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How Do I Initialize A Const Member?

The document discusses various C++ concepts and questions: 1. It provides guidelines for handling exceptions in constructors and destructors, stating that constructors should catch and rethrow exceptions from base/embedded objects, while destructors should never throw. 2. It describes the structure of a C++ online test as consisting of multiple choice questions, questions with text answers, and pure programming questions, and provides an example programming question. 3. It lists common C++ topics covered in online tests such as constructors/destructors, inheritance, virtual functions, STL containers and auto_ptr, templates, streams, and static members.

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shibaji50
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379 views

How Do I Initialize A Const Member?

The document discusses various C++ concepts and questions: 1. It provides guidelines for handling exceptions in constructors and destructors, stating that constructors should catch and rethrow exceptions from base/embedded objects, while destructors should never throw. 2. It describes the structure of a C++ online test as consisting of multiple choice questions, questions with text answers, and pure programming questions, and provides an example programming question. 3. It lists common C++ topics covered in online tests such as constructors/destructors, inheritance, virtual functions, STL containers and auto_ptr, templates, streams, and static members.

Uploaded by

shibaji50
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

How to handle exceptions in C++ constructors, and why exceptions


should not be used in destructors.
I believe the short answer is constructors should catch all possible
exceptions thrown by ctors of base and embedded objects of the class,
and then re-throw only those exceptions it cannot handle. And destructors
should never throw; doing so could leak resources.
Destructors should be all/nothing; constructors can throw but when that
happens the standard stipulates that base object and
partially-built embedded objects are to be completely destructed.

2. What is the structure of the teckchek online test on c++? Does it


consist of multiple choice,
answers in text format or pure programming questions? Could you
provide a typical question?

3. semantics of constructors, destructors, assignments, inheritance,


virtual, etc. STL: mostly containers and auto_ptr semantics.
Templates: basic questions. Streams: basic and buffers (turned to be I do
not remember buffers currently).

4. What is C++
C++ is C with classes. It was designed for one person to manage large
amounts of code, and so that a line of C++
express more thing than a line of C. The main functionalities C++
adds to C are:
control of the accessibility to code within the source files (namespace,
struct and class).
mechanisms that make a line of code more expressive (constructors,
destructors, operators, ...).
object programming (class derivation).
generic programming (templates).
5. How do I use namespaces?

6. How do I initialize a const member?


Since the value of a const member cannot be assigned with operator =, its value must be
initialized as follows:
struct A
{
const int id;
A(int i): id(i) {} // attribute id is initialized to the value of
parameter i
};

7. do I declare, assign and call a pointer to a method?


Note that a pointer to a method does not hold a second pointer to an instance of a class. To use a
pointer to a method, you need an instance of the class onto which this method can be called
(possibly a second pointer).
struct A
{
void m(int) {}
};

void function()
{
void (A::*pm)(int) = &A::m; // pointer on method
A a; // instance of a class

(a.*m)(1); // calling the method with parameter value 1.


}

8. How can I handle easily a pointer to a method?


If you use templates, you won't have to write the annoying type of a pointer to a method (at the
'cost' of using a template). You can also use typedef to declare the type.
struct A
{
void m() {}
};

template <class PMETHOD>


void f(A &a
PMETHOD pm)
{
(a.*pm)()
}

void function()
{
A a;

f(a, &A::m);
}

9. How do I declare a method that returns a pointer to a


function?
The following method takes parameter a char and returns a pointer to a function. To avoid this
heavy syntax, you may use a typedef.
struct A
{
void (*m(char))(int) { /* ... */ }
};

// ...

A a;
void (*pf)(int);

pf = a.m('a');

10. How do I specify a pointer to a static method?


It works exactly like pointers to functions in C.
struct A
{
static void sm(int) {}
};

void function()
{
void (*psm)(int) = A::sm; // assignment
void (*psm)(int) = &A::sm; // alternative

(*psm)(1); // calling the method with parameter value 1.


}

11. Howdo I prevent the compiler from doing implicit type


conversions?
Use the keyword explicit on the constructor. Forcing explicit conversions is usefull to make
the programmers aware of the conversion. This is especially interesting for time consuming
conversions.
struct A
{
A() {}
};

struct B
{
B() {}
B(const A &a) {}
};

struct C
{
C() {}
explicit C(const A &a) {}
};

void fb(B b) { /* ... */ }

void fc(C c) { /* ... */ }

void function()
{
A a;
B b;
C c;
fb(a); // ok, conversion is implicit
fc(a); // error
fc(C(a)); // ok, conversion is explicit
}

12. When should I use const methods?


When a method isn't going to modify a class, it should be const. This prevents from modifying
attributes unwantedly, and reduces significantly errors:
struct A
{
int a;
bool f(int i) const
{
if (a = i) // error. f shouldn't modify a.
return true;
return false;
}
};

13. How do I modify attributes in a const method?


When you have no other choice (which happens), use the keyword mutable:
struct A
{
int a;
mutable int b;
void f() const
{
a = 0; // error
b = 0; // ok
}
};

14. What are static members?


Static members are members that exist independently from an instantiation of a class. They are
shared by all instances of that class, and can be used without requiring an instance. Only
methods and attributes can be static members1. A static attribute must be defined in a .cpp file.
struct A
{
static int id;
static int genId() { return id++; }
};

int A::id = 0; // defined in a .cpp file

15. When should I use a static method or a function?


A static method has full access to the members of a class. If this isn't required, the method
should be a function.
class A
{
private:
int i;
public:
static void f(A &a)
{
a.i = 0;
}
};

16. When should I use a static method or a friend function?


A static method has full access to the members of a single class. A function can be the friend of
more than one class, and therefore can have access to the members of one of more classes.

