A Model Answer for

Problem Set #4

FLUID DYNAMICS

Problem.1
Some velocity measurements in a three-
dimensional incompressible flow field
indicate that u = 6xy2 and v = -4y2z.
There is some conflicting data for the velocity
component in the z direction.
One set of data indicates that w = 4yz2 and
another set indicates that w = 4yz2 - 6y2z.
Which set do you think is correct (explain)?
Obtain the acceleration components.

1
 Problem.1 - sol
∂ρ ∂(ρu) ∂(ρv) ∂(ρw)
+ + + =0
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z

For incompressible 3-D flow:

∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + =0 …(1)
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂u ∂v ∂w
= 8 yz − 6 y 2
=6y2 = − 8 yz From… (1)
∂x ∂y ∂z

so w = 4 yz2 − 6 y2 z

Problem.1 - sol
du ∂u ∂u ∂u
ax = =. u+ v+ w
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 36 xy 4 − 48 xy 3 z
dv ∂v ∂v ∂v
ay = =. u+ v+ w
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
= 32 y 3 z 2 − 4 y 2 (4 yz 2 − 6 y 2 z )
dw ∂w ∂w ∂w
az = =. u+ v+ w
dt ∂x ∂y ∂z
= (4 z 2 − 12 yz )(−4 y 2 z ) + (8 yz − 6 y 2 )(4 yz 2 − 6 y 2 z )

2
 Problem.2
A tank where the water level is 25.0 m above an arbitrary
datum feeds a pipeline AB ending at B with a nozzle 4.0 cm
diameter. Pipe AB is 15.0 cm diameter with point A being
20.0 m above datum and point B at datum.
Find:
i) The discharge through the pipeline, the pressures and
water velocities at A &B
ii) If friction losses in the nozzle are 0.5 m, and between A & B
are 5.0 m, solve for (i) and plot the hydraulic gradient and
total energy lines.

Problem.2 - sol
1

25

20

B
2
Datum

2 2
p v 1 p v 2
1
+ + z = 2
+ + z + h
γ γ
1 2 L
2 g 2 g

3
 Problem.2 - sol
i) Ideal flow 2
p b vb2
p1 v1
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 + + z1 = + + zb
p1 v1
2
p v
2 γ 2g γ 2g
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
γ 2g γ 2g
2
2 pb vb
v2
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + 2 g 25 + 0 + 0 = 0+ +
γ 2g
----------- v2 = 22.147 m/sec ----------- PB = 24.873 m of
Q = A2 v2 = π/4 (0.04)2 * 22.147 = 0.0278 m3/sec water
Q = AA vA = AB vB = π/4 (0.15)2 * vA = 0.0278 m3/sec
vA = vB = 1.575 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & B

Problem.2 - sol
Apply B.E bet. 1 & A
v1
p1 p v
2 2
----------- PA = 4.873 m of water
+
+ z1 = A + A + zA
γ 2g γ 2g
ii) Real flow
25 + 0 + 0 = 20 +
2
p vA hlnozzle = 0.5 m
A
+
γ 2 g
p1 v1
2
p v
2 hlAB = 5 m
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

4
 Problem.2 - sol
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0+5.5
----------- v2 = 19.56 m/sec
Q = A2 v2 = π/4 (0.04)2 * 19.56 = 0.02458 m3/sec
Q = AA vA = AB vB = π/4 (0.15)2 * vA = 0.02458 m3/sec
vA = vB = 1.391 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & B
2
p1 v1 p b vb 2
+ + z1 = + + zb + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
2
p vb
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 5 + b
+
γ 2g

----------- PB = 19.9 m of water

Apply B.E bet. 1 & A

Problem.2 – sol
2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ +z1 = A + A +zA
γ 2g γ 2g
2
p vA
25 + 0 + 0 = 20 + A
+
γ 2 g

----------- PA = 4.901 m of water

5
Problem.3
„ Water issues from a 10.0-cm diameter circular sharp
edged orifice under a head of 12.0 m. If a volume of
13.6 m3 is collected in 3 minutes,
„ what is the coefficient of discharge? If the diameter
of the jet at the venacontracta is 8.0-cm
„ what are the values for Cv & Cc?

