Equivalent Eccentricity e = M/P

18 Reinforced Concrete Design P

M
e
P

Design of Columns 2

Combined Axial-Bending

Interaction Diagram
Minimum Eccentricity: emin = 0.6 + 0.03h

Biaxially Loaded Column

Working Stress Design (WSD): Pa ≥ P , Ma ≥ M

Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET Strength Design Method (SDM): φPn ≥ Pu , φMn ≥ Mu

SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Column2_03

Combined Axial Load and Bending Moments Column subjected to eccentric compression

Pn As fs As′ fs′
Bending moments can occur in columns because: e
εs 0.85 fc′
- Unbalance gravity loads ε s′ ε cu

- Lateral loads: wind, earthquake d′

c
h a
d
width = b

Equilibrium between external and internal axial forces requires that

ΣFy  Pn = 0.85 fc′ a b + As′ fs′ − As fs

Moment about centerline of the section of internal stresses and forces must be
equal and opposite to the moment of external force Pn, so that

h a h   h
[ΣMCL ] Mn = Pn e = 0.85 fc′ a b  −  + As′ fs′  − d ′  + As fs  d − 
2 2 2   2
Column2_02 Column2_04
 Moment Strength of Column
If we know Neutral axis (c, a)
Pn
Taking moment about centroid of section:
T CL Cc Cs
e h a h   h Strain condition
Mn1 = Cc  −  + Cs  − d ′  + T  d − 
2 2 2   2 ( εs , ε‘s )

= Pn ⋅ e
Stress condition
d’ Taking moment about tension steel: ( fs , f‘s )
a/2  a
Mn 2 = Cc  d −  + Cs ( d − d ′ )
d - h/2 h/2  2
Column strength
d  h ( Mn, Pn )
= Pn ⋅  e + d − 
h  2

Column2_05 Column2_07

Tension steel: Pn Pn Pn Pn
εs e e e e
d −c
ε s′ ε cu ε s = ε cu
c
d −c
fs = ε s Es = ε cu Es ≤ fy
d′ c
c
d
Compression steel:

c − d′
ε s′ = ε cu
c
As fs As′ fs′ c − d′
fs′ = ε s′ Es = ε cu Es ≤ fy
c
0.85 fc′ Small Eccentricity Large Eccentricity

Concrete stress block:

Large e → fs = fy when εc = εcu = 0.003 (tension failure)
a = β1 c ≤ h
a C = 0.85 fc′ a b Small e → fs < fy when εc = εcu = 0.003 (compression failure)
Column2_06 Column2_08
Interaction Diagram for Combined Bending and Axial Load
Failure Mode Justification using eb
For any eccentricity, there is a unique pair of Pn and Mn.
Pn
By plotting series of pairs coresponding to a different
eccentricity, will result in an interaction diagram. Case 1: e < eb Case 2: e > eb
P0
M>Mb Mb
Mb cb cb
Compression failure range εy εy

εcu εcu
ll

Radial lines show constant e = Mn/Pn M<Mb

e sma

εs > εy
e=0

c > cb εs < εy fs < fy c < cb fs > fy

Compression Failure Tension Failure

eb : Balance failure

e large Tension failure range

Mn
e=∞
Column2_09 Column2_11

Balanced Failure, eb EXAMPLE 1 Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is

reinforced with 4DB28. Concrete strength f’c = 280 ksc and the steel
yield strength fy = 4,000 ksc
Mb = Pb eb Condition of failure that :
εy Pn Pn
20 cm 20 cm
e
ε s′ ε cu Concrete reaches the strain limit: εcu and 5 cm 5 cm Mn

Tensile steel reaches the yield strain: εy 12.5 cm

d′ ε cu 6,120
cb = d = d 12.5 cm
cb ε cu + ε y 6,120 + fy
d ab = β1 cb Balance condition:

