ISBN : 978-979-8452-71-0

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3rd INAFOR 2015

International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers
October 21 - 22, 2015
Proceedings of International Conference of
Indonesia Forestry Researchers III-2015
“Forestry research to support sustainable timber production
and self-sufficiency in food, energy, and water”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3rd INAFOR

International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers
October 21 - 22, 2015

ISBN 978-979-8452-71-0
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION AGENCY
2016
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

TOPIC III: FOREST AND WATER INTERACTION

691
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

POSTER C1 - The Role of Pine and Teak Forest on Low Flow at

Central Java

Irfan B. Pramono1 and Rahardyan N. Adi1

1Forestry Technology Research Institute for Watershed Management
Jl. A.Yani Pabelan P.O.Box 295 Surakarta, Central Java
Corresponding Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Pine (Pinus merkusii) and teak (Tectona grandis) forest are the most important plantation forest
in Java. Pine forest is suspected consume much water than teak forest. The aim of the
research is to investigate water yield of the forests during dry season. There are two
watersheds covered by pine and teak forest. Each watershed is divided by sub-watersheds
with various percentages of forest covers. The pine forests cover 13% to 95% of the
watershed areas. While the other watersheds covered by the teak forests vary from 20% to
92%. Parent material of pine forest consists of volcanic material and that of the teak forest is
limestone. The method used is a direct measurement of the low flow rate during the dry
season on watershed with various percentage of teak and pine forest area. Trend line analysis
is used for comparing low flow at different forest cover areas. The results showed that The
low flow will increase when forest area increases both in pine and teak forest. The pine and
teak forests have significant role for producing low flow when dry season is longer. The low
flows are not only influenced by forest cover but also others factors such as climate, parent
material, soil type, and slope steepness.

Keywords: low flow, pine forest, teak forest, climate, soil, geology, slope

1. INTRODUCTION

Stream low flow is one of the indicators of watershed sustainability. Low flow is the minimum
flow in a river during the dry periods of the year (Smakhtin, 2001). Base flow is the portion of
flow that come from groundwater or other delayed sources (Hall, 1968 in Tallaksen, 1995).
Based on these definitions the difference between low flow and base flow is time of
occurrence, low flow occurred during dry period and base flow occurred during the whole
year.

Forests, generally believed to be one of them serves as watersheds, keeping time and spread
the water flow of the river, keeping the microclimate and able to protect the area below from
various disasters such as floods (Asdak, 1995). There have been many studies in various
countries have expressed the effect of setting the amount and composition of the forest
vegetation on water flow behaviour, indicating that the annual water flow increases when the
vegetation is removed or reduced in numbers large enough (Hamilton and King, 1984, and
Malmer, 1992, in Asdak, 1995; Bosch and Hewlett, 1982, Bruijnzeel, 1990, and Iroume et al.,
2006). The function of forest vegetation in regulating the hydrological environment occurs
through the soil surface protection against the onslaught of rain kinetic energy, namely
through three layers of water storage areas, either by canopy strata (canopy), forest litter and
forest soil pores, so that the water flow can be regulated (Pereira, 1989 in Asdak, 1995). One
of the most important functions of forests is the regulator of the water system is set up so that
rain water is abundant during the rainy season does not become flooded by increasing the

692
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

infiltration capacity of the soil. With the increased capacity of infiltration into the soil, the
water storage in the soil increased so that can be streamed over time, especially during the dry
season.

Sustainable forest management is a necessity. One aspect to note is the preservation of the
environmental aspects, in particular water system. Water system include water flood response,
the base flow (the dry season), and water quality. Aspects of the water system are an indicator
of sustainable forest management.
Low flows variability depend on drainage density, areal coverage of colluviums, slope, and
percent of the channel network as first order stream (Price et al.2011). Price (2011) mentioned
that geomorphology, soil, land use, and climate change controls base flow. Many studies
concluded that lower base flow associated with higher watershed forest cover, forests have
high evapotranspiration rate. While other studies said that increased base flow with higher
watershed forest cover due to higher infiltration rate (Price, 2011). Beck et al. (2013)
concluded that Base Flow Index (BFI) and Base Flow Recession Constant (k) were related to
several climatic and physiographic characteristics, notably mean annual potential evaporation,
mean snow water equivalent depth, and abundance of surface water bodies. Mazvimavi et al.
(2004) mentioned that Base Flow Index has positive correlation with annual rainfall (r=0.7).
Stream water flows increase when transpiration decreases (Schafer, 2014). Trees can reduce
runoff at small catchment scale-at large scale, trees are more clearly linked to increased
precipitation and water availability (Ellison et al., 2011). The aim of the research is to
investigate water yield of the forests during dry season.

2. METHOD

2.1 Location
The study areas are located in Gombong for pine forest watershed and in Cepu for teak forest
watershed. Administratively, Gombong is located in Kebumen district and Cepu area is
located in Blora district. Both areas are located in Central Java Province. The parent material
in pine forest is volvanic while in teak forest is limestone sedimen.

2.2 Method
There are 8 (eight) sub watersheds with different area of pine forests in Gombong. The pine
forest areas vary between 13 to 52 % of sub watershed area. While in Cepu, there are 7 (seven)
sub watersheds with different area of teak forest. The teak forest areas vary between 23 to 94
% of sub watershed area. Each watershed was installed hydrological equipment for low flow
measurements.

2.3 Data analysis

Low flow data were measured during dry season, usually from July to September. Low flows
were analyzed at every measurement. In order to make comparison with different watershed
forest area, the low flows were measured at sub watershed area. The unit measurement of low
flow is litre/second/km2 (area of sub watershed). The low flows, both on pine and teak
forest, were analyzed using trend line analysis with different forest cover area in sub
watersheds.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Land cover of pine forest watershed

The area of pine forested watershed in Gombong is 3,795 ha consisting of 8 sub-watersheds,
namely Silengkong, Watujali, Tapak Gajah, Pasuruan, Kedung Pane, Lowereng, Kali Kemit,
693
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

and Kedung Bulus sub watershed. Details of each sub-watershed and the land cover can be
seen in Table 1, while their distribution in the watershed can be seen in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 shows that the pine forests in Kedung Bulus sub watershed not clustered but spread
from the upstream, midstream, and downstream. Pine forests in the Kedung Bulus vary from
the age of 5 (five) years to 30 (thirty) years. Dry land areas are located in the upper, middle,
lower of the watershed.

Table 1: The area and land cover of pine forest watershed

Sub Area Forest Garden Dryland Paddy Settlement

Watershed (km2) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Silengkong 1.17 52 23 25 0 0
Watujali 1.03 49 28 23 0 0
Tapakgajah 0.55 13 25 58 1 3
Pasuruan 0.80 20 32 44 2 2
Kedungpane 3.11 31 29 37 1 2
Lowereng 11.61 33 23 33 10 1
Kali Kemit 22.75 37 24 19 8 12
Kd.Bulus 37.95 35 28 24 5 8

Figure 1: Land Cover Map of Kedungbulus sub watershed

3.2 Land cover of teak forest watershed

Land cover in teak forest watershed consists of a teak plantation forests, shrubs, paddy fields
and settlements as shown in Table 3. The teak plantation forest in the watershed is divided
by Age Group (KU) from KU I to VII. To obtain varying forest area in a watershed then
installed 7 (seven) hydrological stations namely Modang, Cemoro, Kejalen, Sambong,
Kendilan, Gagakan, and Ngroto sub watershed. From Table 3 it appears that the percentage
of forest area varies from 23% to 94.3% of the sub-watershed. The spread of land cover can
be seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 appears that the teak forests clustered in the upper and middle
sub-watershed. Paddy filed mostly located in the lower of the watershed. Shrubs are located in
the middle and upper of the watershed.

