Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal

RSSIs in CDMA
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Contents

Contents

1 Checking RSSI on the BAM........................................................................................................1

1.1 Detecting and Verifying the Abnormality..........................................................................................................1

1.2 Checking Alarms of Related Devices................................................................................................................1

1.3 Checking Related Radio Parameters..................................................................................................................2

1.4 Analyzing RSSI Abnormality............................................................................................................................3

1.5 Checking Possible Causes on the BAM............................................................................................................6

1.6 Submitting the Abnormal RSSI to the Related Department............................................................................10

2 Checking BTS Devices...............................................................................................................11

2.1 Checking the Running Status of Devices.........................................................................................................11

2.2 Determining the BTS Type..............................................................................................................................11

2.3 Determining Internal Interference or External Interference............................................................................11

2.4 Determining Whether the Fault Is Caused by BTS or Other Devices.............................................................12

2.4.1 Exchanging Feeders................................................................................................................................12

2.4.2 Connecting Standard Loads....................................................................................................................13

3 Checking Active and Passive Devices.....................................................................................14

3.2 Checking the Power Splitter............................................................................................................................14

3.3 Checking the Repeater.....................................................................................................................................14

3.4 Checking the Coupler......................................................................................................................................14

3.5 Checking the Trunk Amplifier.........................................................................................................................15

4 Checking Feeders........................................................................................................................16
4.1 Procedure for Checking Feeders by Connecting Standard Loads...................................................................16

4.2 Procedure for Checking Feeders by Exchanging Feeders...............................................................................16

4.2.2 Checking the Cabinet Top 1/2 Jumper....................................................................................................17

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4.2.3 Checking the Surge Protector.................................................................................................................17

4.2.4 Checking the 7/8 Feeder.........................................................................................................................17

4.2.5 Checking the 1/2 Jumper on the Antenna Port.......................................................................................17

4.3 Checking Antennas..........................................................................................................................................17

5 Locating External Interference..................................................................................................18

A RSSI-Related Terms...................................................................................................................19
A.1 Interference.....................................................................................................................................................19

A.1.1 CDMA Self-Interference.......................................................................................................................19

A.1.2 Adjacent-Channel Interference..............................................................................................................19

A.1.3 Harmonic Interference...........................................................................................................................19

A.1.4 Impulse Noise Interference....................................................................................................................20

A.1.5 Jamming Interference............................................................................................................................20

A.1.6 Spurious Interference.............................................................................................................................20

A.1.7 Cross Interference..................................................................................................................................20

A.1.8 Intermodulation Interference.................................................................................................................22

A.2 Standing-Wave Ratio......................................................................................................................................22

A.3 RSSI Measurement Principle and Normal Value............................................................................................23

A.3.1 RSSI Source Structure Diagram............................................................................................................23

A.3.2 Principles for Measuring Huawei BTS RSSI........................................................................................27

A.3.3 Methods for Querying Huawei BTS RSSI............................................................................................27

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking RSSI on the BAMChecking RSSI on the BAM

1 Checking RSSI on the BAM

1.1 Detecting and Verifying the Abnormality

Verifying the abnormality

Use M2000, PRS, or Nastar to collect statistics on the average RSSI within half a month and
select carriers with abnormal RSSIs. Trace the RSSI using TELNET or Airbridge maintenance
console for 10 minutes and observe changes in the RSSI.

Under normal temperatures, the noise floor is –113 dBm/1.2288 M in CDMA, considering 3.2
dB of receiver noise factor and 2 dB of noise floor fluctuation in radio environment. The
theoretical minimum RSSI is as follows (without considering the network load):

–113 - 2 + 3.2 = –111.8 dB;

In case of no external interference, the theoretical maximum RSSI is as follows:

–113 + 2 + 3.2 + 8 + 3 = –96.8 dB

In the formula, –113 indicates the noise floor under normal temperatures, 2 indicates the
fluctuation range, 3.2 indicates the BTS noise factor, 8 indicates the RSSI rise caused by
network load (the corresponding network load is 92% of total loads), and 3 indicates the
margin.

Therefore, the normal RSSI ranges from –111.8 dBm to –96.8 dBm under normal
temperatures when the noise floor is –113 dBm.

The noise floor and temperature in each area differ from each other, and the noise floor may
increase after some devices such as repeaters are used，and discreteness impacts on the

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reverse channel components in the RF unit.The normal RSSI ranges from –116 dBm to –93
dBm, considering the noise floor rise (3 dB) and reverse noise floor correction (1 dB). If the
RSSI is beyond this range, the RSSI is abnormal. If the RSSI is larger than –95 dBm, take
actions on the abnormal RSSI.

1.2 Checking Alarms of Related Devices

Devices related to the RSSI are DDU, power amplifier, and TRM board.

Alarms related to the RSSI are standing wave alarm and transmission alarm.

To check alarms of related devices, do as follows:

1. Check whether the DDU, power amplifier, and TRM board run properly on the panel of the
Airbridge maintenance console.

2. If an alarm exists, check whether the abnormal RSSI is related to the time when the alarm is
generated and handle the alarm.