 6,120 
cb − d ′ cb =   35 = 21.2 cm, ab = 0.85(21.2) = 18.0 cm
fs′ = ε s′ Es = ε cu Es ≤ fy  6,120 + 4,000 
cb
Pb = 0.85 fc′ ab b + As′ fs′ − As fy Cc = 0.85(0.28)(18)(25) = 107 ton

h a  h   h  c − d′   21.2 − 5 
Mb = 0.85 fc′ ab b  − b  + As′ fs′  − d ′  + As fy  d −  fs′ = Esε cu   = 6,120  21.2  = 4,677 ksc Yielding → fs′ = 4,000 ksc
 2 2   2   2  c   
eb = Mb / Pb
Cs = As′ fy = 12.32(4.0) = 49.3 ton
Column2_10 Column2_12
 T = As fy = 12.32(4.0) = 49.3 ton Interaction Diagram
h = 40 cm
Pb = Cc + Cs − T = 107 + 49.3 − 49.3 = 107 ton d ′ = 5 cm
h a h   h d = 35 cm
Mb = Cc  −  + Cs  − d ′  + T  d − 
 2 2 2   2 a = 18 cm Pn

= 107(20 − 18 / 2) + 49.3(20 − 5) + 49.3(35 − 20) P0 e=

Mn
Pn
= 2,656 ton-cm = 26.6 ton-m εs < ε y 0.003
M 2,656 e=0
eb = b = = 24.8 cm
Pb 107 Compression controlled
Balanced strain
For c smaller than cb = 21.2 cm will give e larger than eb : tension failure condition 0.003
Pb
Transition zone εs = ε y
For example, choose c = 10 cm. By definition fs = fy
e= eb Tension controlled
 10 − 5  0.003
fs′ = 6,120   = 3,060 ksc e=∞
 10  εs > ε y
M0 Mb Mn
a = 0.85 × 10 = 8.5 cm

C = 0.85(0.28)(8.5)(25) = 50.6 ton

Pn = 50.6 + 12.32 × 3.06 − 12.32 × 4.0 = 39 ton

Column2_13 Column2_15

Mn = 50.6(20 − 8.5 / 2) + 12.32 × 3.06(20 − 5) + 12.32 × 4.0(35 − 20)

Maximum Strength in Axial Compression-ACI Code
= 2,102 ton-cm = 21.0 t-m

e=
Mn 2,102
= = 53.9 cm Tied column: Pn = 0.80  0.85 fc′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast 
Pn 39
For c larger than cb = 21.2 cm will give e smaller than eb : compression failure Spiral column: Pn = 0.85  0.85 f c′ ( Ag − Ast ) + f y Ast 

For example, choose c = 30 cm. Minimum eccentricity: e = 0.6 + 0.03 h

a = 0.85 × 30 = 25.5 cm
Pn Pn
C = 0.85(0.28)(25.5)(25) = 152 ton P0 P0
A
d −c   35 − 30  Pn(max) Pn(max) A
fs = Esε cu   = 6,120  30  = 1,020 ksc

h
 c   

.03
h
+ 0.03

+0
 30 − 5 
fs′ = 6,120   = 5,100 ksc Yielding → fs′ = 4,000 ksc

0.6
 30 

e = 0.6

e=
Pn = 152 + 12.32 × 4.0 − 12.32 × 1.02 = 189 ton

Mn = 152(20 − 25.5 / 2) + 12.32 × 4.0(20 − 5) + 12.32 × 1.02(35 − 20) USE Pn(max) USE Pn at point A
M 2,030
= 2,030 ton-cm = 20.3 t-m e= n = = 10.7 cm
Pn 189
Column2_14 Column2_16
Column strength interaction diagram. A 25 x 40 cm column is reinforced with 4DB28.
Concrete strength f’c = 280 ksc and the steelyield strength fy = 4,000 ksc Interaction Diagram of Rectangular Columns
h = 40 cm
20 cm 20 cm
d ′ = 5 cm
5 cm 5 cm
d = 35 cm 300.00
h
12.5 cm 0.08 f c′ = 210 kg/cm 2
γh
2
250.00 0.07 f y = 4000 kg/cm
0.06 γ = 0.75
12.5 cm b
0.05
200.00 0.04
φPn
, ksc 0.03
Ag
150.00 0.02
ρg = 0.01

100.00

50.00

0.00
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00
φM n
, ksc
Ag h

Column2_17 Column2_19

Example: Design a rectangular reinforced concrete column with ties for service
dead and live loads of 120 and 80 tons, respectively. Service dead and live load
Interaction Diagram for Design moments at the top about the strong axis are 15 and 8 t-m, respectively.
Moments are negligible about weak axis. Assume moments at the bottom of the
column as half those at the top. The column has unsupported height of 2.5 m and
is bent in double curvature about strong axis and single curvature about the weak
axis. Use f’c = 210 ksc and fy = 4,000 ksc.