Problem.3 - sol
„ Qact = V/ t = 13.6 / ( 3 * 60 ) = 0.07756 m3/sec
„ Qth= vth* Aorifice = = 0.121m3/sec

„ Qact= Cd * Qth -------------------- Cd = 0.627

„ Aact= Cc * Ath

„ (0.08)2 = Cc (0.1)2 -------- Cc = 0.64

„ Cd = Cc * Cv -------------------- Cv = 0.98

6
Problem.4

Water (assumed frictionless and incompressible) flows

steadily from a large tank and exits through a vertical
constant diameter pipe as shown in Fig. (1). Air in the
tank is pressurized to 50 kN/m2. Determine: (i) the
height (h) to which water rises, (ii) the water velocity
in the pipe, and (iii) the pressure in the horizontal part
of the pipe. Fig (1)
50 KN/m2

h
Air
4m
Water
2m

Problem4 - sol
„ Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v
+ + z1 = + 2 + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

„ 2 + 50/9.81 + 0 = h + 0 + 0
„ h = 7.097m

„ Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3

„ 2 + 50/9.81 + 0 = 4 + 0 + v32 / 2 g
„ v3 = 7.795 m/sec
„ Apply B.E bet. 1 & 4

„ 2 + 50/9.81 + 0 = 4 + (7.795)2 / 2 g + P4 / γ
„ P4 = 4 m of water

7
Problem5
„ The velocity of water in a pipe 10.0 an diameter is
3.0 m/s. At the end of the pipe there is a nozzle the
velocity coefficient of which is 0.98. If the pressure
in the pipe is 0.7 kg/cm2,
„ Find: the jet diameter, the rate of flow, and the
power lost due to friction in the nozzle.

Problem5 - sol
„ Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (Ideal)

„ 0 + (3)2/2g + 0.7 * 104 /1000 = 0 + 0 + v22 / 2 g

„ V2th = 12.1 m/sec

„ V2act = Cv * v2th = 11.86 m/sec
„ Q = A1 v1 = 0.024 m3/sec
„ Q = A2 v2 = 0.024 m3/sec
„ d = 0.05m
„ Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (Real)
„ 0 + (3)2/2g + 0.7 * 104 /1000 = 0 + 0 + (11.86)2 / 2 g + hl
„ hl = 0.3 m
„ power lost due to friction = γ Q hl = 9810 * 0.024 * 0.3 = 70.632
watt

8
 Problem.6
„ A 5.0-cm diameter orifice (Cd = 0.6) discharges water
from tank A to tank B as shown in fig (2). T‎he vacuum
gauge in tank B reads 0.65 Kg/cm2 below
atmospheric pressure, while the air pressure above oil
in tank A is 70 KN/m2
„ find the discharge from the orifice and the distance
(L).
Air Fig (2)

Oil
2m - 0.65
(0.8)
Kg/cm2

Water
5m

Problem.6 - sol
„ P1 = Psurface + γO hO = 70 + 0.8 * 9.81 * 2 = 85.696 KN/m2
„ P2 = - 0.65 kg/cm2 = - 0.65 * 104 kg/m2
„ Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (Ideal)

„ 5 + 0 + 85.696 / 9.81 = 3 + V2+ (- 0.65 * 104 )/1000

„ v2th = 18.35 m/sec
„ Qact = Cd Aorifice V2th = 0.6 * π/4 (0.05)2 * 18.35 =0.0216 m3/sec

„ d = Vo t + ½ a t2
„ In Y – dir. 2 = 0 + ½ g t2 -------- t = 0.639 sec

„ In X – dir. L = v2act t + 0

„ Assume Cv = 0.95 -------- v2act = Cv * v2th

„ L = 0.9 5 * 18.35 * 0.639 = 11.13 m

9
 Problem.7
„ Water flows through the pipe contrac-tion shown in
Fig (3). For the given difference in peizometer
levels, determine the flow rate as a function of the
diameter of the small pipe, D.

0. 2 m

0.1 m

Fig (3)

Problem.7 - sol
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
2 2
p1 v1 p2 v
+ + z1 = + 2 + z2
γ 2g γ 2g
2
v2 (p 1- p2)
= = 0.2
2 g γ

V2 = 1.981 m/sec
Q = A2 v2 = π/4 D2 * 1.981

Q = 1.556 D2

10
 Problem.8
„ Water flows through the pipe contrac-tion shown in
Fig (4). For the given difference in peizometer
levels, determine the flow rate as a function of the
diameter of the small pipe, D.