694
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Table 3: Land cover type of each sub watershed in teak forest watershed

Sub Area Forest Shrubs Paddy field Settlement

watershed (Km2) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Modang 3.38 94.3 2.3 0.19 3.21
Cemoro 13.47 91.1 6.6 0.2 2.1
Kejalen 20.14 80.9 7.9 1.3 9.9
Sambong 27.79 74.8 12 3.2 10
Kendilan 48.86 23 46.67 17.73 12.6
Gagakan 64.8 47.5 30.7 9.9 11.9
Ngroto 69.8 44.9 30.9 14.3 9.8

Figure 2: Land cover map of teak plantation forest sub watershed

3.3 Physical condition of pine forest watershed

One of the factors that determine the low flow is physical condition or watershed
characteristics. The physical condition of the watershed, drainage density, slope,
geomorphology, and geology are also affect the low flow.. Watershed physical conditions of
each sub-watershed in Pine forest can be seen in Table 5.

695
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Table 5: Physical condition of pine forest watershed

Sub Area Dd Slope Topography

Watershed (km2) (km/km2) (%)
Silengkong 1.17 3.01 61 Mountainous
Watujali 1.03 3.34 53 Mountainous
Tapakgajah 0.55 2.81 46 Mountainous
Pasuruan 0.80 3.21 34 Hilly
Kedungpane 3.11 2.96 26 Hilly
Lowereng 11.61 3.45 32 Hilly
Kali Kemit 22.75 3.18 43 Mountainous
Kd.Bulus 37.95 3.27 36 Hilly

3.4 Physical condition of teak forest watershed

Physical condition of teak plantation forest watershed consist of drainage density (Dd), slope,
and topography. Most of the watershed shape in the sub watersheds are elongated, the Dd
vary from 1.62 to 2.18 km/km2, slope vary from 15 to 32 %. The detail physical condition of
teak forest can be seen in Table 6.

Table 6: Physical condition of teak forest watershed

Area Dd Slope Topography

Sub watershed
(Km2) (km/km2) (%)
Modang 3.38 1.62 20 Hilly
Cemoro 13.47 2.07 18 Hilly
Kejalen 20.14 2.18 26 Hilly
Sambong 27.79 1.98 32 Hilly
Kendilan 48.86 1.65 15 Plain
Gagakan 64.8 1.86 22 Hilly
Ngroto 69.8 1.92 18 Plain

3.5 Monthly rainfall

Rainfall is a sources of water flows to river and other storages not only surface water but also
ground water. Variation of the streamflow discharge depend on rainfall amount, ranfall
intensity, rainfall duration (Hadisusanto, 2010).

Dry season is took place when rainfall is zero or almost zero during the month. In the case of
pine forest the dry season started from June to September as can be seen in Figure 3. In case
of teak forest the dry season started from July to September as seen in Figure 4.

1000

800

600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Figure 3: Monthly rainfall at Silengkong (Pine forest) in 2012.

696
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Figure 4: Monthly Rainfall at Ngroto Watershed (Teak forest) in 2012, 2013, and 2014

Based on minthly rainfall data, low flow in pine occured during July to September and low
flow in teak forest occured during August to September.

3.6 Low Flow in pine forest

In order to compare with different sub watershed area, the low flow discharge has been divide
by the area of the sub watershed. Therefore the unit of low flow will be Litre/second/square
km.
Low flows measurement in pine forest have been done in July and August. During September,
the low flows have not measured due to some sub watershed has no stream flow.

The relationship between low flow and pine forest area can be seen from determinat
coeffisient (R2). Based on the low flow measurement in July, R2 various from 0.092 to 0.153
as seen in Figure 5. There is a trend that low flow increase when the forest area in the
watershed increase.

The relationship between low flow and forest area on August shows the same trend as on July
but with determination coeffisien (R2) higher i.e 0.379 to 0.406 as seen in Figure 6. It means
that forest cover more influence on low flow or the influence of forest cover increase
following dry season.

Based on Figure 5 and 6, the influence of pine forest on low flow was 13 % in July and 40 %
in August. It means that there are others factor influenced low flow. It could be geological
layer, soil depth, slope steepness in each sub watershed. Lacey and Grayson (1998) mentioned
that there are direct and indirect influence of geological factor on base flow. The direct
inluence on base flow includes groundwater flow will be stored in the rock. While indirect
influence on base flow includes soil formation. The different rock will product different soil
types and soil depth influencing their water balance. Delin et al. (2007) concluded that soil
characteristic and climate are main factor to predict base flow in Minnesota. Furtheremore,
Stukey (2006) made a regression between base flow and forest area, he also added others
variable such as annual rainfall, percentage of basin and percentage of settlement in the city.

3.7 Low flow on teak forest

The relationships between forest area and low flow on teak forest were similar pattern with
those on pine forest. In the beginning of the dry season, the determinan coefficient (R²) was
lower than in the following months. During July 2012 the relationships between forest area
and low flow have no pattern. The magnitude of low flow was almost same at different forest
area as seen in Figure 7. During September 2013, there is a trend that the low flow increase
when forest area increase but the determinan coefficient is low, only 0.133 and 0.155.

697
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

.
a b

c d
Figure 5: The relationship between forest area of pine and low flow a) 17 July 2012, b) 18 July
2012, c) 19 July 2012, d) 20 July 2012,

a b

c
Figure 6: The relationship between low flow and forest area of pine a) 7 August 2012,
b) 8 August 2012, and c) 9 August 2012.

There is a trend that more dry season period, the realtionship between forest area and low
flow has higher in determinat coefficient (R²). In July 2012, R² for pine forest is 0.092 while in
August 2012, R² increase become 0.406. For teak forest, R² is 0.397 to 0.539 for July 2012 and
0.133 to 0.155 for September 2013 and 0.639 for Oct 2014.

698
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

a b

c d
Figure 7: The relationship between low flow and forest area of teak a) 17 July 2012,
b) 18 July 2012, c) 19 July 2012, and d) 20 July 2012

a b
Figure 8: The relationship between low flow and forest area of teak a) 11 September 2013,
and b) 12 September 2013

a b
Figure 9: The relationship between low flow and forest area of teak a) 27 Augst 2014,
b) 16 Oct 2014.

699
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Based on Figure 5 to 9 show that the more forest area in the watershed, the low flow will
increase both for pine and teak forest. The water produce in pine forest is higher than in teak
forest. The magnitute of increasing low flow on that forests are depend on their geologic
structure, soil depth, slope steepness, litter thickness and annual rainfall. Low flow in pine
forest vary from 0.5 litre/sec/km2 (20 % of forest area in the watershed) to 1.5 litre/sec/km2
(95 % of forest area), while low flow in teak forest vary from 0.2 litre/sec/km2 (20% forest
area) to 1 litre/sec/km2 (90 % forest area). There are some reason that pine forest produce
more water than teak forest. First, annual rainfall in pine forest was higher than those in teak
forest (2747 mm and 1309 mm). Second, parent materail in pine forest is volkanic while in
teak forest is limestone sedimen. Third, the slope is more stepness in pine forest than those in
teak forest.

Johnson (1998) in his review of low flows mentioned that the low flow are sustained in very
dry summer mainly by supplies from the drift and solid geology so are only affected by land
use if the forest prevent sufficient winter recharge to there sources. Furtheremore, Robinson et
al.(2003) said that soil water under forest is drier than under grass. This reduce the soil
moisture reserves to sustain base flows in dry weather periods. Forest area still influence the
magnitute of low flow. Furthermore, Krakauer & Temimi (2011) predict low flow by using
stepwise multiple regression analysis. There are six predicted variable of low flow i.e.: 1)
longitude, 2) soil infiltration capacity, 3) latitude, 4) channel length, 5) forest cover, and 6)
precipitation. Low flow generation processes are complex and vary naturally in time and
space. Forest management is only one of a number human activities that can potentially affect
a regime of watershed hydrology (Pike & Scherer, 2003). For future research, factors
influencing low flow since the beginning dry season until the end of dry season should be
investigated in order to get the role of forest on generating low flow.