There is no RSSI alarm. However, alarms related to the RSSI include standing wave alarms,
transmission alarms (E1/T1 alarms included), and Abis link congestion alarms. If the RSSI
recovers after the alarm is cleared, end the troubleshooting procedure. Otherwise, go to the
next step.

1.3 Checking Related Radio Parameters

If some parameters are not properly configured, the RSSI may increase. When RSSI
abnormality occurs, check the following parameters on the BAM:

3. Check the configuration of REG_ZONE, TOTAL_ZONE, and ZONE_TIMER. If the

REG_ZONE, TOTAL_ZONE, and ZONE_TIMER are incorrectly configured, the RSSI may
increase due to frequent MS registration.

4. Check the initial access power.

5. Check the minimum gain of the traffic channel.

6. If the RSSI recovers after parameters are recovered, end the troubleshooting procedure.
Otherwise, go to the next step.

Table 1.1 lists parameters related to the RSSI.

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Table 1.1 Parameter list

Name Description

REG_ZONE Indicates the registration zone.

TOTAL_ZONES Indicates the number of registration areas reserved in
the Zone_List.
ZONE_TIMER Indicates the length of the registration area timer.
NUM_STEP Indicates the number of access attempts.
PARAMETER_REG Indicates the registration flag of the system message
parameter change.
REGPRD Indicates the timer registration period.
REGDIST Indicates the registration distance.
REVCHGAIN Indicates the gain adjustment of the reverse traffic
channel.
PWRSTEP Indicates the increase step of the access power.
ACHLDCTRLSW Indicates the algorithm switch for access load control
under a BSC.
ALDCTRLSWT Indicates the algorithm switch for access load control
under a BTS.
ACHHIGHTHR Indicates the upper threshold of the access channel load.
ACHUPSTEP Indicates the increase step of access load adjustment.
ACHMAXVAL Indicates the upper threshold of access load adjustment.
REVLDCTRLSW Indicates the algorithm switch for reserve load control.
RSSINOISALGSW Indicates the algorithm switch for RSSI noise floor
estimation.
REVMAXUSER Indicates the maximum number of equivalent channels.
HIGH_USER_NUM Indicates the threshold of users with high load.
HIGHMAXTHR Indicates the maximum threshold of high-load areas.
NOMPWR Indicates the specified transmission power offset.
INITPWR Indicates the initial access power offset.
REVPWRCSTEP Indicates the reverse power control step.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking RSSI on the BAMChecking RSSI on the BAM

1.4 Analyzing RSSI Abnormality

Collect historical data and analyze the following contents:

7. Relationship between the main RSSI/diversity RSSI and the time

Use the traffic statistics software to query the RSSI data in half an hour and generate a line
trend chart. Analyze the relationship between the RSSI and time. In Figure a.1, the main RSSI
rises at 8 a.m. and recovers at 6 p.m. The diversity RSSI is normal. The possible cause is that
the main connects to a repeater or faulty component and the main RSSI rises when the traffic
increases.

Figure a.1 Main RSSI and diversity RSSI

8. Relationship between the main RSSI/diversity RSSI and the traffic volume

Use the traffic statistics software to query the RSSI data in half an hour and generate a line
trend chart. Analyze the relationship between the RSSI and time and check whether the traffic
volume corresponding to the peak RSSI is high. In Figure a.1, the traffic volume before 8 a.m.
is low and the RSSI is low. When the traffic volume is high, the RSSI is high. The change
tendency of the traffic volume not completely consistent with that of the RSSI due to the
power control mechanism in CDMA, as shown in Figure a.2.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking RSSI on the BAMChecking RSSI on the BAM

Figure a.1 Traffic volume

Figure a.2 Main RSSI

9. Region displaying of RSSI in BTS sectors, NE distribution in the live network including BTS,
indoor distribution system, and repeater.

Use the traffic statistics software to filter sectors with abnormal RSSI and form a Mapinfo
layer. Display the layer on the Mapinfo and check whether the abnormal RSSI occurs based
on regions. The red sector indicates a sector with abnormal RSSI. The abnormal RSSI occurs
only on ARFCN 242. If the RSSI is abnormal in blocks, the possible cause is external
interference. According to the check result, the interference is generated by self-excitation of
a radio repeater.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking RSSI on the BAMChecking RSSI on the BAM

Analyze features of abnormal RSSI such as time, carrier distribution, traffic volume, main and
diversity, and region.

1. Check whether the RSSI abnormality occurs with rule of time, that is, the RSSI abnormality
occurs in a specific period or is related to some events such as indoor distribution system
construction.

2. Check whether the RSSI abnormality occurs on a certain carrier or on all carriers.

3. Check whether the RSSI abnormality is caused by the traffic volume change.

4. Check whether the main RSSI and diversity RSSI are abnormal, or the main RSSI or diversity
RSSI is abnormal.

5. Check whether the cells with RSSI abnormality are based on regions such as in blocks, next to
a government institution, or next to an army headquarter.

