the saturation steam pressure and temperature.

II-Test Tubes

Tube made from copper of 35 mm diameter and (1600 mm) long, as plain tube and then form
a slot grove with (40mm) center to center distance, 5mm radius of slot and 5 mm grove depth,
as shown in Fig. 2, the tube was manufactured by CNC machine in the University of
Technology Training Center.

B. Steam Generation System

In the present work, a fire tube boiler was used to produce a complete saturated steam. The
boiler is equipped with fully automatic burner, safety controls, other tube fittings and measuring
instruments. Steam is supplied at pressure up to 12bar and temperature 191.7°C. The saturated
steam was supplied to the test section from the boiler via throttling valve and flow regulation
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 7

valve. The steam conditions at the inlet to the test section can be controlled for the desired
pressure and temperature.

Fig. 2. The photos of the test tube.

C. Instrumentations
The essential measurements required are volume flow rate, temperature of air and steam, and
pressure drop through test tube. The following sections describe the instrumentation that had
been used in the experimental test:

1. Air flow rate instrument: Air flow rate was measured by orifice plate manufactured
according to British Standard 1042 (British Standard, 199). The pressure tap is
connected with water manometer by flexible polyethylene tube .

2. Temperature Instrument: Four digital thermometers type K were used to measure the
temperature. The thermocouples were calibrated using standard calibration method. The
accuracy of this thermometer was found to be of ± 0.1oC for the range of temperature 0
to 300oC. These thermocouples were fixed at the following positions: One thermocouple
placed upstream of the orifice plate. Two thermocouples were placed across the test tube
to measure the inlet and the outlet air temperature. One thermocouple placed in the
steam shell to measure the saturated steam temperature which represents the wall
temperature of the test tube.

3. Pressure Instrument: Two types of pressure instruments were used:

8 Humam and Falah

a) Borden gauge produced by (Amet) range of (0-10 bar) with increments of 0.2bar was
used to measure the saturated steam pressure in steam shell.

b) Two water manometers of range (1000mm water) were used to measure the pressure
difference across the orifice plate and the pressure drop through test tubes.

3. CALCULATIONS

3.1. Volume discharge, mass flow rate, and mean velocity (Victor and Benjamin,
1984):
Volume discharge:

2(𝑝2 − 𝑝1 )
𝑄 = 𝐶. 𝐴° √ (1)
𝜌

Where: C is the discharge coefficient obtained from chart at certain Reynolds number and area
ratio.

Mass flow rate of air:

𝑚 = 𝑄 .𝜌 (2)

Mean velocity:

𝑚
𝑢𝑚 = (3)
𝐴𝐶 .𝜌

Where:
𝜋
𝐴𝑐 = ( ) ∗ (𝐷ℎ )2
4

3.2. Heat transfer calculation (Holman, 1976):

A –Heat transfer coefficient:

Energy balance gives the following equation:

q (Wall) =q (air)

h . As .( LMTD )  mc p Tao  Tai 

𝑚 . 𝑐𝑝 .(𝑇∞ − 𝑇𝑎𝑖 )
̅=
ℎ (4)
𝐴𝑠 .(𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷)

Where:

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋 ∗ 𝐷ℎ ∗ 𝐿
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 9

Where: (LMTD) represents logarithmic mean temperature difference which is more accurate
than average temperature when temperature increases higher than 50% (Shah, 1978), it is
calculated as follow:

(𝑇𝑤 −𝑇𝑎𝑜 )−(𝑇𝑤 −𝑇𝑎𝑖 )

𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 = (5)
𝐿𝑛((𝑇𝑤 −𝑇𝑎𝑜 )/(𝑇𝑤 −𝑇𝑎𝑖 ))

3.3. Nusselt number (Nu):

ha D
Nu = (6)
ka

Then, the Nusselt number of smooth tube was calculated for comparison:

Nu= 0.023 Re4⁄5 Pr 𝑛 Dittus –Boelter equation (Frank and David, 1986) (7)

Where (n=0.4) for heating.

