RC Concept-Sandjeep Gupta
RC Concept-Sandjeep Gupta
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GMAT Specifics:
Execution
o Adaptive nature of the test … it is a disaster if it keeps playing on your mind
o Nerves … if you are the one who freaks out at the thought of an aptitude test, you need to train your mind.
o No guessing on the level of a question (“I wonder whether it is a 500 level or a 750 level question?” is
disastrous thinking) / No guessing whether a question is experimental or real
o Mind-game … the exam is out to play a serious mind-game with you. It is your job to defeat its intention.
o Ensure good sleep the night before the test
o Ensure that your routine / habits are not disrupted
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1
Class Schedule for the 8 weeks + Study Plan:
Week 1 (Verbal):
Sat: Knowing the GMAT + RC Session 1
Sun: RC Session 2 + CR Session 1
Week 2 (Quant):
Sat: Quant Session 1 [DS Traps + Inequalities]
Sun: Quant Session 2 [Absolute Values (Mods) + Statistics]
Week 3 (Verbal):
Sat: SC Session 1 + RC Session 3
Sun: SC Session 2 + CR Session 2
Week 4 (Quant):
Sat: Quant Session 3 [Number Properties + General Algebra]
Sun: B-School Admission Counseling Session
Week 5 (Verbal):
Sat: CR Session 3 + SC Session 3
Sun: RC Session 4 + CR Session 4
Week 6 (Quant):
Sat: Quant Session 4 [Geometry + Co-ordinate geometry]
Sun: Quant Session 5 [Combinatorics – P&C, Probability]
Week 7:
Sat: Quant Session 6 – [Arithmetic + Miscellaneous Word Problems]
Sun: SC Session 4 + Discussion of the further steps + general guidance
Week 8:
Sat: AWA Section - Analytical Writing Assessment (Analysis of an Argument - Essay)
Sun: IR (Integrated Reasoning)
Personal Session with the faculty:
Step 1: Mock Test 1 to be done at home by the student
Step 2: Personal Session with the faculty after the mock test to discuss the mock test and the further plan of action
Note:
The classes in week 8 will be offered as video classes.
The validity of the course is 4 months from the date of joining.
After your classes are over: You will need to follow an assisted-self-study-plan to reach the level of finesse and
perfection required for a 99th percentile score. We will share this plan with the material once your classes are over. This
takes 45-60 days assuming you study 3 hours each day.
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Train with Sandeep Gupta (Official 770 Score twice) in Delhi and Bangalore. Contact: Delhi: +91-85868-37769: Bangalore: +91-97395-61394.
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2
Reading Comprehension
O.C.T.A.V.E.
A guaranteed formula for 100% success on GMAT RC
Opinion: Opinion (personal opinion) of the author or of the people whom the author supports, implicitly or explicitly.
The author of a passage will either have no opinion or some tangible opinion. S/he can‟t have wavering / changing /
uncertain / ambivalent opinions.
What constitutes an opinion?
o Prediction … (may / might / can / could / will / would / likely etc.)
o Suggestion … (should / propose / recommend / make a case for / „would need to do‟ / would be wise to
follow etc. / must / ought to etc.)
o Position / stand / stance / viewpoint / belief
o Criticism and praise
o Conclusion drawn / judgment reached
o Hypothesis / claim
o Agreement and disagreement
o Anything futuristic is more likely to be an opinion
o Anything debatable is definitely an opinion. Facts are always taken as TRUE. We can‟t challenge a fact.
We can‟t support a fact, either.
o The answer to the primary purpose and main idea of a passage is almost a restatement of the opinion
of the passage.
o The first verb in a primary purpose question belongs to the author.
Contrast Words: Watch out for contrast words: these are important because the opinion might change or might be
introduced at a contrast location. Also, a lot of times, there is surely a general / inference question from these
locations. The common contrast words are:
Alternatively, although, apart from, but, by contrast, contrary to, conversely, despite, even though, however,
in contrast, in spite of this, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, on the other hand, regardless, still,
then again, yet
Little: It means hardly any. Therefore it has a negative meaning. For example:
• There is little hope of our team's victory now. Means NO hope or hardly any hope.
• He showed little concern for his niece. Means NO concern or hardly any concern.
• He showed little interest in Chemistry. Means NO interest or hardly any interest.