Table 1.1 lists possible causes for typical symptoms of abnormal RSSIs.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking RSSI on the BAMChecking RSSI on the BAM

Table 1.1 Possible causes for typical symptoms of abnormal RSSIs

Symptom Possible Cause

The main RSSI and diversity The abnormal RSSI is caused by engineering quality
RSSI of all carriers are high. problem (the jumper connector is not properly prepared,
the jumper is damaged), the connector is flooded by water,
insufficient Abis or FMR resource due to high traffic
volume, parameter setting problem (the registration and
access message are not properly configured) and external
interferences.
The main RSSI and diversity The abnormal RSSI is caused by external interferences
RSSI of a certain carrier are (including repeater self-excitation interference) and indoor
high. distribution system component faults (trunk amplifier).
The main RSSI or diversity The abnormal RSSI is caused by engineering quality
RSSI of all carriers is high. problem (the jumper connector is not properly prepared,
the jumper is damaged), connectors flooded by water,
insufficient Abis or FMR resource due to high traffic
volume, and parameter setting problem (the registration
and access message are not properly configured).
The main RSSI or diversity The abnormal RSSI is caused by engineering quality
RSSI of all carriers is low. problem (connectors from the antenna to TRX are not
properly connected) and hardware faults (antenna, TRX,
CDU, power amplifier fault).
The main RSSI differs The abnormal RSSI is caused by engineering quality
greatly from the diversity problem. The connector of the main or diversity is not
RSSI. properly connected. The RSSIs rise revelry due to the
repeater. (Generally, the repeater is connected to the main.)

1.5 Checking Possible Causes on the BAM

After analyzing the RSSI abnormality features, check possible causes on the BAM based on
the typical symptoms.

6. Check the relationship between historical operations of the background device and the
RSSI abnormality.

a. Check whether a DO carrier is enabled.

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The DO carrier transmits signals with full power. The engineering quality problem, performance
deterioration of antenna component, active or passive components may cause inter-modulation in case of
full power, leading to RSSI abnormality. Therefore, the DO network has strict requirements on network
process and component performance.

b. Check whether the software or hardware upgrade is performed for the network.

c. Check whether the related carrier and hardware are added, deleted, or replaced.

d. Check whether parameters are modified recently.

7. Check the relationship between recent optimization or engineering construction and the
RSSI abnormality.

a. Check whether the RF optimization is performed for sector with abnormal RSSIs and its
neighboring sectors.

b. Check whether construction or adjustment is performed for the sector power splitter,
indoor distribution system, or repeater.

8. Use tools on the BAM to further analyze the RSSI.

The reverse channel scanning function of the Nastar can dynamically replay the interference
spectrum in a plain mode. The procedure for locate the interference type based on reverse
spectrum replaying by using the Nastar is as follows:

a. Trace the BTS RSSI data.

Run the following command to start the tracing:

STR CBTSRVSWITFERMNIT: BTSID=1, LOCALCELLID=1,

LOCALSECTORID=1, CRRID=1, SPAN=1, TSTTIME=48;

Run the following command to stop the tracing:

STP CBTSRVSWITFERMNIT: BTSID=1, LOCALCELLID=1,

LOCALSECTORID=1, CRRID=1;

b. Replay the imported data.

Import the tracing data to the Nastar and replay the spectrum wave.

c. Analyze data based on the replayed spectrum.

Currently, the reverse spectrum replaying can be used to confirm the engineering quality
problem and external interference. This section provides replayed waves of some typical
problems.

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Figure c.1 shows a normal reverse spectrum tracing. The difference between the main
and diversity is low and the difference between frequencies is small. Figure c.1 shows a
normal reverse spectrum.

Figure c.1 Normal reverse spectrum

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 External broadband interference

The tendency of the main RSSI is the same as the diversity RSSI. The RSSI rises in all
frequency bands. The cause is that the repeater gain is larger than the required value.
Figure c.2 shows the spectrum due to broadband interference.

Figure c.2 Spectrum due to broadband interference

 External narrowband interference

The tendency of the main RSSI is the same as the diversity RSSI. However, the
narrowband peak interference exists. The possible cause is external interference. Figure
c.3 shows the reverse spectrum due to narrowband interference.

Figure c.3 Reverse spectrum due to narrowband interference

 Quality problem of the diversity jumper

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The diversity signal is discrete in full band. The cause is that the feeder connector is
defective. Prepare a new connector on site. The main feature is that the main RSSI
differs greatly from the diversity RSSI and the frequency spectrum is discrete. Figure c.4
shows the discrete reverse spectrum due to engineering quality problem.

Figure c.4 Discrete reverse spectrum due to engineering quality problem

 Repeater self-excitation

The repeater supplier visits the BTS to check whether the repeater works properly and
adjust parameters properly. In case of radio repeater, check whether the isolation between
the repeater and receiving antenna is sufficient. The RSSI rises near a certain frequency.
The spectrum is similar to that of the CDMA signal. Figure c.5 shows the reverse
spectrum due to repeater self-excitation.

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Figure c.5 Reverse spectrum due to repeater self-excitation

d. Determine whether the abnormal RSSI is caused by external interference.