3.4. Friction factor ( f ) :

∆𝑃 ̅2
𝐿𝑢
=f Darcy- Weisbach equation (Robert and Alan, 1998) (8)
𝛾 𝐷 2𝑔

Where ∶ 𝛾 = 𝜌∗𝑔

Then, the friction factor of smooth tube was calculated for comparison:

0.316
f =Re0.25 Blasius equation. (Robert and Alan, 1998) (9)

3.5. Data Reduction

Heat transfer represented by dimensionless parameter Nusselt number is calculated by the using
equation (6). To validate the present experimental test apparatus the test was performed on a
plain tube, and the results are compared with well-known equations of Dittus-Boelter,
Gueblinki and Blasius equation for heat transfer inside a tube for a turbulent flow at constant
wall temperature (Jafari et al., 2002).

𝑁𝑢 = 0.023 𝑅𝑒 0.8 𝑃𝑟 0.3 (10)

𝑁𝑢 = 0.012(𝑅𝑒 0.87 − 280)𝑃𝑟 0.4 (10a)

0.316
f= (10b)
Re0.25
10 Humam and Falah

The friction factor can be defined on the basis of an equivalent shear force in the flow direction
per unit of heat transfer (or friction area), whether this equivalent shear force is a true viscous
shear or a primarily a pressure force. For the surface considered, the pressure drop across the
tube is due to the viscous shear, turbulence and eddies induced by dimples. The friction factor
(f) can be calculated by measuring the pressure upstream and downstream of the tested tube
and according to the equation:

2 ∆𝑃 𝐷
𝑓= (11)
𝐿 𝜌 𝑈2

And, Δp represents the pressure drop across the test section and is evaluated from the following
equation:

∆𝑃 = 𝜌 𝑔 ℎ (12)

The data obtained from the slot dimple tube were compared with plain tube for smooth pipe
and the results presented later.

3.6. Overall enhancement ratio

Overall enhancement ratio is defined as the ratio of heat transfer enhancement ratio to the
friction factor ratio based on the equal pumping power. This parameter is used to differentiate
the passive technique and a comparison of different configurations for the technique itself. The
overall enhancement ratio is defined as Amer et al. (2016) [5]:

𝑵𝒖𝒆 𝒇𝒆 𝟎.𝟑
𝜼=( )⁄( ) ≥𝟏 (13)
𝑵𝒖𝒑 𝒇𝒑

This relation based on the heat transfer and pressure drop of plain tube, and according to above
relation, the overall enhancement ratio should be greater than unit. The greater value indicates
better performance for that geometry, while value less than one indicate bad or worthless
approach.

4. NUMERICAL APPROACH:
The numerical simulations or computational fluid dynamic CFD allow analysis of a complex
phenomenon without resorting to an expensive prototype for flow visualization with
sophisticated experimental measurements In this section, geometry, mesh, setup (assumption,
governing equations, turbulence model and boundary condition), solution and post processer
results are discussed.
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 11

4.1. System Geometry:

The configurations of geometry are tube in dimensions (35mm diameter and 1600mm length),
slot dimple dimensions (40 mm center to center distance, 5mm slot end radius and 5 mm depth).
The system geometry is drawn by using (solid works) as shown in Fig. 2.

4.2. Mesh
Unstructured grids are in general successful for complex geometries, so for the above reason
the unstructured tetrahedron grids was used in the current study. In the present work, a higher
order element type, as shown in Fig. 3 is used for mesh generation to approximate precisely the
boundaries of high curvature.

Fig. 3. Geometry mesh

 Grid independence test:

The final point in a good mesh is the total number of cells generated. It is vital to have enough
number of cells for a good resolution but memory requirements increase as the number of cells
increases. For the present cases, an average of (1.2) million cells is used.

4.3. Setup
4.3.1. Assumption:

In the present study, air is taken as the working fluid and the flow characteristics are assumed
to be as (Steady flow, three dimensional, Newtonian fluid, Incompressible fluid, Turbulent
flow).
12 Humam and Falah

4.3.2. Governing Equations:

The governing equations to be solved are the continuity, momentum, energy equations
(Versteeg. and Malalasekera, 1996) and (Roy, 1987).The mass of a fluid is conserved. The rate
of change in the momentum is equal to the sum of forces on a fluid particle. The rate of change
of energy is equal to the sum of the rate of the heat added to and the rate of work done on a
fluid particle.