Obama's presidency had little impact in countering the economic crisis in the USA, which continued to
worsen for a much longer duration. Means No impact or hardly any impact.
• A little planning could have saved the situation. Means some planning.
• There is a little hope of his recovery from the disease. Means some hope.
• Obama's presidency had a little impact in countering the economic crisis in the USA, eventually resulting
in a better financial situation for the Americans. Means some impact.
Few: It means not many, hardly any. So, therefore it has negative meaning. For example:
• Few people speak the truth today. Means NO ONE or hardly any
• Few people can keep a secret. Means NO ONE or hardly any
A Few: It means 'some' as opposed to 'none'. Therefore it has positive meaning. For Example:
• A few words spoken politely will convince the lord. Means some words
• A few children can speak English correctly in our society. Means some children
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Critique: doesn‟t mean criticize. It simply means weigh the pros and cons of something. A movie critic who
critiques a movie can give a five-star or one-star reviews both.
Tone: Always try to predict the tone of the passage as positive / negative / neutral / balanced. This is a big help.
Positive: PRAISE
Negative: CRITICISM (in a criticism passage, always ask: whether it is criticism only or also a suggestion).
Neutral: The tone is neither positive nor negative.
Balanced: Both positives and negatives are discussed. It is essentially „pros-and-cons‟ analysis. An implied
opinion is always there in such a passage even if there is no explicit opinion.
If the tone is balanced, the answer to the primary purpose question will contain one of these words:
o Critique
o Assess
o Evaluate
o Weigh
Avoid
In the answer choices, you must avoid:
o Superlatives (the third degrees of the adjectives): best, latest, most, worst etc.
o Specific to general (if the passage mentions anything specific, the choices that generalize that information
is always wrong): let‟s say the passage talks about lions, then it will be wrong to mark an answer that
generalizes lions to mammals or animals etc.
o In assumption questions (this is applicable only in RC): whatever is mentioned in the passage must not be
part of the answer choices.
Verify each word: This is the heart of RC. You must make sure that each word written in the choices must be
justifiable from the passage.
Eliminate: Don‟t be fixated on an answer choice if it seems attractive. Follow elimination of wrong ones rather than
selection of the “right” one.
CAUTION: OCTAVE has to be part of your subconscious. If you are forced to apply it consciously, the results will not
be spectacular.
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4
RC Session 1
(O.C.T.A.V.E. APPLICATION)
Directions: Read the passages and select the right answer for each of the questions:
Passage 1
Some modern anthropologists hold that biological 1. The author is primarily concerned with:
evolution has shaped not only human morphology but A. expressing displeasure at an eventual inevitability
also human behavior. The role those anthropologists related to the pressure of maladaptive frailties
ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of B. outlining a new claim about foundations of human
human behavior but one of imposing constraints— behavior with a special focus on maladaptive
ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come frailties and defending their origins
naturally” in archetypal situations in any culture. Our C. detailing those human frailties that give us a sense
“frailties”—emotions and motives such as rage, fear, of our constraints and presenting the outcome of
greed, gluttony, joy, lust, love—may be a very mixed such constricting behaviors
assortment, but they share at least one immediate D. summarizing a position on human frailties and
quality: we are, as we say, “in the grip” of them. And presenting his own stance
thus they give us our sense of constraints. E. suggesting ways to deal with a problem and
predicting eventual consequences of not doing so
Unhappily, some of those frailties—our need for ever-
increasing security among them—are presently 2. It can be inferred that in his discussion of
maladaptive. Yet beneath the overlay of cultural detail, maladaptive frailties the author assumes
they, too, are said to be biological in direction, and that
therefore as natural to us as are our appendixes. We A. evolution does not favor the emergence of
would need to comprehend thoroughly their adaptive adaptive characteristics over the emergence of
origins in order to understand how badly they guide us maladaptive ones
now. And we might then begin to resist their pressure. B. any structure or behavior not positively adaptive is
regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory
C. maladaptive characteristics, once fixed, make the
emergence of other maladaptive characteristics
more likely
D. the designation of a characteristic as being
maladaptive must always remain highly tentative
E. changes in the total human environment can
outpace evolutionary change
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5
Passage 2
Woodrow Wilson was referring to the liberal idea of the 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
economic market when he said that the free enterprise A. criticize the inflexibility of American economic belief in
system is the most efficient economic system. their idea of free enterprise system
B. contrast “Old World” and “New World” economic
Maximum freedom means maximum productiveness;
ideologies
our “openness” is to be the measure of our stability.