For the sector with interference, check whether the interference is external interference
in the following ways:

Block all carriers in the sector with abnormal RSSIs during offpeak hour. If the RSSI
remains abnormal, the abnormal RSSI is caused by external interference (interference
from the connected repeater included).

Connect YBT250 or other spectrum analyzers to the antenna system in the sector with
abnormal RSSIs. If the RSSI remains abnormal, the abnormal RSSI is caused by external
interference (interference from the connected repeater included).

If the abnormal RSSI is caused by external interference based on the reverse spectrum
scanning, connect YBT250 or other spectrum analyzers to the directional antenna. Check
and clear the interference source. For details, see section 5"Locating External
Interference" Otherwise, go to the next step.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking RSSI on the BAMChecking RSSI on the BAM

1.6 Submitting the Abnormal RSSI to the Related

Department
If the cause of fault is related to other department based on preceding analysis, send the
analysis result to the related department. Follow up the fault handling and obtain the result
made by the related department.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking BTS DevicesChecking BTS Devices

2 Checking BTS Devices

If the cause cannot be located, visit the BTS and check BTS devices in the equipment room.
Check devices from simple to complex and from floor devices to rooftop devices using
standard loads and spectrum analyzer. Rectify the fault by means of exchanging feeders or
connecting standard loads.

2.1 Checking the Running Status of Devices

Check whether the running status of devices is consistent with that displayed on the BAM.
When devices run properly, there must be no alarm and devices communicate with the BAM
properly.

2.2 Determining the BTS Type

Huawei CDMA BTS type involves 3900, 3606C, and 3612. View the BTS type on the BAM.
If the RFU is expanded in the sector, two RFUs are in main and diversity mode mutually.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking BTS DevicesChecking BTS Devices

2.3 Determining Internal Interference or External

Interference
The interference is classified into internal interference and external interference. Internal
interference indicates interference caused by device problem and engineering quality problem.
For example, the feeder deteriorates, the jumper connector does not meet the requirement, the
connector is loose, or BTS devices are defective. External interference indicates interference
of other communication system that enters the system from the antenna through the radio
channel. For example, interference from the talkie and walkie system, radio repeater,
television station, microwave transmission, and conference interference system.

Determine whether the fault is caused by internal interference or external interference in the
following methods:

Method 1: Block BTS transmission signals with fault RSSI during offpeak hour. Check
whether the RSSI recovers. If yes, the fault is caused by internal interference; if not, the fault
is not caused by external interference. Connect the spectrum analyzer to the BTS testing
interface and perform reverse spectrum analysis to further determine the interference.

Method 2: For the BTS where a directional antenna is installed, adjust the direction of the
antenna so that the direction is the same as that of the sector with normal RSSI. If the RSSI
recovers, the fault is caused by external interference.

In case of external interference, scan the radio network to locate the interference source. In
case of internal interference, check whether devices on the BTS are normal.

2.4 Determining Whether the Fault Is Caused by BTS or

Other Devices
After the internal interference is located, check whether the fault RSSI is caused by BTS.
Troubleshoot the BTS by means of exchanging feeders and connecting standard loads.

Exchanging feeders

9. If the main RSSI is inconsistent with the diversity RSSI, exchange the feeder from each other.
If the RSSI abnormality is transferred after feeder exchanging, the fault is not caused by the
BTS. If the RSSI abnormality persists, the fault is caused by the BTS. Confirm the result by
connecting the spectrum analyzer to the BTS testing interface.

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10. If the fault occurs on the main RSSI and diversity RSSI with small difference, and the RSSI in
other sectors in the same BTS is normal, exchange feeders between sectors with a normal
RSSI and sectors with abnormal RSSIs. If the RSSI abnormality is transferred, the abnormal
RSSI is not caused by BTS devices. If the RSSI abnormality persists, the abnormal RSSI is
caused by BTS devices. Confirm the result by connecting the spectrum analyzer to the BTS
testing interface.

Connecting standard loads

Block transmission signals and connect standard loads on the cabinet top feeder port. Check
whether the RSSI recovers after unblocking transmission signals. If the RSSI recovers,
devices on the BTS are normal. Confirm the result by connecting the spectrum analyzer to the
BTS testing interface.

If the fault is caused by the BTS, replace faulty devices and ask the manufacture to further
analyze the problem.

2.4.1 Exchanging Feeders

B C

A: Exchange feeders on the cabinet top port of the main device

B: Is the RSSI transferred?

C: Procedure for locating other causes

D: Procedure for locating causes of the main device

RSSI Abnormality Occurring on the Diversity or Main

If the RSSI abnormality occurs only on the main or diversity,

a. Exchange the main feeder and diversity feeder on the cabinet top port.

b. Check whether the RSSI is transferred.

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c. If the RSSI is transferred, the fault is not caused by devices on the BTS.