Pn D 1) Determine required strength

Nominal strength
Pu = 1.4(120) + 1.7(80) = 304 ton
D’ Design
φ Pn
curve Mu = 1.4(15) + 1.7(8) = 34.6 t-m
φ = 0.70 for tied column
2) Check column slenderness. Assume a 40 x 60 cm column size

0.70 ≤ φ ≤ 0.90 a. Slenderness about weak axis (40 cm width)

0.1 f c′ Ag
k = 1.0 for braced compression member
φ Mn Mn φ = 0.90 for beam r = 0.3x40 = 12 cm
kLu/r = (1.0)(250)/12 = 20.8
Column2_18 Column2_20
 With negligible moment about the weak axis, assume M1/M2 = 1.0 Normalized Interaction Diagram

kLu/r < 34 - 12(M1/M2) = 22 (single curvature) 2.00

h
3.0
1.80 γh
Therefore, slenderness may be neglect about the weak axis. 2.5
1.60

1.40 2.0 b
b. Slenderness about strong axis (60 cm width)
φ Pn 1.20 1.5
k = 1.0 for braced compression member γ = 0.80
1.00
r = 0.3x60 = 18 cm
Ag fc' 1.0

0.80 0.5
kLu/r = (1.0)(250)/18 = 13.9 0.60
ρgm=0
M1/M2 = -0.5 0.40

kLu/r < 34 - 12(-0.5) = 40 0.20

Therefore, slenderness may be neglect about the strong axis. 0.00

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10

φ Mn
Ag hfc'
Column2_21 Column2_23

3) Design of column reinforcement Biaxial Bending and Compression

Pu 304(1,000) y
Compute = = 126.7 b Load Contour Method:
Method:
Ag 40 × 60
Mnx = Pn enx
Mu 34.6(1,000)(100) ex Pn Cut failure surface at constant Pn
= = 24.03
Ag h 40 × 60 × 60 ey
Mny = Pn eny
Pn
h
From interaction diagram, read ρg = 0.025 x x

Ast = ρg Ag = 0.025(40)(60) = 60.0 cm2

USE 10DB28(As=61.58cm2) Place 5DB28 bars on each 40 cm side.
Load contour M0y
Mny y
4) Select lateral reinforcement M0x
α1 α2
M0y  Mnx   Mny 
Use DB10 ties with DB28 longitudinal bars   +   = 1.0 Pn
 M0 x   M0 y 
Spacing not greater than: 16(2.8) = 44.8 cm
48(1.0) = 48.0 cm
Mny
column size = 40 cm (control)
USE DB10 @ 40 cm Mnx Mnx
M0x
Column2_22 Column2_24
 Modified Load Contour Method EXAMPLE 18 – 3 : Design of a Biaxially Loaded Column by the Modified Load
Contour Method
The interaction expression for the load and bending moments about the two axes is
A nonslender corner column is subjected to a factored compressive load Pu = 100 ton,
1.5 1.5
 Pn − Pnb   Mnx  M  a factored bending moment Mux = 18 t-m about the x axis, and a factored bending
 +  +  ny 
M 
= 1.0 moment Muy = 12 t-m about y axis. Given f’c = 280 ksc, fy = 4,000 ksc
 Pno − Pnb   Mnbx   nby 
y
where y Pu = 100 ton
ex
Pn = nominal axial compression (positive), or tension (negative)
x
Mnx, Mny = nominal bending moments about the x- and y-axis respectively ey
Pno = maximum nominal axial compression (positive) or axial tension (negative) Mux

= 0.85 f’c (Ag – Ast) + fy Ast x

Muy
Pnb = nominal axial compression at the limit strain states ( εt = 0.002 )
Solution: Step 1: Calculate equivalent uniaxial bending moment assuming equal
Mnbx, Mnby = nominal bending moment about the x- and y-axis respectively, numbers of bars on all faces
at the limit strain state ( εt = 0.002 )
Assume that φ = 0.70 for tied columns.