Forests can have an important role in supplying fresh water, but their management must
complement water management. There are some potential ways which forest and water can be
supportive.First, mountainous forested watersheds require special attention as the highest
fresh water producing area. Second, forest can be managed to enhance fresh water supllies.
Third, the potential exist to mitigate the economic damage caused by flood through forest
management, Fourth, a watershed perspective should be incorporated into the planning and
mangement of forests, water, urban, and agriculture landuse. Fifth, incentives must be
provided through forest and other land use management policies and institutions from local
watershed to the river basin level (Hofer, 2003)

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

a. The low flow will increase when forest area increases both in pine and teak forest. .
b. Forest area plays an important role for producing low flow when dry season is longer.
c. The difference of low flow in pine and teak forests may be caused by differences in
climate, parent material, slope steepness, and litter thickness.
d. Forest area is only one of factors to determine low flow. Therefore, other factors such as
formation of geology, soil depth, slope steepness, and climate should be investigated in the
future research.

REFERENCES

Asdak, C. (1995). Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai. Gadjah Mada University Press :
Yogyakarta

700
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Beck, H.E., Van Dijk, A.I.J.M., Miralles, D.G., de Jeu, R.A.M., Bruinjzeel, L.A., Mc.Vicar,
T.R., & Schellekens, J.(2013). Global Patterns in base flow index and recession based on
streamflow observation from 3394 catchments. Water Resources Research 49:1-21
doi:10.1002/2013 WR013918,2013
Bruijnzeel, L.A. (1990). Hydrology of Moist Tropical Forest and Effect of Conversion: A State
of Knowledge Review. UNESCO, Paris and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
Delin, G.N., Healy, R.W., Lorenz, D.L., & Nimmo, J.R., (2007). Comparison of local to
regional scale estimates of ground water recharge in Minnesota, USA. Journal of
Hydrology 334, 231–249.
Ellison, D., Futter, M.N., & Bishop, K. (2011). On the forest cover-Water yield debate: from
demand-to supply side thinking. Global Change Biology 18: 806-820
doi:10.1111/J.1365-2486.2011.02589.x
Hofer, T. (2003). Sustainable use and management of fresh water resources: The role of
forest. State of the world’s forest Part II. Selected current issues in the forest sector.
FAO Forestry Departrment.
Johnson, R. (1998). The forest cycle on low river flows: a review of UK & International
Studies.Journal Forest Ecology.& Management 109: 1-7.
Krakauer, N.Y., & Temimi, M. (2011). Stream recession curves & storage variability in small
watersheds. Hydrol Earth Syst Science (15): 2377 - 2389
Lacey, G. C., & Grayson, R. B. (1998) Relating baseflow characteristics to basin properties in
south-eastern Australia. Journal Hydrology. 204, 231–250
Mazvimavi, D., Meijerink, A.M.J., & Stein, A. (2004). Prediction of baseflows from basin
characteristics: a case study from Zimbabwe. Hydrological Sciences Journal 49 (4), 703–
715.
Pike, R.G., & Scherer, R. (2003). Overview of the potential effects of forest management on
low flow in snowmelt-dominated hydrologic regime.BC Journal of Ecology &
Management 3 (1).
Price, K. (2011). Effects of watershed topography, soils, landuse, and climate on baseflow
hydrology in humid region. A review. Progress in physical Geography 35 (4): 455-492.
Price, K., Jackson, C.R., Parker, A.J., Reitan, T., Dowd, J., & Cyteraki, M. (2011). Effects of
watershed landuse and geomorphology on stream low flow during severe drought
conditions in the Southern Blue Ridge Mountains, Georgia and North Carolina, United
States. Water Resources Research 47, W.02516 doi: 10.1029/2010 WR009340.
Robinson, M., Cognard-Plancg, A.L., Cosandey, C., David, J., Durand, P., Fuhrer, H.W., Hall,
R., Hendriques, M.O., Marc, V., Mc.Carthy, R., McDonell, M., Martin, C., Nisbet, T.,
Dea, P.O., Rodgers, M., & Zolner, A. (2003). Studies of the impact of forest on
peakflow and baseflow: a European perspective. Forest Ecology & Management 186:
85-97.
Schafer, K.V.R., Renninger, H.J., Clark, K.L., & Medvigy, D. (2014). Hydrological Responses
to defoliation and drought of an upland oak/pine forest. Hydrological Processess 28:
6113-6123.
Smakhtin, V.U. (2001). Low flow hydrology: a review. Journal Hydrology 240: 147-186
Stuckey, M.H. (2006). Low flow, base flow, and mean flow regression equations for
Pennsylvania streams. US Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5130.
Tallaksen, L.M. (1995). A review of baseflow recession analysis. Journal Hydrology 165: 349-
370

701
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

POSTER C4 - Water Yield of Jupoi River and Erosion in Austral

Byna Consession, Central Kalimantan

Susy Andriani1, Purwanto Budi Santosa1, and Rahardyan Nugroho Adi2

1Researcher on Banjarbaru Forestry Research Institute
2Researcher on Solo Forestry Technology and Watershed Management Institute
Corresponding Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In general, forest conditions will affect the condition of water system in the vicinity. The
existence of forests will significantly affect the fluctuation of water yield and soil erosion that
occurs through a variety of mechanisms that was influenced by the characteristics of
vegetation and soil physical and geological conditions. This paper studies the water yield and
soil erosion under meranti (Shorea leprosula) natural stands. Erosion was measured in erosion
measuring plots of 22 x 4 meters and water yield data was collected using micro-watershed
with an area of ± 10 ha under meranti stand. Results show that the average of soil erosion of
plot 1 (undergrowth vegetation, thick litter) was 18.38 kg/ha/month, while plot 2 (reeds
undergrowth vegetation, no litter) was 20.47 kg/ha/month. Soil erosion in both plots was
much lower than allowed erosion in open area, so it proved that vegetation had minimized
erosion. The average runoff on plot 1 was 26.37 m3/ha/month while surface runoff on plots 2
was 20.53 m3/ha/month. Surface runoff was influenced by land elevation and land cover
(vegetation and litters). The rainfall in the study area was 193.73 mm/month and water yield
of Jupoi river was 290.82 liters/sec/month. Dense land cover in Jupoi watershed made
precipitation in that area had not become erosion potency.

Keywords: water yield, soil erosion, Jupoi river, meranti stand.

1. INTRODUCTION

Jupoi River watershed is located in Muara Teweh, Central Kalimantan with the upper stream
is in Austral Byna Consession area. The river water was used by the people surround for daily
live. River water as water yield in hidrological cycle. Hydrological process or well known as
hidrological cycle in a watershed can simply be described as a relation between inflow
(precipitation), process and outflow (water yield) that influenced by watershed characteristics
and depend on precipitation. Precipitation characteristics include volume, intensity and
duration of rain, while watershed characteristics include topography, geology, geomorphology,
soil, land cover/vegetation, land use and morphometric (Hadi, 2006).

Vegetation is one of watershed characteristic that influences water yield. Ward (1990) stated
that the volume of rainfall that reaches the soil surface has very depended on canopy
characteristic of the vegetation. Land cover vegetation can inhibit and decrease runoff and
increase surface detention (Asdak, 1995). Covered land by forest vegetation and litter on the
soil surface will protect the soil from rain energy that kinetic energy of rain will be decreased
and controlled (Priyono & Sadhardjo, 2002).

The second role of vegetation is evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration has an important

influence to water supply especially for the area with low intensity precipitation, shallow soil
layer and the rocks characteristic that cannot hold the water. Evapotranspiration was

702
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

influences by several factors such as climate, vegetation type, vegetation growth level,
vegetation variation, number of vegetation population in an area, land cover, and water supply
(Klocke et.al., 1996).

The third role is its ability of controlling soil moisture. soil has an ability on keeping the water
due to the cells that can hold air/liquid or porous (Seyhan, 1977 in Suryatmojo, 2006).

The fourth role is in flow control (water yield). Many water resource problems related to space
and time dimension flood in rainy season and drought in dry season. Forest is believed control
water cycle, which means forest can keep water during rainy season and release water during
dry season. Furthur Gintings (2007) stated that forest with layered canopy take a role in water
management directly or indirectly with some mechanisms: forest produces litters that (if
decomposed) can keep water for about five times their weight. Litters can also inhibit surface
runoff, so water have a higher chance to be absorbed by the soil. Vegetation will break the
wind, so evapotranspiration become lower. The canopy will reduce penetration of sunlight, it
cause low temperature of soil and under the vegetation stand, so undergrowth species will be
less and evapotranspiration will be relatively small.

