DBG254: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION (IV)

DIPLOMA IN BUILDING AP 116 (04)

SYLLABUS CONTENTS:

Introduction To Soil
Site Investigation
Soil Investigation
Soil Improvement
Deep Foundation
Basement
Cofferdams
H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1:
Definition & Importance
SOIL
CONTENTS: DEFINITION:
Definition •Soil is the naturally occurring, unconsolidated or loose
Soil Layers covering on the Earth's surface.
Soil Formation •Soil is made up of broken rock particles that have been
Types Of Soil affected by processes such as weathering and erosion.
Soil Classification • Soil particles pack loosely, forming a non-compact soil
Underground Water structure filled with pore spaces (easy for excavation work)
Characteristic Of Soil • The nature of the soil is differ, depends on weathering and
Types and Suitability environment changes.
Of Soil

Rock is hard and need certain processes (drilling, blasting e.t.c)

to broke it into smaller form or particles.

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: SOIL LAYERS
SOIL
Soil Layers
Topsoil / Lapisan Atas
Thickness between 150-300mm
Debris, organism, decay particles and plants
Loose structure/particles. Not suitable to bear load.
Usually topsoil will be remove during site clearance.

Under layer / Lapisan Bawah

Thickness differ depends on erosion and rock formation
Between Topsoil and rock layer (bedrock)
Solid and compact structure

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: SOIL LAYERS
SOIL

Soil Layers
O Horizon:
Upper layers dominated by organic
material.

A Horizon:
humic organic material mixed with a
mineral fraction.

E Horizon:
Mineral horizons where there is loss of
silicate clay, iron, or aluminum, leaving a
concentration of sand and silt particles of
resistant minerals.

R Horizon:
Hard bedrock

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Soil Formation
SOIL

SOIL FORMATION

Transport Soil Residual Soil Organic Soil

Gravel, sand, silts and Topsoil and literate. Formed Topsoil,peat.Formed
clay. Water (river) and by decomposed process on by decayed plants
wind reaction the rocks which transform it and animals
into small particles

ROCK FORMATION

Igneous Rocks Sedimentary Rocks Metamorphic/Crystalline

Volcanoes produce Formed when older rocks are broken Form when pressure and
igneous rocks such apart by plant roots and earth temperature, below earth’s surface.
as granite, pumice movements and become transported Quartzite, marble, and slate.
by glaciers, waves, currents and wind,
and obsidian bound together as secondary
minerals. Sandstone, limestone and
shale.

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Types Of Soil
SOIL
TYPES OF SOIL

Cohesive Soil Non Cohesive Soil

Size < 0.06mm Size > 0.06mm, sometimes >200mm
Water Contents: Height Water Contents: Low
Water Flow:Slow/Difficult Water Flow: Easy Flow
Excavation:Hard/Difficult Excavation: Need Support, particle
Types:Clay, peat, laterite too porous/non sticky
Particles: Sticky Types: Gravel, Sand

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Soil Classification
SOIL

Classification of soil is divide into two measures:

1) Grain Size
Coarse grained non cohesive (Butiran Kasar Tanpa Jelekit)
Fine Grained Cohesive (Butiran Halus Jelikit)

Organic Soil
Sieving and Sedimentation methods are use to
determine and divide grain size
2) Moisture Content
Only apply for cohesive soil (clay & silt)

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Ground Water
SOIL

Definition: Water contents under earth / soil surfaces

Source: Rain water which absorb through crack or narrow gap in soil surface. (up
to 12 000m below OGL)

Water /Moisture Surface Slope ( < slope; > water/moisture)

Contents
Plants ( < plants: > water/moisture)

Weather (total rain and daily temperature)

Narrow gap in soil will absorb more

water/moisture

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Ground Water
SOIL

Effect On More water absorb will cause unstability on earth’s

Construction surface and soil structure; dangerous to building.

Excavation works: need extra support such as soil

improvement, piles, retaining wall e.t.c

Dewatering need to be done. (But ground water

table need to balance)

Water pressure on building structure: cause

cracks, collapse, sedimentation e.t.c)

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
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G 2/ AP116
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U I LUiTM
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ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Ground Water
SOIL
2 ZONES

Saturation Zone Aeration Zone

The area where all the pore space in The area of where the pore space is
the ground is filled with water. mostly empty, or full of air.

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
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G 2/ AP116
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U I LUiTM
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NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV
 CHAPTER 1: Characteristics Of Soil
SOIL

Compressibility of soil is a change

of a soil as a response to load pressure or
stress on its surface 1
Permeability of soil is a measure of the
2 ability of soil to transmit fluids. It is of great
importance in determining the flow
characteristics of underground water.

Plasticity is a condition where soil starts to exhibit plastic behavior.

A thread of soil is at its plastic limit when it is rolled to a diameter of 3 mm
and crumbles. The soil exhibits plastic properties. Soils with a high (PI )
tend to be clay, those with a lower (PI) tend to be silt, and those with a PI
3
of 0 tend to have little or no silt or clay.

H E M Y Z A B U D I N DBG
D B 254
G 2/ AP116
54:B / FSPU
U I LUiTM
D I PERAK
NG C / RMN
ONSTRUCTION IV