Required nominal Pn = 100/0.7 = 143 ton

Column2_25 Column2_27

Muy y Required nominal Mnx = 18/0.7 = 25.7 t-m

Pn Pu
The value of Pnb and Mnb can be obtained from: ex
h Required nominal Mny = 12/0.7 = 17.1 t-m
T C
L Cc Cs
e Pnb = 0.85 fc′ β1 c b b + A ′s fs′ − A s fy ey = Mnx / Pn = 25.7(100)/143 = 18.0 cm
ey
b ex = Mny / Pn = 17.1(100)/143 = 12.0 cm
 a  Mux
Mnb = Pnbeb = Cc  d − − d′′  + Cs (d − d′ − d′′) + T d′′ x : axis parallel to the shorter side b
 2  x
d’ y : axis parallel to the longer side h
where
Assume column section : b = 30 cm, h = 50 cm, d’ = 5 cm, and As = 8DB25
d” a/2 a = depth of the equivalent block = β1cb
εcu = 0.003
d - h/2 h/2
 0.003   6,120 
=  d = 
 f / E + 0.003 
d cb d
 y s   6,120 + 4,000  c
=
0.003
= 0.6
h 5 cm d 0.003 + 0.002
c

d = 45 cm
fs′ = stress in the compressive reinforcement
h = 50 cm

c = 0.6(45) = 27 cm
= fy if fs′ ≥ fy
a = β1c = 0.85(27) = 23 cm
T = Force in the tensile side reinforcement
5 cm
εs = εy = 0.002

b = 30 cm Balance failure
Column2_26 Column2_28
 εcu = 0.003 0.85f’c Compute Pnb : Pno = 0.85 fc′ (A g − A st ) + A st fy

a = 23 cm
Cs1 f’s = 6120(1-d’/c) = 6120(1-5/27) = 0.85 x 0.24 (30 x 50 – 8 x 4.91) + 8 x 4.49 x 4.0
c = 27 cm

Cc = 4987 ksc USE fy = 4000 ksc

= 442 ton

Cs2 f’s = 6120(1-25/27) = 453 ksc Using the interaction surface expression for biaxial bending
1.5 1.5
Pnb = nominal axial compression at the limit strain  Pn − Pnb   Mnx  M 
 +  +  ny 
M 
 Pno − Pnb   Mnbx   nby 
= Cc + Cs1 + Cs2 – T
T = As fy 1.5 1.5
εs = εy = 0.002 143 − 168.7  25.7   17.1 
Cc = 0.85f’c b a = 0.85(0.28)(30)(23) = 164.2 ton = +  + 
442 − 168.7  45.7   24.7 
Cs1 = (3DB25=14.73)(4.0) = 58.9 ton
= -0.094 + 0.422 + 0.576 = 0.904 < 1.00 OK
Cs2 = (2DB25=9.82)(0.453) = 4.5 ton
Hence, accept the design, namely,
T = (3DB25=14.73)(4.0) = 58.9 ton
b = 30 cm, h = 50 cm, d = 45 cm, and As = 8DB25
Pnb = 164.2 + 58.9 + 4.5 – 58.9 = 168.7 ton

Column2_29 Column2_31

0.85f’c Compute Mnbx :

h a h   h
Mnbx = C c  −  + C s  − d′  + T  d − 
a = 23 cm

Cs1
2 2 2   2
Cc
Mnbx = 164.2(25 – 23/2) + 58.9(25 – 5) + 58.9(45 – 25)
Cs2 cnbx
= 4573 t-cm = 45.7 t-m
εcu =
Mnbx 4573 0.003
eby = = = 27.1 cm εy =
Pnb 168.7 0.002
T = As fy
eby > ey = 17.8 cm, hence compression failure

Compute Mnby : My
h = 50 cm

anbx = β1cnbx = 0.85(0.6)(d=25) = 13 cm

Mnby = 0.85×0.28×50×12.75(15 – 13/2) + 58.9(15 – 5)

+ 58.9(25 – 15)

= 2468 t-cm = 24.7 t-m b = 30 cm

Column2_30