C. appreciate the integrity of a political leader
Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy D. champion those Americans whom the author deems
the “Old World” categories of settled possessiveness to be neglected and propose ways to improve their
versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention situation
versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo” defended E. suggest a substitute for the traditional metaphor of a
or attacked. The United States, it was believed, had no race
status quo ante. Our only “station” was the turning of
a stationary wheel, spinning faster and faster. We did 2. Which of the following best expresses the
author’s main point?
not base our system on property but opportunity—
A. Americans‟ pride in their jobs continues to give them
which meant we based it not on stability but on
stamina today.
mobility. The more things changed, that is, the more B. The absence of a status quo ante has undermined
rapidly the wheel turned, the steadier we would be. United States economic structure.
The conventional picture of class politics is composed C. The free enterprise system has been a very effective
of the Haves, who want a stability to keep what they system in the United States.
have, and the Have-Nots, who want a touch of D. The strong belief of Americans in the effectiveness of
instability and change in which to scramble for the the free enterprise system is flawed.
things they have not. But Americans imagined a E. Fascination with the ideal of “openness” has made
Americans a progressive people.
condition in which speculators, self-makers, runners
are always using the new opportunities given by our
3. The author sets off the word “Reform” with
land. These economic leaders (front-runners) would quotation marks in order to
thus be mainly agents of change. The nonstarters A. emphasize its departure from the concept of settled
were considered the ones who wanted stability, a possessiveness
strong referee to give them some position in the race, B. show his support for a systematic program of change
a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an C. highlight the flexibility and even amorphousness of
authority that can call things to a halt, begin things United States society
again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.” D. indicate that the term was one of Wilson‟s favorites
E. assert that reform in the United States has not helped
all, especially the poor and the needy
“Reform” in America has been sterile because it can
imagine no change except through the extension of 4. It can be inferred from the passage that the
this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of author most probably thinks that giving the
competitors, “a piece of the action,” as it were, for disenfranchised “a piece of the action” is
the disenfranchised. There is no attempt to call off the A. a compassionate legislative measure
race. Since our only stability is change, America seems B. an example of Americans‟ resistance to profound
not to honor the quiet work that achieves social social change
interdependence and stability. There is, in our legends, C. an innovative program for genuine social reform
D. a monument to the efforts of industrial reformers
no heroism of the office clerk, no stable industrial work
E. a surprisingly “Old World” remedy for social ills
force of the people who actually make the system
work. There is no pride in being an employee (Wilson 5. It can be inferred from the passage that
asked for a return to the time when everyone was an Woodrow Wilson’s ideas about the economic
employer). There has been no boasting about our market
social workers—they are merely signs of the system‟s A. encouraged those who, according to the author, make
failure, of opportunity denied or not taken, of things to the system work
be eliminated. We have no pride in our growing B. propagated and continued the traditional beliefs as to
interdependence, in the fact that our system can serve why Americans think they are so successful in the
first place
others, that we are able to help those in need; empty
C. revealed the prejudices of a man born wealthy
boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present
D. foreshadowed the stock market crash of 1929
achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, E. began a tradition of presidential proclamations on
move away from them. We are all just trying to win, economics
with none winning in the end (because there is no
end).
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Passage 3
The function of capital markets is to facilitate an 1. The author’s main point is argued by
exchange of funds among all participants, and yet in (A) giving examples that support a conventional
practice we find that certain participants are not on a generalization
par with others. Members of society have varying (B) showing that the view opposite to the author‟s
degrees of market strength in terms of information is self-contradictory
they bring to a transaction, as well as of purchasing (C) criticizing the presuppositions of a proposed
power and creditworthiness, as defined by lenders. plan
For example, within minority communities, capital (D) showing that omissions in a theoretical
markets do not properly fulfill their functions; they do description make it inapplicable in certain
not provide access to the aggregate flow of funds in cases
the United States. The financial system does not (E) demonstrating that an alternative hypothesis
generate the credit or investment vehicles needed for more closely fits the data
underwriting economic development in minority areas.