17. When should I use a global variable or a static attribute?


If possible, avoid global variables.

18. How do I call a static member outside a class?


struct A
{
static int id;
static int genId() { return id++; }
};

int function()
{
A::id = 0; // call to a static attribute
return A::gendId(); // call to a static method
}

19. What is a virtual method?


A virtual method in a parent allows children to have a different implementation for it. A pure
virtual method in a parent forces children to have an implementation for it (interface in Java). A
class with a pure virtual method is called virtual.
struct A
{
virtual void f1() = 0;
virtual void f2() { /* ... */ }
};

struct B: public A
{
void f1() { /* ... */ }
};

struct C: public A
{
void f1() { /* ... */ }
void f2() { /* ... */ }
};

20. What are templates?


Template allow the programmers to implement algorithms once for various data types.
Contrarily to macros, the compiler checks the syntax. Functions, methods and classes can be
templated. Template parameters are of two kinds: data types or integers.

21. How do I specify a function template?


In a header (.h file) :

template <class T>


T max(T a,
T b)
{
return (a < b)? b: a;
}

22. How do I specify a class template?


In a header (.h file). The template parameter can be used for defining any member of the class.

template <class T, int N>


class Vector
{
T array[N];
void method(T t, int i) { array[i] = T; }
};

23. How do I specify a template method?


In a header (.h file) :

class Vector
{
int array[3];

template <class TVECTOR2>


void eqAdd(TVECTOR2 v2);
};

template <class TVECTOR2>


void Vector::eqAdd(TVECTOR2 a2)
{
for (int i(0); i < 3; ++i) array[i] += a2[i];
}

24. How do I put the code of template methods outside classes?


template <class T, int N>
class Vector
{
T array[N];
void reset();
};

template <class T, int N>


void Vector<T, N>::reset()
{
for (int i(0); i < N; ++i) array[i] = 0;
}

25. How do I write a template method of a template class?


The syntax is a bit heavy. There is no point of using it unless you realy need to.

template <class T, int N>


class Vector
{
T array[N];
template <class F>
void apply(F f);
};

template <class T, int N>


template <class F>
void Vector<T, N>::apply(F function)
{
for (int i(0); i < N; ++i) array[i] = f(array[i]);
}

26. How do I specify a friend template class?


Like that:

class A
{
template<class> friend class B;
friend class B <class T>;
};

27. How do I write different code for different template parameters?


Use specializations:

template <class T, int N>


class Vector
{
T a[N];
public:
Vector(const T v) { for (unsigned i(0); i < N; ++i) a[i] = v; }
};

template <>
class Vector <double, 3>
{
double x, y, z;
public:
Vector(const double v): x(v), y(v), z(v) {}
};

28. How do I write to the standard output in a C++ way?


Include iostream and use the operator .
std::cout << "Hello!" << std::endl;

29. How do I read from the standard input in a C++ way?


Include iostream and use the operator . For a string of undefined length, use getline.
float f;
char str[255];

std::cin >> f;
std::cin.getline(str, 255);

30.How do I specify a copy constructor for a class whose


code is not accessible?
Use the keyword operator.
// suppose class A's code is not accessible
A::A(const int i) { /* ... */ }

// This does not prevent you to make a B to A convertor

struct B
{
int b;
B(const int i): b(i) {}
operator A() { return A(b); }
};

31. When should I use operator [] or ()?


Use () instead of []: calling [] on a pointer to the array (instead of the array) will compile too,
but will have a different effect.

32. When should I use operator i++ or ++i?


Since i++ returns a copy of i, it is preferable to use ++i.
33. How do I cast types?
Remember that an explicit type conversion often reveals an error of conception. To cast a
variable a into another type T, use one of the following:
static_cast<T>(a) // explicit and standard conversion
dynamic_cast<T>(a) // validity of object checked at run-time
reinterpret_cast<T>(a) // binary copy
const_cast<T>(a) // changes the constness

34. How do I use references?


A reference is merely an initialized pointer. This reduces significantly zero pointer and un-initialized
pointers errors. Prefer references to pointers. Although the two following codes look equivalent, the
second implementation prevents invalid compilation.

// in C // in C++

int i; int i;
int *pi = &i; int &ti = i;
int *pj; int &rj; // g++ refuses to compile that

*pi = 0; ri = 0;
*pj = 0; // segfault rj = 0;
35. Which of the following is evaluated first:

&&
||
!

36. True or false: If you continuously increment a variable, it will become negative?

True
False
It depends on the variable type

37. A template can be instantiated by

Answer: Both A and B
2. Which of the following denote insertion operator in C++?
Answer: <<
3. Which of the following OOPS concepts are used with cin and cout?
Answer: Operator Overloading
4. Pure virtual function in C++ is one in which the virtual function
Answer: has no body
5. The actual implementation is present in
Answer: definition
6. Class that reads and writes to an array in memory is
Answer: strstream
7. cin in C++ program uses the operator
Answer: >>
8. A variable modified by multiple threads should be declared as
Answer: volatile
9. Virtual functions are defined in
Answer: Derived class

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