A. Continuity equation (Ashish and Shane, 2006)

  
u  v  w  0
x y z (14)

B. Conservation of momentum (Ashish and Shane, 2006)

   p  u  u  u
u 2  uv  uw    e  e  e  Sx
x y z x x x y y z z (15)

   p  v  v  v
vu  v 2  vw     e   e  e  Sy
x y z y x x y y z z (16)

   p  w  w  w
wu  wv  w 2     e  e  e  Sz
x y z z x x y y z z (17)

C. Conservation of energy:[15]

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝜕𝑥
𝜌𝑢𝑇 + 𝜕𝑦 𝜌𝑣𝑇 + 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝑤𝑇 = 𝜕𝑥 (𝜌Г𝑒 𝜕𝑥) + 𝜕𝑦 (𝜌Г𝑒 𝜕𝑦) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝜌Г𝑒 𝜕𝑧 ) (18)

1 t
Where, Γe = Γ l + Γt and 1  ; t 
Prl Prt

4.3.3. Turbulence Model

The choice of turbulent model depends on consideration such as the physics encompassed in
the flow, the established practice for a specific class of problem, the level of accuracy required,
the available computational resources, and the amount of time available for the simulation. To
make the most suitable choice of model for the application, it is necessary to understand the
capabilities and limitations of the various turbulence models from previous researches. The
standard(𝑘 − 𝜀) model is economical with reasonable accuracy for a wide range of turbulent
flows and it is widely used in heat transfer simulation.
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 13

4.4. Boundary Conditions

The boundaries are similar to the experiment and are prescribed at all boundary surfaces of the
computation domain.

At solid walls, constant wall temperature boundary conditions are used with temperature of
135oC, and no-slip boundary condition is set for the geometry. Inlet velocity condition for the
mainstream air inlet which set to have a uniform velocity profile. Five inlet velocity used to
obtain Reynolds number value of (4000, 8000, 12000, and 16000), and at outlet set the
boundary as pressure outlet.

4.5. Solution
The segregated solver, ANSYS is the solution algorithm used by FLUENT and is adopted in
the present work. For high speed and compressible flows another solver, called coupled solver
may be activated in FLUENT. Since no compressibility effects are introduced, this method
(coupled solver) will not be investigated. Using segregated solver approach, the governing
equations solved sequentially (i.e., segregated from one another). Since the governing equations
are non-linear (and coupled), many iterations may be done before a converged solution is
obtained. The SIMPLE algorithm is used in the present work.

4.5.4. Initial Condition

The flow filed is unknown unless iteration is started; therefore, an initial guess is needed to start
the solution. The initialization of the model is important for convergence. If the initial
conditions are poor, then it takes longer to converge or it may even result in divergence. For the
present work, all variables are initiated from the inlet boundary conditions.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the experimental and numerical results of slot dimple tube presented. Heat
transfer and pressure drop for test tube were evaluated and presented as dimensionless values
by Nusselt number and friction factor for the range of Reynolds number from 4000 to 16000.
Overall enhancement ratios of dimpled tube discussed. Thermal and hydrodynamic results of
CFD study are presented in form velocity vector and contour, contour of local heat transfer
coefficient, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence intensity.

A. The local heat transfer coefficient on slot dimples and plain surface

It is clear that high heat transfer can be observed on the dimples surfaces and at the surface
downstream of the dimpled body due to the flow impingent and reattachments at these regions
14 Humam and Falah

where high turbulence are existing, the heat transfer in dimpled tube can be classified into two
surfaces which are the dimples and the plain surface, and can be note that the maximum heat
transfer coefficient occur at inlet of tube as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Contour of heat transfer coefficient

The experimental Nusselt number for the present dimple tube are shown in Fig. 6, the Nusselt
number increase with increase Reynold number which is natural behavior due to increase the
turbulent flow which leads to destroy the flow pattern and the flow become more irregular and
that allow to cool air in the core of flow to reach into the wall and this temperature difference
allow to heat transfer between the flow and wall. While the friction factor decrease with the
increase in the Reynold number because the dimple create pressure difference between the up
and down of dimple, and arrange the slot dimple in staggered miner also leads to obstruction
the flow as shown in Fig. 5. In general, for a laminar flow, the pressure differential across the
protrusion is small in the absence of separation. Across the dimple dome, the pressure
difference between the fore and aft side of the dimple is also small. Hence, at low Reynolds
numbers, the shear or surface friction dominates the total losses. For turbulent or high Reynolds
number, flow separation and wake formation on the protrusion with separation and
reattachment within the dimple. This is attributing to the high pressure associated with slot
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 15

dimpled tube compared with the plain tube. The mean friction factor for the dimple tube (5.87)
times higher than that for the plain tube as shown in Fig. 8.