The problem underlying this dysfunction is found in a 2. The main point made by the passage is that
rationing mechanism affecting both the available (A) financial markets provide for an optimum
alternatives for investment and the amount of financial allocation of resources among all competing
resources. This creates a distributive mechanism participants by balancing supply and demand
penalizing members of minority groups because of (B) the allocation of financial resources takes
their socioeconomic differences from others. The place among separate individual participants,
existing system expresses definite socially based each of whom has access to the market
investment preferences that result from the previous (C) the existence of certain factors adversely
allocation of income and that influence the allocation affecting members of minority groups shows
of resources for the present and future. The system that financial markets do not function as
tends to increase the inequality of income distribution. conventional theory says they function
And, in the United States economy, a greater (D) investments in minority communities can be
inequality of income distribution leads to a greater made by the use of various alternative
concentration of capital in certain types of investment. financial instruments, such as stocks and
Most traditional financial-market analysis studies bonds
ignore financial markets‟ deficiencies in allocation (E) since transaction costs for stocks, bonds, and
because of analysts‟ inherent preferences for the other financial instruments are not equally
simple model of perfect competition. Conventional apportioned among all minority-group
financial analysis pays limited attention to issues of members, the financial market is subject to
market structure and dynamics, relative costs of criticism
information, and problems of income distribution.
Market participants are viewed as acting as entirely 3. The passage states that traditional studies
independent and homogeneous individuals with of the financial market overlook imbalances
perfect foresight about capital-market behavior. Also, in the allocation of financial resources
it is assumed that each individual in the community at because
large has the same access to the market and the same (A) an optimum allocation of resources is the final
opportunity to transact and to express the preference result of competition among participants
appropriate to his or her individual interest. Moreover, (B) the analysts who study the market choose an
it is assumed that transaction costs for various types idealistic description of the influences on
of financial instruments (stocks, bonds, etc.) are competition that happens to be inapplicable
equally known and equally divided among all the case of the minorities
community members. (C) such imbalances do not appear in the
statistics usually compiled to measure the
market‟s behavior
(D) the analysts who study the market refuse to
accept any criticism that portrays their
methods as biased
(E) socioeconomic difference form the basis of a
rationing mechanism that puts minority
groups at an advantage
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Passage 4
Measuring more than five feet tall and ten feet long, 1. For what purpose does the author include
the Javan rhinoceros is often called the rarest large the last sentence of the passage?
mammal on earth. None exist in zoos. Like the Indian A. To demonstrate that the Vietnamese herd has
rhino, the Javan has only one horn; African and better odds of surviving than the Indonesian herd.
Sumatran rhinos have two. While the Javan rhino B. To illustrate that human benevolence can be just
habitat once extended across southern Asia, now there as detrimental to the survival of a species as can
are fewer than one hundred of the animals in human maltreatment.
Indonesia and under a dozen in Vietnam. Very little is C. To reinforce the idea that the Indonesian herd of
known about Javan rhinos because they lead secretive the Javan rhino species will not survive.
and solitary lives in remote jungles. Till today, D. To support the fact that good actions on part of
scientists debate whether females even have horns, humans can increase the chances of survival of
and most scientific work has had to rely on DNA the Javan rhinoceros species
garnered from dung. E. To support the contention that the Javan rhino
species may not be able to recover from its current
The near extinction of the Javan rhino is the direct state
result of human actions. For centuries, farmers, who
favored the same habitat, viewed them as crop eating 2. Which of the following best expresses the
pests and shot them on sight. During the colonial author’s attitude toward the likely fate of
period, hunters slaughtered thousands. Now, human the Javan Rhino?
efforts to save them may well prove futile. The A. slightly optimistic about the species‟ long-term
Vietnamese herd is probably doomed, as too few survival
remain to maintain the necessary genetic variation. B. resigned to the guaranteed and inevitable
Rhinos from Java cannot supplement the Vietnamese extinction of the species
numbers because in the millions of years since C. ambivalent about the long-term outcome for the
Indonesia separated from the mainland, the two species
groups have evolved into separate sub-species. In D. pessimistic about the species‟ chance for survival
Indonesia, the rhinos are protected on the Ujung E. uncertain about the ongoing impact of farmers and
Kulon peninsula, which is unsettled by humans, and hunters
still have sufficient genetic diversity to have a chance
at survival. Ironically, however, the lack of human 3. Which of the following can be inferred from
disturbance allows mature forests to replace the the passage?