0.2

Q
D
0.1 m

Fig (4)

Problem.8 - sol
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
γ 2g γ 2g
2 2
v2 v1 (p 1- p 2 )
- = = 0.2
2g 2g γ
2
Q Q2
π - = 0.2
( D 2
) 2
* 2 * g π
4 ( 0 .1 2 ) 2 * 2 * g
4

Q = 1.556 / √ (1/D4 – 10000)

11
Problem.9
„ A siphon filled with oil of specific gravity 0.8
discharges 220 lit/s to the atmosphere at an
elevation of 3.0 m below oil level. The siphon is 0.2
m in diameter and its invert is 5.0 m above oil level.
Find the losses in the siphon in terms of the
velocity head.
„ Find the pressure at the invert if two thirds of the
losses occur in the first leg.
5

Problem.9 - sol
v = Q / A =0.22/ (π/4 (0.2)2) = 7 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
5 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + (7)2/2g + hl
hl = 2.50 m
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3

2
p1 v1
2
p v
+ + z1 = 3 + 3 + z 3
γ 2g γ 2g

+ hl
5 + 0 + 0 = 8 + (7)2/2g + P3 / γ + 2/3 * 2.5
P3 / γ = - 7.164 m
P3 = - 7.164 m of oil

12
Problem.10
„ Water is siphoned from the tank shown in Fig (5).
The water barometer indicates a reading of 9.2m.
„ Determine
„ the maximum value of (h) allowed without cavitation
occurring
„ . The vapor pressure of water equals 0.03 bar
(absolute pressure).
9.2 m

1.8 m

h
Fig (5)

Problem.10 - sol
Pvapor = 0.03 bar = 0.03 * 10.33 t/m2 (abs)

Patm = Pvapor + γW h

= 0.31 + 1 * 9.2 = 9.51 t/m2

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
γ 2g γ 2g

0 + 0 + 9.51/1 = 1.8 + v22 / 2 g + 0.31/1

v2 = 12.05 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3
2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ + z1 = 3 + 3 + z 3
γ 2g γ 2g

0 + 0 + 9.51/1 = - h + (12.05)2 / 2 g + 9.51/1

h = 7.4 m

13
Problem.11
„ A venturi-meter is installed in a 30 cm diameter
vertical pipe conveying oil of S.G. = 0.9. The throat
diameter is 15.0 cm and the flow being upward.
The difference in elevation between the throat and
inlet is 30.0 cm. A mercury manometer connected
to the venturi registers a deflection of 20.0 cm.
„ If Cd = 0.96,
„ calculate the discharge and the pressure
difference between the inlet and throat.
„ If the discharge remains constant while the pipe is
shifted to the horizontal position,
„ how will the reading of the manometer be
affected?

Problem.11 - sol
„ A1 = π (0.3)2 = 0.07069 m2
4
„ A2 = π (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
4
„ Cd = 0.96
γ'
„ H=d( – 1 ) = 0.2 (13.6 / 0.9 – 1 ) = 2.82 m
γ
A1 * A2
Q = Cd * 2 * g * h = 0.1358 m3/sec
A12 − A22
„ ( Z1 + P1 / γ ) - (Z2 + P2 / γ ) = H
„ ( 0 + P1 / γ ) – ( 0.30 + P2 / γ ) = 2.82
„ ( P1 - P2 ) / γ = 2.82 + 0.30 = 3.12 m
„ ∆P = 3.12 m of oil
„ When the pipe is shifted to the horizontal position with the same
discharge the reading of the manometer will not be affected.

14
 Problem.12
„ A horizontal venturi-meter carries a liquid (S.G.=
0.8) and has an inlet to throat diameters of 15 / 7.5
cm. If the actual discharge is 40 l/s, and Cd =
0.96, find: i) the pressure difference between the
inlet and the throat,
„ ii) the deflection in the mercury U-tube manometer
connecting these points, and
„ iii) the energy lost between the inlet and the throat.
Also sketch the H.G.L. and the T.E.L. for the
system

Problem.12 - sol
π
„ A1 = (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
4
π
„ A2 = 4 (0.075)2 = 4.418 * 10-3 m2
„ Cd = 0.96

„ Q = 0.04 m3/sec
A1 * A2
„ Q = Cd * 2 * g * h = 0.04 m3/sec
A12 − A22
„ H = 4.25 m
„ i) H = ( Z1 + P1 / γ ) - (Z2 + P2 / γ )
„ H = ( 0 + P1 / γ ) - (0 + P2 / γ ) = 4.25 m
„ ∆P = 4.25 m of oil