RSSI Abnormality Occurring on the Diversity and Main

1. Exchange the feeder in sectors with normal RSSI and that in sectors with abnormal RSSI on
the cabinet top port.

2. Check whether the RSSI is transferred.

3. If the RSSI is transferred, the fault is not caused by devices on the BTS.

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2.4.2 Connecting Standard Loads

A Block all carriers in sectors with fault RSSI

B Remove the main antenna jumper and diversity antenna jumper on the cabinet top port in
sectors with abnormal RSSI

C Connect standard loads to the output port of the main and diversity. (Ensure that the
standard loads and connection performance are normal

D Ask personnel in the equipment room to unblock and block related carrier on the BAM

E Observe RSSI changes on the BAM or on the local telnet

F Check whether the RSSI is normal

G the RSSI abnormality is caused by the main device

H the RSSI abnormality is not caused by the main device

The following items are required:

a. Two 1/2 jumpers

b. Two loads of 250 W

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c. Several male to female connector adapters

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 Checking Active and Passive DevicesChecking Active and
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Passive Devices

3 Checking Active and Passive Devices

If the RSSI abnormality is not caused by BTS devices, check active and passive devices that
are connected to BTS devices. The nonlinearity of active and passive devices cause signal
cross modulation, especially when the signal with high power is transmitted. When the cross
modulation signal falls in the bandwidth of the received signal, the RSSI rises.

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 Checking Active and Passive DevicesChecking Active and
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Passive Devices

3.1 Checking the Power Splitter

Generally, the power splitter is used to divide one sector into several sectors by power or to
divide power for indoor distribution. Replace the power splitter with a jumper and check
whether the RSSI recovers. If the RSSI recovers, the power splitter is faulty. Replace the fault
component and end the troubleshooting procedure. If the RSSI abnormality persists, check
other devices.

3.2 Checking the Repeater

Check whether an optical repeater is connected to the BTS. If yes, disconnect the coupling
aperture one by one and check whether the RSSI recovers. If the RSSI recovers, the fault is
caused by the optical repeater. Adjust the reverse gain parameters or rectify the repeater.

For details on checking a radio repeater, see description on troubleshooting external

interference.

3.3 Checking the Coupler

Replace the coupler with a jumper and check whether the RSSI recovers. If the RSSI
recovers, the RSSI abnormality is caused by the coupler.

3.4 Checking the Trunk Amplifier

Generally, the trunk amplifier is used in the indoor distribution system to compensate loss
during signal transmission and extend the coverage. The method for checking the trunk
amplifier is similar to that for checking the repeater. Disconnect the trunk amplifier node one
by one and check whether the RSSI recovers. If the RSSI recovers, the interference is caused
by the trunk amplifier. Adjust the reverse gain parameters or rectify the repeater.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

4 Checking Feeders

If the RSSI abnormality is caused by internal interference, and the BTS devices, active and
passive devices are normal, the RSSI abnormality may be caused by the antenna, feeders,
surge protector, or connectors. Check feeders and related connectors starting from BTS
cabinet top feeder port. The sequence is as follows: cabinet top 1/2 jumper, surge protector,
7/8 feeder, 1/2 jumper on the antenna port, involved connectors. Check feeders by connecting
standard loads or exchanging feeders.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

4.1 Procedure for Checking Feeders by Connecting

Standard Loads

A Connect standard loads to the cabinet top 1/2 jumper.

B Check whether the RSSI recovers.

G The cabinet top 1/2 jumper is faulty.

C Connect standard loads to the surge protector.

H The surge protector is faulty.

D Connect standard loads to the 7/8 feeder.

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I The 7/8 feeder is faulty.

E Connect standard loads to the 1/2 jumper on the antenna port.

J The 1/2 jumper on the antenna port is faulty.

F Replace the antenna if the RSSI abnormality is caused by the antenna.

4.2 Procedure for Checking Feeders by Exchanging

Feeders
If the RSSI abnormality occurs only on the main or diversity, check feeders by exchanging
feeders. The procedure for checking feeders by exchanging feeders is as follows:

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

A Exchange the connection between the cabinet top 1/2 jumper and the surge protector port in
the main and diversity.

B The RSSI is transferred after feeders are exchanged.

G The cabinet top 1/2 jumper is faulty.

C Exchange the connection between the surge protector and the 7/8 feeder in the main and
diversity.

H The surge protector is faulty.

D Exchange the connection between the 7/8 feeder and the antenna port 1/2 jumper in the main
and diversity.

I The 7/8 feeder is faulty.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

E Exchange the connection between the antenna port 1/2 jumper and the antenna in the main
and diversity.

J The 1/2 jumper on the antenna port is faulty.

F Replace the antenna if the RSSI abnormality is caused by the antenna.

4.2.1 Checking the Cabinet Top 1/2 Jumper

The exchanging feeder diagram is as follows:

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

4.2.2 Checking the Surge Protector

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

4.2.3 Checking the 7/8 Feeder

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Checking FeedersChecking Feeders

4.2.4 Checking the 1/2 Jumper on the Antenna Port

4.3 Checking Antennas

If the antenna performance does not meet requirements or deteriorates, signal cross
modulation may occur and the RSSI may be abnormal. Check antennas by exchanging the
antenna in the cell with normal RSSI and that in the cell with abnormal RSSI. If the RSSI is
transferred, the RSSI abnormality is caused by antennas. Alternatively, replace the antenna in
the cell with abnormal RSSI with a new antenna. If the RSSI recovers, the RSSI abnormality
is caused by antennas.

