FUNDAMENTALS OF

MATERIALS SCIENCE &

ENGINEERING
Lab report 1,2,3,4

Mahmoud Mohamed Abdel Moniem

ID 128697
 Lab 1
Specimen
Brass
Copper and Zinc

Top View Side view

Microstructure of brass

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Questions

1. Metallography is the understanding of the structure of metals and alloys. Metallographic

Analysis is useful for identifying a metal or alloy, it checks if the alloy is processed correctly,

To examine phases and characterize imperfections. Steps of preparation as follows: (Diez, 2013)

 Sectioning
 Mounting
 Grinding
 Polishing
 Etching

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 2. Grain boundaries is an area defect and appear as dark lines and is known as change in crystal

Orientation across a boundary. When looking in a microscope, all the light is reflected towards

The lens so the structure of the specimen can be seen. During the processes of etching the

Acid used can eat away the grain boundaries , grain boundaries are grooved surface meaning that it

Is not a flat or smooth surface, so when light enters the grain boundary the light doesn’t reflect

away from the lens and the result is it seen as a dark black lines in the structure.

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 Lab 2

1.

(Tobsiki, 2002)
Name of the machine is
Rockwell hardness machine

 Indenter: - An accessory used in indenting the specimen, diamond cone or ball

component steel.

 Minor load :- used to set the specimen 10kg

 Major load:- loads that is apply force to create an indentation, 60, 100, 150 kg are used.
 Dial Gauge:- which give the force reading applied on the specimen

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  Lever:- to load or unload
2. a. the indenter is a 120 angle diamond cone 1.6 diameter.
b. the shape of the indentation is a cone

c. The material is hard

d.

Microstructure

Microstructure:
shows the grain boundaries, micro phases, line and surface deformation by utilizing electron
microscope or optical microscope.

Hardness:
it demonstrates the resistance of the deformation of the metal like ductility and toughness.

Results of specimen
Intial load final
100 78
HRB

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 Lab 3

1.

(Mechanical Engineering Department, 2002)

 Scale: - measurement readings are labeled here

 Pendulum: - hitting the test part which is placed between the supporters.

 Test piece: - the part which the test directed at.

 Supporters: - supports/hold the work piece and makes it stable to work on.

 Foundation: - the center of balance also it keeps the machine steady and doesn’t fall in
any direction.

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  Framework: - it joins and connects the machine parts together.

2.
Specimen no. Material Dimensions Notch Specifications

W H L

1. Brass 10 mm 10mm 55mm 45○, R= 0.25mm

Depth 2mm
2. Low carbon 10 mm 10mm 55mm 45○, R= 0.25mm
steel Depth 2mm

3.
Specimen Rupture Energy
Brass 7.5J

Low carbon steel 245J

4.
Specimen Illustration Comments
Brass Flat surface when fractured Brittle

Low Carbon Steel Cup and cone fracture Ductile

Discussion
1. The common impact tests are (Charpy and Izod) it triggers a swinging pendulum to strike
the notched bar. The heights before and after the impact are used in calculating the
energy required to fracture the bar also the bars impact strength. The Charpy test, the specimen
piece is placed horizontally between vertical bars. While in the Izod test, the specimen stands

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straight. The shape and size of the specimen, its support, notch and geometry during impact are
all varied to produce specific test conditions. Nonmetals can be tested as supported beams.
Nonmetal tests, the striking hammer falls vertically in a guide column, and the test is repeated
from increasing heights till it breaks.

The advantages are as follows:-

• cost-efficient
• can be adjusted easily
• V-Matrix
• Single person can do the work alone
• Easily transported from one place to another.

2. • Yield strength and ductility

• Notches
• Temperature and strain rate
• Fracture mechanism

3. The notch helps the specimen to break in half

4. Characteristic of notch are 45○, R= 0.25mm, Depth 2mm

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 Lab 4

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Diameter: 0.50 Material: Aluminum
Area: 6.5000
Gauge Length: 50.00
Final length= 50+4.9125= 54.9125

Test Results
Rm ReH ReL E Rt A Z Agt At
Mpa Mpa Mpa Gpa Mpa % % % %

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 335 -98.0

Calculations
1.
Lf – Lo/Lo x 100
Percentage of elongation
54.9125-50/50 x 100 = 9.825 %

A1L1=A2L2

(6.5) x (50) = A2 (54.9125)

A2= 5.9
% reduction in area =A1-A2/A1 ×100 =6.5-5.9/6.5 × 100 = 9.23 %

2. slope= y2-y1/x2-x1 = 57.1

3. (2.15, 2.06)

4. it represent toughness

5. The characteristic of annealed steel is having the biggest toughness, while toughness is
Measured by the area region under the curve. The cold rolled steel comes next in having
Toughness then the last is the aluminum composite alloy. Regarding the yield point, the
Yield point touches the annealed steel first even before the cold rolled steel, but if the two
Have the same elastic modulus it doesn’t make a difference. Moreover, Aluminum
Compound has a lower elastic modulus, so it has a lower stiffness.

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References
Diez, D. (2013). Science Lab. Retrieved from https://www.leica-microsystems.com/science-
lab/metallography-an-introduction/

Mechanical Engineering Department. (2002). Retrieved from Amirkabir universty of technology:

http://me.aut.ac.ir/staff/solidmechanics/alizadeh/Impact%20Test.htm

Tobsiki, E. (2002). Quality Digest . Retrieved from

http://www.qualitydigest.com/aug02/articles/04_article.shtml

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