For daily live consumption, river water should also in a good quality. Drinking water should
be clear and colorless. Soil erosion in the upper land, will decrease the water quality
particularly domestic water, in the upper, middle and lower land. Beside water quality, water
resource problem occurs mostly in relation with timing and water distribution. Drought and
flood are the classic examples of water problem (Asdak, 1995). Water resource management
involves vegetation management and other techniques.

Vegetation as one of technique in water resourses management has the main role in soil and
water conservation. The existence of forest will make soil surface covered by litters. The soil
become porous, so water can easily be absorbed. This will increase water supply and avoid
flood as well (Soemarwoto, 2003). Gintings (2007) stated that people admited that water
fluctuation in rainny season and dry season in forested area were much lower.

This paper studies soil erosion, surface runoff and water yield of Jupoi River in Austral Byna
Consession, Central Kalimantan as research objectives. This research is hoped to be
supporting data for water resource management for the local government and forest
management for the consession manager.

2. METHOD

Research done by micro watershed approach with an area of 10 ha that had a relatively
homogenious species existed in Austral Byna Consession, Central Kalimantan. Erosion and
surface runoff measurement had been conducted using standard erosion plots of 22 m x 4 m.
Slope of the plot location were measure with clinometers suunto. Two collectors were placed at
the lower part of the plot. Each collector had diameter of 57 cm and height of 90 cm.
Collector I was for collecting soil erosion and surface runoff directly from the plot, it had 12
holes functioned in draining the overloading water. Collector II functioned to collect
overloading water in collector I through a hole connected by a pipe. The top part of each
collector was covered to avoid the ingress of water directly from the rainfall. Soil erosion and
surface runoff were measured every morning when raining during the period of 24 hours.
Surface runoff was observed by measuring water level in the collectors. The volume of the
water were analysed by formula:
V = A x D ...…………………….……………………...........…………………(1)
703
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Information :
V = water volume in the collector (cm3)
D = water level in the collector (cm)
A = cross-sectional area of collector (cm2)

Water volume in collector II was also measured as same as collector I, then the total
volume were found out with formula:
Vt = V1 + ( n x V2) ..……………………………….......………..…………(2)
Information :
Vt = total of water volume
V1 = water volume in the collector I (cm3)
V2 = water volume in the collector II (cm3)
n = number of hole in collector I, that were 12 holes

Total water volume then was converted to m3/ha/month.

Soil erosion was observed by taking water sample from each collector as much as 100
ml. Before water sample were taken, the water and the sediment on the bottom of the
collectors were stirred well, then the water sample were strained with strain paper. Dry
weight of strain paper was previously known. Then, strain paper and the sediment
were dried in an oven with temperature of 105 oC then the weight was measured.
Weight of eroded soil were analysed by formula:
Wtc = W1 + W2...…………………………………………………........…..(3)
Information:
Wtc = weight of eroded soil (g)
W1 = weight of soil sediment in collector I
W2 = weight of soil sediment in collector II
W1 or W2 = Vd / Vs x (Wkse – Wks)
Vd = water volume in the collector (liter)
Vs = strained water volume (liter)
Wkse = weight of strain paper together with the soil sediment (g)
Wks = weight of strain paper (g)

Water yield was measured by river flow measurement station with automatic water level
recorder. Suspended load of river water were done by water sample taken from river flow
measurement station and analyzed in laboratory.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Precipitation
Precipitation is an inflow in hydrological cycle. Precipitation data can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1 showed that precipitation in year 2013 was higher than that in 2014. The average
precipitation in 2013 was 281.588 mm/month. While in 2014 was 207.13 mm/month. The
low average precipitation in 2014 was caused by a long dry season on August to November.
The lowest average precipitation was on September that only had two days of rain.
Precipitation is an inflow in hydrological cycle. Precipitation rate will affect other hydrologic
parameters. Precipitation has a positive correlation with erosion, it means the higher
precipitation, the higher erosion could happen. Similarly with surface runoff, the higher
precipitation, the higher surface runoff potentially to happen.

3.2 Erosion
The erosion measurement is presented in Table 2. Table 2 showed that the erosion in plot 1
and plot 2 were different due to the different condition of the plot. Comparing Plot 1 and
704
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Plot 2, it showed that soil erosion in Plot 1 was lower than that on Plot 2. It was caused by
the difference of land cover. In Plot 1, soil surface under meranti stand was covered by
undergrowth plants and litters. While in plot 2, soil surface was covered by Imperata cylindrica
and undergrowth plants, no litter. In 2012, when plots had just been made, erosion in plot 2
that had Imperata cylindrica cover was lower than Plot 1 that did not have any surface cover. In
2013 and 2014, erosion in Plot 2 was higher than that was on Plot 1. The soil surface of Plot 1
had been covered by undergrowth species and litters, while Plot 2 covered by Imperata
cylindrica.

Table 1: Precipitation data of Jupoi watershed

Precipitation (mm)
No. Month
Year 2013 Year 2014
1. January 287 208
2. February 369 183
3. March 337 307
4. April 410 510
5. May 258 201
6. June 160 112
7. July 419 107
8. August 125 43
9. September 94 31
10. October 168 30
11. November 532 399
12. December 220 354,5
Sum 3379 2485.5
Average 281.58 207.13

Table 2: Erosion under meranti stand in Austral Byna concession

Total volume Plot 1 Total volume Plot 2

No. Month (kg/ha/month) (kg/ha/month)
Year 2013 Year 2014 Year 2013 Year 2014
1. January 32.17 28.26 29.13 26.96
2. February 36.52 15.22 34.35 19.13
3. March 60.43 38.70 56.09 31.30
4. April 150.87 53.04 218.26 57.39
5. May 41.74 17.39 50.00 20.43
6. June 16.52 8.26 10.43 16.52

7. July 34.78 8.7 38.26 12.17

8. August 13.48 3.04 7.39 6.52

9. September 10.00 6.09 1.30 7.39

10. October 10.87 3.04 13.48 3.91

11. November 41.74 20.43 47.83 23.48
12. December 41.30 34.35 33.04 46.52
Sum 490.43 236.52 539.56 271.73
Average 40.87 19.71 44.96 22.64

705
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Based on corelation analysis, erosion and land elevation had a negative correlation, because
soil erosion is influenced by several factors, such as land elevation, and vegetation. Land
cover condition is the main factor inhibiting erosion (Gintings, 2007).
Erosion on Plot 1 and Plot 2 were lower than the allowable erosion. Generally, allowable
erosion rate was 25 mm/year or equal to 25 ton/ha/year for mountain area or sloved area.
For a flat area (0—5%) it has been suggested as 10 ton/ha/year (Sidle et al., 2004).

Erosion rate on Plot 1 and 2 also much smaller than erosion in open area or plantation forests
such as mahogany, agathis, puspa, cajuputi, mix stands and 13 years pine stand (Kusmana et
al., 2004). Table 3 below shows surface runoff data on both plots.

Table 3: Surface runoff under meranti stand

Surface runoff (m3/ha/month)

No. Month Plot 1 Plot 2
Year 2013 Year 2014 Year 2013 Year 2014
1. January 70.72 57.97 36.23 32.46
2. Februayi 83.18 10.14 54.78 12.75
3. March 114.19 25.79 61.44 20.87
4. April 154.77 124.63 88.11 77.67
5. May 71.88 16.23 42.89 16.52
6. June 61.73 5.51 34.78 11.01
7. July 98.83 5.8 57.97 8.12
8. August 12.17 2.03 11.30 4.35
9. September 8.12 4.06 8.12 4.93
10. October 9.56 2.03 14.49 2.61
11. November 43.18 35.94 57.97 34.49
12. December 28.69 22.90 23.48 31.01
Sum 757.02 313.02 491.54 256.80
Average 63.09 26.09 40.96 21.40

Table 3 showed that surface runoff on plot 1 (elevation 24°) was higher that that on plot 2
with elevation as 19°. It seemed that land elevation was run side by side with surface runoff.
But when we look back to soil erosion. it showed that soil erosion was contrary with surface
runoff. This fact was contrary to theory that said that the higher erosion. the higher surface
runoff. Corelation analyses done to erosion and surface runoff said that correlation of both
parameters were negative. This phenomenon happened because soil particles dispersion in
plot 1 was hampered by undergrowth species and litters. so soil sediment that went into
erosion drum become less. While in plot 2. rain impact to soil surface that covered by
undergrowth and Imperata cylindrica was not hampered by any litters. so soil particle by splash
erosion was carried by runoff.