Fig .5. Velocity vector

80
Nu slot dimple tube Nu plane tube
70

60

50
Nu

40

30

20

10

0
4123 6728 9441 14441
Re

Fig. 6. Comparison between Nusselt number for the slot dimple tube and plain tube for the
present experimental results
16 Humam and Falah

A- Comparison of enhancement technique

1. Heat transfer and pressure drop, Fig. 6 illustrates the Nusselt number of plain tube in
comparison with the present slot dimples tube. the result show that slot dimples tube
can enhance the heat transfer by1.584- 2 times the plain tube, and when compare
between experimental and correlation Nusselt number for present slot dimple tube as in
Fig. 7, the result show deviation in the range of Reynolds number 4000-16000. The
enhancement of heat transfer is accompanying with increase in pressure drop. Fig. 8
reveals the friction factor of the present slot dimples and plain tube technique. The result
shows that the slot dimple tube has moderate pressure drop on dimple pitch. For both
bulge and dimple tube, the existing of lump induced drag due to sudden change in flow
directions, therefore pressure drop is proportion with lump depth. The numerical results
were in good agreement with the present experimental results. Fig. 9 reveals the
comparison between the numerical and experimental results of heat transfer for present
slot dimple tube. The deviation is within 6- 22% higher for numerical at low and high
Reynolds number, respectively. Fig. 5 Shows the variation of heat transfer along the
tube, where high heat transfer can be noticed at the inlet section where a laminar
boundary layer exists.

2. overall enhancement ratio: Fig. 10 shows the overall enhancement ratio for present slot
dimpled tube dependent on plain tube. The result depict that the slot dimple tube give
high enhancement in heat transfer relative to plane tube due to increase in heat transfer
area. The enhancement ratio is varied from (1.09 to 1.15) for range of Reynolds numbers
(4000-16000). This indicates that 9-15% of heat transfer area can be saved at the same
pumping power compared with the plain tube heat exchanger.
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 17

80
Nu ex Nu corelation
70

60

Nu 50

40

30

20

10

0
4123 6728 9441 14441 15511
Re

Fig. 7. Comparison between experimental and correlation Nusselt t number

For present slot dimple tube

friction factor Ex slot dimple friction factor Ex plane tube

0.12

0.1
FRICTION FACTOR

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
4123 6728 9441 14441
Re

Fig. 8. Comparison experimental friction factor between present slot dimple tube and plain tube
18 Humam and Falah

80
Nu nu Nu ex
70
60
Nu 50
40
30
20
10
0
4123 6728 9441 14441
Re

Fig. 9. Comparison between numerical and experimental Nusselt number for present slot dimple
tube

1.15

1.14

1.13
ɳ

1.12
ɳ
1.11

1.1

1.09
4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
RE

Fig. 10. The overall enhancement ratio for present slot dimpled dependent on plain tube

6. CONCLUSION
The present work reaches to the following conclusion:

1. Nusselt number increase with increase Reynold number due to increase the turbulent
flow which leads to destroyed the flow pattern and the flow become more irregular

2. Friction factor decrease with increase in the Reynold number because the dimple create
pressure difference between the upstream and downstream of dimple.

3. The numerical results were in good agreement with the present experimental results.
 Kufa Journal of Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2017 19

4. Use slot dimple tube give high enhancement in heat transfer relative to plane tube due
to increase in heat transfer area.

5. Heat transfer area can be saved at the same pumping power compared with the plain
tube heat exchanger.

7. NOMENCLATURES:
A Orifice cross-sectional area (m2)

As Tube surface area (m2)

C Discharge coefficient

Cp Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg. k)

D Tube diameter (m)

L Test section length (m)

f friction factor

h Average heat transfer coefficient (W/ m2.K)

m Mass flow rate (kg/s)

Nu Average Nusselt number

P Pressure (pa)

Pr Prandtl number

Q Volumetric discharge (m3/s)

q Heat energy (W)

T Temperature (c, K)

t time sec

u Mean velocity (m/s)

ρ Fluid Density kg/m3

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