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 Locating External InterferenceLocating External
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Interference

5 Locating External Interference

Generally, an RSSI rise is caused by the following interference:

4. Interference from other communication systems, for example, military AMPS of a certain
region, talkie and walkie system

5. Interference from a radio repeater

6. Interference from unauthorized terminals, for example, a fixed wireless terminal that does not
comply with process regulations

7. Interference from a television receiver

8. Interference from a conference interference system

The key point is to check whether a radio repeater is connected to the BTS. Disconnect the
radio repeater one by one and check whether the RSSI recovers. If the RSSI recovers, the
interference is caused by the radio repeater. Rectify the radio repeater.

Disconnect the located interference sources such as the radio repeater in the interference area
and troubleshoot other interference.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA RSSI-Related TermsRSSI-Related Terms

A RSSI-Related Terms

B Interference

Radio interference has great impact on the mobile communication system. Radio interference
indicates interference that is generated within the radio spectrum. In CDMA, the radio
interference involves the following: CDMA self-interference, adjacent-channel interference,
harmonic interference, impulse noise interference, jamming interference, discrete
interference, cross modulation, and modulation.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA RSSI-Related TermsRSSI-Related Terms

C CDMA Self-Interference

Self-interference indicates interference due to internal causes. The CDMA system is a self-
interference system. Each user imposes interference to other users and each cell imposes
interference to other cells. Causes for self-interference in CDMA include the following:

a. Over-coverage due to BTS power configuration, height and pitch angle of the antenna

b. Enhanced radio signal transmission due to large-scale water area

c. Incorrectly configured PN codes or scrambling codes in the CDMA system

d. Multipath interference generated when the number of valid multipath is greater than the
number of Rake receiver channels

e. Multi-access interference from multiple users

f. Repeater interference, repeater performance deterioration, self-excitation, or incorrect

parameter configuration

D Adjacent-Channel Interference

Adjacent-channel interference includes the interference from adjacent channels (channels next
to the working channel) and neighboring channels (more than one channel between these
channels and the working channel). The adjacent-channel interference depends on the
selection of the receiver's filter and the transmitter's sideband spurious radiation feature in
adjacent channels.

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 Repeater interference, repeater performance deterioration,
self-excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration Repeat
er interference, repeater performance deterioration, self-
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration

E Harmonic Interference

Harmonic interference indicates interference due to harmonic components of other

transmitters entering the front end of the receiver. The working frequency of the transmitter
generating interference differs greatly from that of the receiver. However the harmonic
component is in the passband of the interfered receiver. The 3rd harmonic is a harmonic
component that possibly causes serious interference.

F Impulse Noise Interference

The impulse noise interference is common. Generally, the impulse noise interference is
caused by arc discharge of the BTS radio components. Low frequency is interfered.
Commonly, the impulse noise can be detected as an intermittent noise floor rise.

G Jamming Interference

Jamming interference indicates interference caused by receiving saturation distortion due to

outband strong signals when the receiver receives weak wanted signals.

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 Repeater interference, repeater performance deterioration,
self-excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration Repeat
er interference, repeater performance deterioration, self-
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration

H Spurious Interference

Spurious radiation of the transmitter indicates radiation of frequency except the carrier,
switch-related sideband due to normal modulation, and adjacent channels when the standard
signal is used for modulation.

Spurious radiation is classified into the following based on the cause:

Conducted spurious radiation: Indicates any spurious radiation caused by the antenna
connector or power cable.

Radiated spurious radiation: Indicates any spurious radiation caused by the structure of the
cabinet and devices.

Three causes of BTS spurious radiation: conducted spurious radiation of the antenna
connector, radiated spurious radiation caused by the structure of the cabinet and devices, and
spurious radiation caused by conducted spurious radiation entering the power cable. The
measurement on the spurious radiation is similar to that on the spurious radiation of the BTS
transmitter.

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 Repeater interference, repeater performance deterioration,
self-excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration Repeat
er interference, repeater performance deterioration, self-
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration

I Cross Interference

Cross modulation indicates that a modulated interference (such as jamming station) and the
signal to be received have impact on the receiver. The modulation signal of interference is
transferred to the signal carrier and generate cross modulation due to nonlinearity of the high
frequency amplifier or general inverter. Interference generated in this case is cross
interference. System cross modulation includes the cross modulation of the antenna, feeder
and surge protector, receiver filter. Modulation caused by nonlinearity of passive components
such as antenna and feeder are passive cross modulation.