Erosion begins with splashing soil particle. When rain had flooding the soil. splash erosion will
be less because critical depth for splash erosion is 3 mm. When water depth over that point.
splash erosion will become minimum. But when surface runoff occurred. erosion will be
dominated by soil dispersion process by surface runoff.

706
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

3.3 Water yield

Water yield can be seen from water flow data of Jupoi River as showed in the Table 4. In
2014, the lowest water flow was on September and the highest was on April. While in 2013.
Average water flow was 309.12 liter/second with the highest was on May and the lowest was
on January. Water flow has a positive correlation with precipitation. The highest flow
occurred on the highest precipitation vice versa.

Table 4: Water flow of Jupoi River

Water yield (liter/detik)

No. Month
2013 2014
1. January 54.74 385.58
2. February 184.33 146.02
3. March 209.67 658.12
4. April 183.20 1219.16
5. May 94.95 182.45
6. June 231.52 102.91
7. July 524.33 112.54
8. August 85.56 16.63
9. September 148.65 8.85
10. October 143.13 29.47
11. November 1429.60 337.26
12. December 419.70 168.61
Sum 3709.38 3367.61
Average 309.12 290.82

The peak flow (flood) data is needed to design flood control management system. While the
lowest flow is needed for water allocation (uses) for many purpose. mainly in dry season.
Average of yearly flow can describe water resource potency that can be use from a watershed.
Measurement of water resource needs a more complex data related to population number.
water quantity needed by the population to support their life and water supply. Jupoi river
flow fluctuation was not too high. so the forest existence was assumed had a role in keeping
water supply stability. Beside water level measurement. suspended load was also measured.
The research showed that suspended load concentrated in Jupoi river water was very small
and can be said as zero because water sample analyses said that suspended load concentrate in
Jupoi river was zero. It happened because land cover in Jupoi watershed was still very dense.
so precipitation in Jupoi river was not potentially erodable. The Jupoi river relatively good for
daily consumption. as the water seemed clean. clear and colorless. Although it needs futher
research for its chemical contents to make sure that the water is save for drinking water.

4. CONCLUSION

Average soil erosion in Plot 1 (floor covered by undergrowth and litters) was lower than that
in Plot 2 (Imperata cylindrica. no litters). Soil erosion in both plots was much lower than allowed
erosion in open area. So it proved that vegetation had minimized erosion.

Average surface runoff in Plot 1 (land elevation was 24°. undergrowth species and litters floor
cover) was higher than that was in Plot 2 (land elevation was 19°. Imperata cylindrica and no

707
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

litters floor cover). Surface runoff was influenced by land elevation and land cover (vegetation
and litters).

Jupoi river flow was 290.82 liter/second/month. While sediment concentration in Jupoi river
water was zero. Dense land cover in Jupoi watershed made precipitation in that area had not
become erosion potency.

REFERENCES

Asdak, C. (1995). Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan daerah Aliran Sungai. Gadjah Mada University Press.
Yogyakarta.
Asdak, C. (1994). Rainfall Interception in Unlogged and Logged-Over Area of Tropical Forest of Central
Kalimantan. Indonesia. IERM-School of Forestry and Ecological Sciences. University of
Edinburgh. Scotland. UK. p. 45
Gintings, N. (2007). Hutan, Tata Air dan Kelestarian DAS Cicatih. Prosiding Seminar : Peran
Serta Para Pihak Dalam Pengelolaan Jasa Lingkungan Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS)
Cicatih – Cimandiri. Pusat Litbang dan Konservasi Alam. Bogor.
Hadi, M.P. (2006). Pengembangan Model Intersepsi Pada Semak Belukar. Majalah Geografi
Indonesia. Fakultas Geografi UGM Vol 20 Hal 67-78.
Klocked, N.L. et. al. (1996). Evapotranspiration (ET) or Crop Water Use. University of Nebraska –
Lincoln cooperation with Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources – USA. USA
Kusmana, C., Istomo, S., Wilarso, E.N., Dahlan, & Onrizal. (2004). Upaya Rehabilitasi Hutan
dan Lahan Dalam Pemulihan Kualitas Lingkungan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan
Hidup dan Kemanusiaan.
Priyono, N.S., & Sadhardjo, S. (2002). Hutan Pinus dan Hasil Air. Ekstraksi Hasil-hasil Penelitian
Tentang Hutan Pinus Terhadap Erosi dan Tata Air. Pusat Pengembangan Sumber Daya
Hutan Perhutani, Cepu
Sidle, R.C., Sasaki, S., Otsuki, M., & Nik, A.R. (2004). Sediment pathways in a tropical forest:
effects of logging roads and skid trails. Hydrological Processes Special Issue: Hydro
geomorphology, 8(4), 703–720.
Suryatmojo, H. (2006). Peran Hutan Sebagai Penyedia Jasa Lingkungan. Fakultas Kehutanan
Universitas Gadjah Mada. Yogyakarta
Ward, R.C., & Robinson, M. (1990). Principal Hydrology. Mc. Graw-Hill Book Company,
London (U K).

708
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

POSTER C5 - Prediction of Streamflow and Sedimentation in

Sawangan Sub Watershed using SWAT Methods

Lis Nurrani1, Supratman Tabba1, Erwin Hardika Putra2, La Ode Asir3 and Harwiyaddin Kama1
1ForestryResearch Institute of Manado, Jl. Raya Adipura Kel. Kima Atas, Kec. Mapanget Manado City
2Watershed Management Board of Tondano, Jl. Tololiu Supit II No. 10, Tingkulu Manado City
3Forestry Research Institute of Makassar, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km.16 Makassar City 90243

Corresponding Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Inappropriate land use with soil and water conservation rules will tend to increase the run off
coefficient, which will give effect to the streamflow. Sawangan sub watershed iss part of
Tondano watershed located in North Sulawesi. Based on the decree of The Minister of
Forestry No.284/Kpts-II/1999, Tondano watershed included in the category of first
watershed priority as critical area as a result of deforestation, inappropriate land use, erosion,
sedimentation and flood. One effort to evaluate it using a SWAT (Soil and Water Assesment
Tool) hydrological model. The program is a scale model watershed/sub watershed was aimed
to predicting the distribution of streamflow and sedimentation in the Sawangan sub watershed
area using landsat imagery data. Information about watershed pattern obtained based on
DEM (Digital Elevation Model) analysis, SRTM (Shutle Radar Tophography Mission) and
other information that is used are slope map, land use map, map of soil types, and climate data
(TRMM and Qmorph). Result showed that Sawangan sub watershed area dominated by
grayish brown regosol soil (35,08%) and andosol fawn (33,86%) on a rather steep slope to
steep where 85,61% of the area used for plantation crops. Amount of monthly average
streamflow of Sawangan sub watershed ranged between 2,5–3,5 m3/dt. The Highest monthly
average sedimentation is 17,70–22,13 tons/ha on subbasin number 29. This areal is a steep
slope but the land cover in the form of mixed farms and most of the land has been cleared.

Keywords: streamflow, sedimentation, Sawangan sub watershed, SWAT model

1. INTRODUCTION

Natural disasters and the watershed management have relevance directly to people’s lives. This
phenomenon can be seen through flash flood incident which hit the city of Manado in early
2014. One of Sub Watershed that contribute to flooding is Sawangan Sub Watershed, whereas
this upstream sub watershed is in Minahasa and Tomohon City. Sawangan Sub Watershed is
an important region in Tondano Watershed ecosystem structure, this area has become the
main buffer the preservation of Lake Tondano and the surrounding area including Manado
city as the center of government. Tondano Watershed is a priority category based on Decree
of Forestry Minister Number : SK.328Menhut-II/2009 dated June 12, 2009 concerning the
stipulation of priority watersheds in the Medium Term Development Plans (RPJM) 2010-
2014.