shrubby vegetation the animals prefer. Thus, human A. More is known about the genetics of the Javan
benevolence may prove little better for these rhinos rhino than is known about its mating patterns
than past human maltreatment. B. Javan rhinos are the most endangered animal
species on the planet
C. Hunters killed thousands of more Javan rhinos in
Indonesia than in Vietnam
D. Most animal extinctions are the result of human
actions
E. Genetic diversity is the most important factor for
the survival of a species
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Passage 5
In the past decade, rapid technological progress 1. The tone of the passage could best be
and a greater demand for high-quality digital imaging described as
have led to dramatic advances in video display (A) supportive advocacy
technology. The dominant technology currently used in (B) cautious endorsement
most consumer product displays is the active matrix (C) disinterested explanation
liquid crystal diode display (LCD). (D) intellectual exploration
LCDs apply thin-film transistors (TFTs) of (E) qualified support
amorphous or polycrystalline silicon sandwiched
between two glass plates. The TFTs supply voltage to 2. The passage indicates that each of the
liquid-crystal-filled cells, or pixels, between the sheets following may be considered an advantage
of glass. When hit with an electric charge, the liquid of LCD displays relative to other display
crystals untwist to an exact degree to filter white light technologies EXCEPT
generated by a lamp. This filtered light shines directly (A) they consume less power
on the viewing screen or, in the case of projection (B) they generally have more pixels per square
televisions, is projected through a small chip that acts inch of the display
as a lens. LCDs that are capable of producing color (C) they are able to display continuous video
images, such as in televisions and computers, graphics images with no interruption
reproduce colors through a process of subtraction, (D) they reflect a widely adopted standard
blocking out particular color wavelengths from the (E) they represent the latest, most advanced
spectrum of white light until only the desired color technology
remains. It is the variation of the intensity of light
permitted to pass through the matrix of liquid crystals 3. The process through which an LCD monitor
that enables LCD displays to present images full of displays different colors is most closely
gradations of different colors. analogous to
The nature and functioning of LCD displays present (A) An hourglass partially blocked such that a
many advantages relative to other display limited stream of grains of sand fall into the
technologies. The amount of power required to untwist lower portion
the crystals to display images, even dark ones, is much (B) A series of filters that separate all of the
lower than that required for analogous processes using components of a mixture according to size
other technologies, such as plasma. The dense array (C) A recording studio soundproofed so that any
of crystals displays images from computer or other performances within are muted to those
video graphics sources extremely well, with full color outside
detail, no flicker, and no screen burn-in. Moreover, the (D) A piece of construction paper with outlines of
number of pixels per square inch on an LCD display is characters cut out such that a lamp in front of
typically higher than that for other display the paper casts shadows in the shapes of the
technologies, so LCD monitors are particularly good at characters
displaying large amounts of data with exceptional (E) An air vent that emits warmer air outside of a
clarity and precision. As a result, LCD TVs are building while an air conditioning system cools
considered the best display platform for video games, the interior of the building
high definition television, movie special effects, and
other graphics-intensive uses.
No matter what happens, you shouldn‟t attend the next session without finishing the following:
1. Read the document “Is This My Failure?” fully. Read every single word. Don‟t skip anything.
2. Solve 6 RC passages from RC 2 + CR 1 document (page 1 to 6)
3. Solve 14 CR questions (7 Assumption Questions + 7 Evaluate Questions) from RC 2 + CR 1
document (page 15 to 18)
PLEASE NOTE:
You must give enough time to each question.
You must feel that you have marked the right answer.
You must feel that even if you have one extra hour, you won‟t be able to change any answer.
You much give absolutely enough thought and deliberation on each question.
Top One Percent – T. O. P.GMAT – GMAT 99th Percentile Club: Exclusive GMAT-Prep for 99th percentile (760-800 range) aspirants – not for everyone!
Train with Sandeep Gupta (Official 770 Score twice) in Delhi and Bangalore. Contact: Delhi: +91-85868-37769: Bangalore: +91-97395-61394.
Email ID: [email protected]. Can’t attend classes? Check out our video course on pen drive: www.top-one-percent.com
9