In an ideal scenario, the input-output signal is linear. New interference component is not
generated. The formula is as follows:
Y (t )  A * X (t )

Actually, the nonlinearity is introduced and intermodulation component is generated. The

formula is as follows:
Y (t )  X 2 (t )  C3 X 3 (t )  .......Cn X n (t )
Assume that the input signal is:
X(t)  ACosW1  BCosW2

In this case, the output signal is:

Y (t )  C1 ( Acosw1  Bcosw2)  C2 ( A cos w1  B cos w2) 2  .......Cn ( A cos w1  B cos w2) n

In the formula, mW1±nW2 forms a new frequency component. This component may fall in
the CDMA frequency band, causing an RSSI rise of CDMA BTS.

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 Repeater interference, repeater performance deterioration,
self-excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration Repeat
er interference, repeater performance deterioration, self-
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA excitation, or incorrect parameter configuration

Intermodulation signal is proportional to the signal strength. The BTS main antenna is used
for transmitting and receiving signal. The transmission signal strength is strong and the high
intermodulation signal is generated with more possibility. Therefore, the main RSSI is greater
than the diversity RSSI.

In a high-power and multi-channel system, an RSSI rise is caused by passive cross

modulation. When the transmit power is low, the noise generated by passive cross modulation
is low. When the transmit power is high, the noise generated by passive cross modulation is
high. In addition, passive cross modulation is generated by passive components that are
contaminated, corrupted, or oxidized.

The EVDO transmits signals with full power. If the jumper connector quality is poor, the
connector adapter of the jumper and surge protector are loose, passive components on the
antenna system may cause high passive cross modulation in case of high power and multiple
channels. If the cross modulation product falls in the CDMA receiving band, the uplink noise
floor is generated. For example, when the high noise floor occurs, the connector of the surge
protector is loose, as shown in Figure a.1.

Figure a.1 A connector of the surge protector is loose

Obvious cross modulation interference signal in the uplink frequency band is detected by
using the analyzer, as shown in Figure a.2.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Uplink interferenceUplink interference

Figure a.2 Uplink interference

Screen the surge protector tightly and perform the test again. The uplink interference
disappears.

There are many causes for passive cross modulation. The process quality is a main cause. The
passive cross modulation may be caused if any connector in the antenna system is improperly
connected or scrap metals exist when the connector is soldered. The internal and external
conductor cannot contain magnetic materials. It is recommended that passive feeder
components be electroplated with silver instead of nickel. Typical passive cross modulation
indicator: When two 43 dBm carrier powers are working on the tested component DUT, the
DUT generates a passive cross modulation product of –110 dBm (absolute value), the relative
value is –153 dBc. If the component is ferrite or the engineering quality does not meet
requirements, the cross modulation product reaches –60 dBc or more.

J Intermodulation Interference

Intermodulation interference: When two or more interference signals are imposed on the
receiver, the combination frequency is almost equal to the wanted signal frequency and passes

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA Uplink interferenceUplink interference

the receiver due to nonlinearity. The 3rd harmonic is a harmonic component that possibly
causes serious interference. Interference generated in this case is called intermodulation
interference. The intermodulation interference is similar to the cross interference, involving
antenna intermodulation, feeder and surge protector intermodulation, and filter
intermodulation.

K Standing-Wave Ratio

A standing-wave caused by insecure connection may cause an RSSI rise. However, the
standing wave may be normal when the RSSI is high.

The characteristic resistance or VSWR has no impact on the PIM level, that is, the VSWR
quality does not decide the quality of the PIM level. Figure a.1 shows that there is no
necessary connection between the PIM level and the return loss.

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 Relationship between the PIM level and return lossRelation
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA ship between the PIM level and return loss

Figure a.1 Relationship between the PIM level and return loss

L RSSI Measurement Principle and Normal Value

M RSSI Source Structure Diagram

Figure a.1 shows a reverse link with RSSI function.

Figure a.1 A reverse link with RSSI function

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 A reverse link with RSSI functionA reverse link with RSSI
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA function

To analyze the RSSI, the radio frequency part in the reserve link is equivalent to a black box
(parameters including Gain, NF, and B). Figure a.2 shows the equivalent circuit of the radio
frequency part in the reverse link.

Figure a.2 Equivalent circuit of the radio frequency part

Table 2.1 lists parameters and variables that are used in Figure a.2.

Table 2.1 Parameter and variable definition

Parameter or Unit Description Remark

Variable Name

Pin dBm Input power

Pout dBm Output power
Gain dB Gain
NF dB Noise factor
B Hz Channel width For 1X RSSI, B = 1.23 x 106 Hz
–174 dBm/Hz Spectrum density of thermal noise
power
TN dBm Thermal noise power In the TN is short for thermal noise.
passband bandwidth
RSSI dBm Received signal strength indicator
RSSI_Value dBm RSSI value

Figure a.3 shows the relationship between Pout, Pin, NF, and Gain.

Figure a.3 Relationship between Pout, Pin, NF, and Gain

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 Relationship between Pout, Pin, NF, and GainRelationship
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA between Pout, Pin, NF, and Gain

The relationship between parameters is as follow:

 
Pout  dBm  10  lg 10 174 dBm / Hz 10lg B  Hz   NF  dB   10  10 Pin  dBm  10  Gain dB 

(Formula 1)

To simplify description, define the formula:  174 dBm Hz  10 * lg B Hz   TN (dBm)

In this case, formula 1 changes to:

 
Pout  10  lg 10  TN  NF  10  10 Pin 10  Gain

Simplify the preceding formula, the following formula is obtained:


Pout  Pin  Gain  10  lg 1  10   TN  NF   Pin  10 
(Formula 2)


Pout   TN  NF   Gain  10  lg 1  10  Pin TN  NF   10 
(Formula 3)

In formula 2, B is specific in a specific system. Therefore, B is a known value during specific

system analysis.