The damage of watershed/sub watershed are ongoing phenomenon where the land resources
generally experience changes significantly from forested areas become agricultural lands.
These changes affects the quality and quantity of water in downstream areas. The intensive of
farming pattern, illegal logging and illegal mining are causing the productivity of farm produce
and quality of farm lands tended to decline each year and has implications for degraded lands.

709
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Results of the SWAT model is expected to help to determine management actions of land and
water resources in supporting watershed management, so that the upstream and downstream
subzone able to function sustainably which produces water optimally.

One of the methods that is used to estimate the value of streamflow and sedimentation ie
approach hydrological model of SWAT. This model has been used as an official reference for
estimate Total Maximum Daily Load in the United States or The maximum load of pollutants
allowed in a watershed (Borah et al., 2006). Europe and Asia have been many publications and
applications SWAT models with satisfactory results, there are currently more than 250 papers
related to SWAT for watershed modelling worldwide (Gassman et al., 2007). SWAT model is
the most widely model used around the current world related to the hydrological modelling.
This paper estimates the streamflow and sedimentation on Sawangan Sub Watershed in each
land unit based on soil type, slope and land use.

2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

2.1. Materials and Tools

Materials required in this research are DEM (Digital Elevation Model) Map with a resolution of
90 m derived from Satelite Imagery Raster, land use map, and soil types map. Climate data
used were daily precipitation data (mm) for four years (2008–2011), the maximum and
minimum temperature (ºC), solar radiation (MJ/m2/hari) and wind speed (m/dt).
Precipitation data was obtained from three graduated rainfall stations namely Sawangan
station, Tikala station and BMKG Station in Sam Ratulangi Airport. Other data used were the
daily and monthly streamflow actual on Sawangan outlet. While the tools used were a
computer with Arcview software, SWAT software, GPS and stationery.

2.2. Work Procedure

climate data (TRMM DEM Map Land Use Map Soil Map
and Qmorph)

The model Land Use Data Soil Data

structure data

 Delineation of the research area and Establishment of HRU

Model SWAT Calibration (R2) Output Search watershed

Models problematic

Figures 1: The work procedures of research

2.3. Data Analysis

Comparison simulation streamflow with actual streamflow was conducted by SWAT CUP
using the coeficient of determination (R2). Coeficient approaching one signifying that the the
value of model results approaching the true value, as for the determination coeficient
determination is:
710
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

3. RESULT AND DISCUSION

Sawangan Sub Watershed geographically located at latitude 1021’00’’ LS - 1028’00’’ N and

longitude 124051’00’’ BB - 124056’58’’ BT. Administratively Sawangan is in the area of
Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi Province.

3.1 Characteristic of Sawangan Sub Watershed

Sawangan Sub Watershed are dominated by grayish brown regosol soil with an area 2534.00
ha (35.08%) and andosol fawn with an area 2446.16 ha (33.86%). Based on the topography,
Sawangan sub watershed divided into the category of rather steep with an area of 2306.51 ha
(31.93%), ramps 24.51% (1770.71 ha) and steep with an area of 1568.89 (21.72%). So it can be
stated that the sawangan sub watershed have grade slope is relatively large. While the slope is
very steep only 8.60% of the total area ie 621.55 ha. Despite having the smallest extents this
area should get an important concern in the determination of land use pattern with consider
the soil type. If in this condition land use applied incorectly it will cause impact damage that
cause harm downstream area.

There are seven land use pattern ie primery forest, secondary forest, mixed plantation, dry
land venture, settlements, farm/field and plantations crops. Sawangan sub watershed are
dominated by plantation crops of 6184.75 ha (85.61%) and mixed plantations covering an area
of 644.65 ha (8.92 %). The smallest land area are field of 5.70 ha (0.08%) and secondary
forest area of 1.05 ha (0.01%). Primery forests are in the upstream area 259.53 ha (3.59 %), it
shows that the forested areas was only 3.6% of the total Sawangan sub watershed areas. The
main cultivated commodities is coconut (Cocos nucifera), an excellent and preferably product for
The North Sulawesi people even since the dutch colonial era. Plants on mixed plantation are
generally combination of coconuts and cloves while on dry land venture are short-term and
seasonal crops. Commodity in plantation crops generally consists of coconut and clove with
monoculture systems.

3.2 Calibration of SWAT Model

Wide models from the DEM delineation is 7223.93 ha of the Sawangan sub watershed total
area. 73 land unit (HRU) are formed by SWAT models that are the results of overlaying soil
types map, land use map and slope map. Based on calibration using SWAT CUP showed that
the model feasible to use. Calibration results showed a p factor value of 0.03 and r factor value
of 0.40 while the feasibility value of the model indicated by R2 value of 0.76. Calibration is the
process of verifying the data results of the model with one of the actual data field.

Table 1 shows that the calibration value still within the tolerance limits are allowed feasible to
use. Based on the research results of Andronita (2011) in predicting Citarum watershed
produce R2 value of 0.712. The same thing happened in the research of Cisadane Watershed,
whereas the feasibility of model was measured by R2 value ie 0.76 (Junaidi and Tarigan, 2012).

Table 1: The result of the model calibration

Variable p_factor r-factor R2 NS br2 MSE SSQR

Flow Out 0.03 0.40 0.76 -2.63 0.2401 11.6187 11.4591

711
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

3.3 The Search of Land Unit Potentially Causing Problems on the Sub Wathershed
3.3.1 Streamflow
Results of the model analysis showed that the average number of monthly streamflow which
occurs at the outlet Sawangan Sub Waterdhed between 2.5–3.5 m3/dt. This is the highest
streamflow because it is the accumulation result of each streamflow within each land unit
above it. The implications of high streamflow on the outlet area seen from river bank erosion
(meandering) so the river body in this region becomes wider. Large streamflow concentration
is generally located in the downstream and river branches with a flat topography. The high
streamflow in the downstream caused by land use factors in the upstream.

Figure 2: Calibration of Sawangan Sub Watershed Model

Figure 3: Map of streamflow spread in the land unit

Based on the observation, region with high streamflow is dominated by land use of palm
plantation and mixed plantation coconut and clove. The lack of woodland resulted the
rainwater that falls on the lands surface will be runoff. These conditions will impact on
downstream because water submissions will be faster because there is no vegetation that holds
and reduce the flow rate. Vegetation that has layered canopy structure can decrease the
terminal velocity of rainwater and reduce the diameter of raindrops. (Asdak, 2010).

712
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

3.3.2 Sedimentation
Model outcomes indicate that sedimentation in Sawangan Subwatershed vary widely. Monthly
average sedimentation on the upstream of between 4.42 – 8.85 (m3/ha) occured on land units
number 61, 62, 68 and 73. Small sedimentation in this area caused by woodland vegetation
condition are still good. According Asdak (2010) vegetation influence on erotion and
sedimentation, namely : (1) protecting the soil ssurface from the rain blows; (2) lowering the
speed of flowing water; (3) withstand the soil particle in their place and (4) maintining stability
of soil capacity in absorbing water.

Table 2: Several of land unit that has the highest and lowest streamflow

Streamflow
Land Large Streamflow
Land use Soil Type Slope Range
unit (ha) (m3/dt)
(m3/dt)
1 26.71 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 0-8 2.53 2.5 – 3.5
3 11.31 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 8-15 2.40 1.5 – 2.5
6 81.66 Mixed plantations Latosols reddish brown 15-25 2.35 1.5 – 2.5
8 15.12 Plantation crops Latosols reddish brown 8-15 1.21 1 – 1.5
11 12.26 Plantation crops Latosols reddish brown 15-25 1.11 1 – 1.5
5 62.27 Plantation crops Grayish brown regosol 15-25 0.01 0 – 0.5
16 77.86 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 25-40 0.01 0 – 0.5
22 61.51 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 25-40 0.01 0 – 0.5
56.18 Plantation crops Dark black andisol 25-40 0.01 0 – 0.5
35 63.60 Plantation crops Grayissh brown regosol 15-25 0.01 0 – 0.5

The soil type on that land unit is grayish brown regosol on the land unit No. 61 and 73 while
on land unit number 62 and 68 is dark black andisol. Regosol is soil with high category against
vulnerability to erosion whereas andisol soil including category rather high (Paimin et al, 2006).
This soil type highly erodible (Foth, 1994), so that the forested areas should not be converted
for other uses because would be very difficult to recover it.

Figure 4: Sedimentation map of Sawangan subwatershed

713
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

The highest monthly average sedimentation of 17.70 – 22.13 (ton/ha) on the land unit 29,
based on observation that land unit is mix plantations and most of the land has been opened
for the settlements. The soil type on that land unit is grayish brown regosol with a steep slope.
Most of the land with very steep slope potentially resulted criticality, especially without
vegetation cover. Addition to enlarging the amount of surface runoff slopes also increases
runoff. Increasingly skewed of slope, the number of grains of soil that splashed down by the
collision of rain more and more. If the ground slopes become steeper twice then the number
of erosion per unit area becomes 2–2.5 times more (Arsyad, 2006).

Table 3: Sedimentation on Sawangan Subwatershed

Land Sedimentation
Large Land use Soil Type Slope Sedimentation
unit Range (ton/ha)
5 62.27 Plantation crops Grayish brown 15-25 2.06 0 – 4.42
regosol
14 145.36 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 15-25 2.44 0 – 4.42
22 61.51 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 25-40 2.49 0 – 4.42
45 142.70 Settlements Andosol fawn 15-25 2.84 0 – 4.42
33 56.18 Plantation crops Dark black 25-40 2.86 0 – 4.42
Andisol
23 71.78 Plantation crops Redish brown 25-40 14.61 13.28 – 17.70
Latosol
18 60.75 Plantation crops Grayish brown 25-40 14.96 13.28 – 17.70
regosol
40 233.67 Plantation crops Andosol fawn 25-40 15.90 13.28 – 17.70
17 46.68 Plantation crops Redish brown 25-40 16.61 13.28 – 17.70
Latosol
29 61.79 Settlements Grayish brown 25-40 18.57 17.70 – 22.13
regosol

Region with high monthly average sedimentation of 13.28 – 17.70 (ton/ha) namely on land
unit 17,18,23,40 and 29. The land use on that unit is plantation crops and mixed plantations.
Although this land use have annual plant but the vegetation is not able to significant effect on
minimization of erosion and sedimentation. This is because plants on that land uses tend to be
uniform and don’t have stratum as vegetation on the forest. The second land units located on
the downstream, the high sedimentation caused by soil type andisol which is high category
vulnerable to erosion and slope is rather steep. Andisol are soils which has a layer of > 36 cm
with andik properties at depth < 60 cm, this land formerly known as andosol (Hardjowigeno,
2007).

Sedimentation is also caused by land clearing condusted by community in upstream area.

Based on observations community follow with land clearance on Rumengkor village, Koka
village and Kembes village area. There has also been an avalanche on plantations land and
residential community in Rumengkor village (land unit 60).

4. CONCLUSION

Land unit with high streamflow is dominated by land use of palm plantation and mixed
plantation coconut and clove. The highest monthly average sedimentation land unit is mix
plantations and most of the land has been opened for the settlements. The soil type on that
land unit is grayish brown regosol with a steep slope.

714
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

REFERENCES

Andrionita. (2011). Analisis Debit Sungai Dengan model SWAT Pada Berbagai Penggunaan Lahan Di
DAS Citarum Hulu Jawa Barat. (Thesis). Graduate School of Bogor Agricultural Institute,
Bogor.
Arsyad. (2006). Konservasi Tanah dan Air. Bogor : IPB Press.
Asdak, C. (2010). Hydrology and Watershed Management. (Fifth Printing Revised Edition).
Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University Press..
Borah, D.K., Yagow, A., Saleh, P.l., Barnes, W., Rosenthal., E.C., Krug., & Hauck, L.M.
(2006). Sediment and nutrient modeling for TMDL development and implementation.
Trans. ASABE, 49 (4), 967-986.
Departemen Kehutanan. (2009). Decree of Forestry Minister No. SK. 328/Menhut-II/2009.
Determination Watershed Priorities in Order Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM) 2010-2014.
Jakarta: Departemen Kehutanan.
Foth, H.D. (1994). The Basics of Soil Science. Sixth Edition. Linguist by Soenartono Adisoemarto,
Ph.D. Jakarta : Erlangga Publisher. IKAPI Members.
Gassman, P.W. Reyes, M.R., Green C.H., & Arnold, J.G. (2007). The Soil and Water
Assesment Tool: Historical Development, Application, and Future. Research Directions
American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ISSN 0001-2351, 50 (4), 12111-1250.
Hardjowigeno, S. (2007). Soil Science. (New Edition Sixth Printing). Jakarta : Akademika
Pressindo. IKAPI Members.
Junaidi, E., & Tarigan, S.D. (2012). Application SWAT hydrology Model in Cisadane
Watershed Management. Jurnal Penelitian Hutan dan Konservasi Alam, 9 (3), 221-237.
Paimin, Sukresno, & Purwanto. (2006). Selidik Cepat Degradasi Sub Daerah Aliran Sungai (Sub
DAS). Puslitbang Hutan dan Konservasi Alam. Bogor : Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Kehutanan.

715
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

POSTER C6 - 6+10+20=23+32+45=Collective Participation The

Cascade Microhydro Power System in Bulukumba

Hunggul Y.S.H Nugroho1, La Ode Asier1, and Saparuddin2

1 Forestry Research Institute of Makassar, Jl. P. Kemerdekaan Km. 16.5, Sudiang, Makassar
2 Balang Institute, Bantaeng

ABSTRACT

Scholars believed that part of forest management problems can be solved by empowering
local people participation. However, participation can be generated if local people get the
direct benefit continuously. In this paper we explore the series of continuous benefit of water
yield for generating electricity for the people living adjacent the forest. Kinetic energy of
flowing water imparted by gravity drives a turbine and generates electricity, leaving the water
intact and available for all possible uses, including other turbines. In Borongrapoa village,
District of Bulukumba, a cascade microhydro system, series of turbines, was developed in a
single stream for three communities aimed to empower collective participation: three different
physical conditions and three different specification of turbine for three different socio-
economic characteristic of communities. The first unit is in the Singgang-Katimbang sub-
village with the electricity capacity of 6 KVA for 23 households, the second unit is in the
Kayubiranga sub-village, 10 KVA for 32 households, and the third is in the Na'na sub-
village, 20 KVA for 45 households. Using this cascade systems, we, collaboration between
Balang Institute (Local NGO) and BPK Makassar, reached the intermediate conclusion that
direct comparison approach is promising approach in generating collective participation.

Keywords: cascade microhydro, comparison approach, collective participation, learning tool

1. INTRODUCTION

One of the "forest products" which has a great potential to be used as an energy source of
electricity is water yield through a small micro hydro power system (MHP). MHP, an hydro-
power system with capacity of 5 Kilo Watt -1 Mega Watt (Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 2012; Sinagra et al., 2014), is the most
attractive alternative source of renewable energy among other renewable energy, efficient and
have little and localized impact on the environment (Abbasi & Abbasi, 2011; Bracken et al.,
2014; Nasir, 2014; Sapkota et al., 2014).

From forestry interests, development of MHP can be used as an instrument to enhance

community participation in protecting and preserving the function of the forest. Scholars
believed that part of forest management problems can be solved when local people
participation empowered (Akamani & Hall, 2015; Coulibaly-Lingani et al., 2011). The greater
participation in the management of community-based resources is determinant factor in
sustainable forest management (Adhikari et al., 2014).