B is a known value and TN in formula 2 is a known value.

1X RSSI: B  1.23  10  Hz  , 10 * lg B  60.9 , TN  113 .1 dBm 

6

Pin is corresponding to Pout. When Pout is converted to the antenna port power, RSSI can be
defined in the following formulas:

Formula 1:

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 Relationship between Pout, Pin, NF, and GainRelationship
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA between Pout, Pin, NF, and Gain

 
Pout  10  lg 10 TN  NF  10  10 Pin 10  Gain

For a system with complete design, Gain is specific. A formula can be obtained based on the
relationship between the RSSI and Pout:

RSSI  Pin  TN  NF

Formula 2:


Pout  Pin  Gain  10  lg 1  10   TN  NF   Pin  10 
For a system with complete design, Gain is specific. TN and NF are specific under specific
temperature. A formula can be obtained based on the relationship between the RSSI and Pout:

RSSI  Pin

Formula 3:


Pout  TN  NF   Gain  10  lg 1  10  Pin  TN  NF   10 
For a system with complete design, Gain and NF are specific. A formula can be obtained
based on the relationship between the RSSI and Pout:

RSSI  Pin  TN

Three types of RSSIs are corresponding to Pout. Therefore, the voltage through Pout
detection can be converted to the antenna port RSSI based on Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 lists the RSSIs in different definitions.

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Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA RSSIs in different definitions RSSIs in different definitions

Table 3.1 RSSIs in different definitions

Input Signal Pin on Definition 3 Definition 2 Definition 1

the Antenna Port Pin + TN Pin Pin + TN + NF
–116 dBm –116 dBm + (–113) dBm –116 dBm –116 dBm + (–113) dBm + NF

–113 dBm –113 dBm+ (–113) dBm –113 dBm –113 dBm + (–113) dBm + NF

–110 dBm –110 dBm+ (–113) dBm –110 dBm –110 dBm + (–113) dBm + NF

–70 dBm –70 + (–113) dBm –70 dBm –70 dBm+ (–113) dBm + NF

Relationship Between System Load and RSSI

According to Qualcomm documents, the relationship between the interference margin and
system load is as follows:

ROT  10 * lg(1  X )

In the formula,

ROT indicates the interference margin,

X indicates the system load.

Figure a.4 shows the relationship between the interference margin and system load.

Figure a.4 Relationship between the interference margin and system load

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 Relationship between the interference margin and system
loadRelationship between the interference margin and
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA system load

When the system load increases, the interference margin increases. It proves that the CDMA
system is a self-interference system.

Figure a.5 shows the relationship between the reserve energy (with thermal noise removed)
and cell load.

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 Relationship between the reserve receive signal strength
and cell loadRelationship between the reserve receive
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA signal strength and cell load

Figure a.5 Relationship between the reserve receive signal strength and cell load

That is,

RP  Noisefloor  ROT

Also

RP  Noisefloor  10 * lg(1  X )

Qualcomm recommends that the CDMA2000 1X load be 75% to 80%. In this case, the
maximum interference margin is:

ROT  10 * lg(1  X )  10 * lg(1  0.8)  7dB

When the system load is 80%, the reverse RSSI rise about 7 dB based on long-term statistics
without impact from open-loop power control and fading. The RSSI rises 6 dB to 8 dB with
taking accounting of precision error.

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 Relationship between the reserve receive signal strength
and cell loadRelationship between the reserve receive
Troubleshooting Guide for Abnormal RSSIs in CDMA signal strength and cell load

N Principles for Measuring Huawei BTS RSSI

The RFU or RRU reports the RSSI to the CMPT or BCKM with an interval of 100 ms. The
CMPT or BCKM collects main RSSIs and diversity RSSIs received with one minute and
averages the values. The average value is the average main RSSI or diversity RSSI traced by
the maintenance console. The maximum RSSI collected within one minute is the peak main
RSSI or diversity RSSI traced by the maintenance console.

O Methods for Querying Huawei BTS RSSI

1. Method 1: Query the RSSI on the M2000.

2. Method 2: Query the RSSI using the KPI analysis function of PRS.

3. Method 3: Log in to the Airbridge maintenance console. Select the BTS to be queried in the
BTS navigation tree. Choose Resource Monitoring > RSSI Monitoring. Enter the cell ID,
sector ID, carrier ID, and monitoring duration.

4. Method 4: On the maintenance console, run the STR BTSTELPROXY command to enable
ports for the BTS (5000–5100). Choose Start > Run. Enter the TELNET BSCIP port and
start the tracing. (Tracing can only be stopped manually. This method is not recommended.)

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