This paper is developed based on an observation of the development of Cascade MHP

systems in three sub villages (Singgang-Katimbang, Kayu Biranga, and Na’na) in Borongrapoa
Village, The District of Bulukumba. In this paper, the term of cascade is used to describe two
things: the physical design and the process of MHP development. From the physical aspect,
the term of cascade explain the multiple use of single streamflow for developing series of

716
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

MHP units sequentially from the upstream to the downstream. Kinetic energy of flowing
water imparted by gravity drives a turbine and generates electricity, leaving the water intact
and available for other turbines. The outflow of the first unit is maximized to drive the turbine
of the second MHP unit. The outflow of the second is utilized to drive the turbine of the
third, and so on. Meanwhile, in terms of process, the term cascade describes the sequential
development process of MHP. The success of the first unit of participatory MHP inspired
and triggered the development of the next MHPs.

The series of MHP units were developed in a single stream for three communities aimed to
empower collective participation: three different physical conditions and three different
specification of turbine for three different socio-economic characteristic of communities.

2. LOCATION

The development of cascade MHP system were conducted from 2013-2015 in three sub
villages of Borongrapoa Village, the Sub District of Kindang, The District of Bulukumba. All
sub villages are located at the foot of Lompobatang Mountain. Singgang katimbang sub
Village is the highest and the farthest settlement area of Borongrapoa Village. Respectively
from highest to lowest: Singgang-Katimbang, Kayubiranga, and Na’na.

Figure 1: Gambar lokasi pemukiman PLTMHBorongrapoa

3. MANAGEMENT BY LOCAL INSTITUTION

The operational of the MHP is managed by local institution. All users of the electricity
produced by MHP are the member of local institution. The local institution was self-initiated
by local community and the responsibility of each person and operational rules were based on
internal agreement among group members. The responsibilities of the local institution are to
manage and maintain the MHP unit. In addition to assure the operational continuity of the
MHP units, the development of local institution is also addressed to guaranty the continuity of
water supply as a turbine energy driver by involved in the forest management activity.

4. DESIGN AND CONTRUCTION

The result of field measurement to be employed as a basis of design and construction of the
cascade MHP system is presented in Table 1. Based on the data and potential of local
institution capacity to manage the operational of MHP unit, the turbine type selected was
crossflow turbine. Dimension and electricity capacity of three turbines is presented in Table
2. Figure 3 present the three turbines for each location.

717
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Tabel 1: Field measurement data

Potential discharge Net discharge Head Household

Location
(lt/second) (lt/second) (m) number (HH)
Singgang Katimbang 80 40 25 23
Kayu Biranga 130 100 14 35
Na´na 350 300 5 43

Tabel 2: Turbines Dimension and capacities

Rotor witdh Penstock Penstock +length Optimal capacity

Location
(cm) diameter (inch) (meter) (KWatt)
Singgang-Katimbang 5 5 84 7
Kayu Biranga 15 10 40 10
Na’na 75 10x2 40 15

Figure 2: Crossflow turbines: A) Singgang-Katimbang, B) Kayubiranga, C) Na’na

The MHP unit in Singgang Katimbang was financed by two parties, CIFOR and the vilaggers.
CIFOR focused on supplying civil engineering material not available in the village, turbine
and penstock. Meanwhile, villagers prepared cable and in-house electrical instalaltion
component by their own budget and civil engineering material available in the villages. The
success of MHP development in Singgang Katimbang inspired the two neighbour sub villages
to develop MHP Units using their own budget. In those two sub villages, the role of external
institutions (NGO and Forestry Researcher) were focused on technical guidance and
facilitation of institution development.

The MHP unit in Singgang-Katimbang sub-village with the electricity capacity of 6 KVA has
been benefited for 23 households. The second unit of MPH in Kayubiranga sub-village is 10
KVA for 32 households, and the third is in the Na'na sub-village, 20 KVA for 45 households.

5. CONCLUSION

Sorted from lowest to highest in terms of population number and welfare (reflected by the
house condition, home furnishings, farming land, and readiness to participate), the order is:
Singgang-Katimbang, Kayubiranga, and Na'na. In Singgang-Katimbang, none of the buildings
are semi-permanent/permanent and none of households with latrines. Only two households

718
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

have motor cycle. By contrast, in the Na'na sub village, there are several permanent buildings
with furniture better than the two other villages. Almost the entire household have motor
cycle and one household has a car. Some of Na'na villagers are trader of agricultural products
(coffee, cloves and honey). In terms of budgets to participate, Na'na villagers are more capable
and prepared to cope with the needs of the budget for self-financed works compared to the
two other villages. However, when seen from the level of participation in the development of
the MHP, the order is reversed. The level of participation in Singgang-Katimbang has been
always high and stable in the whole process of MHP development. Communal works in the
field as well as member discussion/meetings are constantly attended by all members of the
group.

Due to relatively no distance between locations and the existence of kinship among them,
during the development of every MHP units, the people of the three sub village visited each
other and put their heads together. In addition to interchanges of knowledge, there were
mutual learning processes among three groups of villagers concerning communal-work
pattern. By involving directly in the development of three type of MHP units with different
characteristics (biophysical character, labor, costs, types of turbines, and the electricity
capacity), people get a real learning experience thus enhancing their knowledge.

By using cascade microhydro system, the water resource can be utilized optimally to meet the
electricity needs of three villager groups. The result of previous studies show that community
participation in forest management will appear when there is a guarantee of access to forest
resources for the fulfillment of their needs (Galabuzi et al., 2014). Through a comparison
approach, people understood easily the correlation between the amount of water discharge
and the resulted electricity capacity. Thus, the villagers learnt that the condition of forest and
wateryield will determine the magnitude of the forest benefits. In addition, the comparison
approach in the MHP development process has stimulated the spirit of communal
participation through fair competition.

REFERENCES

Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. A. (2011). Small hydro and the environmental implications of its
extensive utilization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(4), 2134-2143. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.11.050
Adhikari, S., Kingi, T., & Ganesh, S. (2014). Incentives for community participation in the
governance and management of common property resources: the case of community
forest management in Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 44(0), 1-9. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.04.003
Akamani, K., & Hall, T. E. (2015). Determinants of the process and outcomes of household
participation in collaborative forest management in Ghana: A quantitative test of a
community resilience model. Journal of Environmental Management, 147(0), 1-11. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.007
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral (2012). Mikrohidro.
from
http://www.litbang.esdm.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79:
mikrohidro&catid=80:ketenagalistrikan-dan-ebtke&Itemid=93
Bracken, L. J., Bulkeley, H. A., & Maynard, C. M. (2014). Micro-hydro power in the UK: The
role of communities in an emerging energy resource. Energy Policy, 68(0), 92-101. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.12.046

719
Paper Presented at The International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers III 3rd INAFOR 2015
Bogor, 21-22 October 2015

Coulibaly-Lingani, P., Savadogo, P., Tigabu, M., & Oden, P.-C. (2011). Factors influencing
people's participation in the forest management program in Burkina Faso, West Africa.
Forest Policy and Economics, 13(4), 292-302. doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.02.005
Galabuzi, C., Eilu, G., Mulugo, L., Kakudidi, E., Tabuti, J. R. S., & Sibelet, N. (2014).
Strategies for empowering the local people to participate in forest restoration.
Agroforestry Systems, 88(4), 719-734. doi: 10.1007/s10457-014-9713-6
Nasir, B. A. (2014). Design Considerations of Micro-hydro-electric Power Plant. Energy
Procedia, 50(0), 19-29. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.06.003
Sapkota, A., Lu, Z., Yang, H., & Wang, J. (2014). Role of renewable energy technologies in
rural communities' adaptation to climate change in Nepal. Renewable Energy, 68(0), 793-
800. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.03.003
Sinagra, M., Sammartano, V., Aricò, C., Collura, A., & Tucciarelli, T. (2014). Cross-flow
Turbine Design for Variable Operating Conditions. Procedia Engineering, 70(0), 1539-
1548. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.02.170

720
 ISBN : 978-979-8452-71-0

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3rd INAFOR 2015

International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers
October 21 - 22, 2015
Proceedings of International Conference of
Indonesia Forestry Researchers III-2015
“Forestry research to support sustainable timber production
and self-sufficiency in food, energy, and water”

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3rd INAFOR

International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers
October 21 - 22, 2015

ISBN 978-979-8452-71-0
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION AGENCY
2016