15
Problem.12 - sol
γ'
H=d( – 1 ) = d(13.6 / 0.8 – 1 ) = 4.25
γ
ii) d = 0.266 m

iii) v1 = Q / A1 = 2.264 m/sec & v2 = Q / A2 = 9.054 m/sec

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
hl = ( Z1 + P1 / γ ) - (Z2 + P2 / γ ) + (v12 - v22 ) / 2g

= 4.25 + (2.264)2 – (9.054)2 ) /2g = 0.333 m

Problem.13
„ An orifice-meter having a 0.15 / 0.075 m pipe to orifice
diameters and Cd = 0.65 is used in measuring the flow of water
in a pipe. If a U-tube mercury differential manometer gives 0.31
m deflection when connected to the meter,
„ find the rate of flow.
„ What is the maximum possible rate of flow of water if the
pressure at inlet to the meter is maintained at 3.6 KN/m2 and its
vapor pressure is 1.8 KN/m2 abs.

16
Problem.13 – sol
„ P1 = 3.6 KN/m2
π
„ A1 = 4 (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
„ A2 = π4 (0.075)2 = 4.418 * 10-3 m2
„ H = d ( 131.6 – 1 )
„ = 0.31 (– 1 ) = 3.906 m
A1 * A2
„ Q = Cd * 2 * g * hmax = 0.026 m3/sec
A12 − A22
„ Qmax results when P2 becomes minimum (P2 = Pvapor
)
„ P2 = Pvapor = 1.8 KN/m2 (abs)
„ P1 = PAtm + 3.6 = 101.3 + 3.6 = 104.9 KN/m2 (abs)
„ Hmax = (Z1 + P1 / γ) - (Z2 + P2 / γ) = (0 +
104.9/9.81) – (0 + 1.8/9.81) = 10.51 m
A1 * A2
* 2 * g * hmax
„ Qmax = Cd A12 − A22 = 0.043 m3/sec

Problem.14
„ pitot-tube is placed in a pipe carrying water. A
mercury differential pressure gauge reads 10.0 cm.
Assuming Cv = 0.99, what is the velocity of water in
the pipe? If the problem is reversed and mercury is
flowing in the pipe and water is used in the inverted
differential gauge with the same reading,
„ what would be the velocity of mercury in the pipe?

17
 Problem.14 - sol
(a) water is flowing in the pipe
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
p1
2
v1 p v
2
v2
2
(p 1- p2) γ '
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 = = d (1- )
2 g γ γ
γ 2g γ 2g
2
v2 (p1- p 2 ) γ '
= 0.1 (1 - 1/13.6) = 0.0926
= =d( - 1)
2 g γ
γ vth = √ 2 * 9.81 * 0.0926 = 1.348 m/sec
vact = Cv * vth = 0.99 * 1.348= 1.335 m/sec
= 0.1 ( 13.6 / 1 – 1) = 1.26
vth = √ 2 * 9.81 * 1.26 = 4.97 m/sec
vact = Cv * vth = 0.99 * 4.97 = 4.92 m/sec
a) mercury is flowing in the pipe
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2

2 2
p1 v1 p v
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
γ 2g γ 2g

Problem.15
„ Water flows along a rectangular channel 50.0 cm
wide and 30.0 cm deep and then over a sharp-edged
rectangular weir of 30.0 cm crest length and Cd =
0.6. If the water in the channel is 18.0 cm above the
weir crest,
„ calculate the discharge in both cases of neglecting
the velocity of approach and taking it into
consideration

18
 Problem.15 - sol
„ (a) When neglecting the approach velocity
„

„ Q0 = 2/3 Cd B √ 2g H1.5
„ =2/3 * 0.6 * 0.3 √ 2g (0.18)1.5 = 0.0406 m3/sec
„

„ (b) When considering the approach velocity

„ Q0 = 2/3 Cd B √ 2g ( (H + va2/2g )1.5 - ( va2/2g )1.5 ) -----(1)

„

„ The above equ. Will be solved by the trial & error.

„ 1st trial
„ assume Q1 = Q0 = 0.0406 m3/sec

Problem.15 - sol
„ va1 = Q1/ Achannel = 0.0406 / (0.5 * 0.3) = 0.2706 m/sec ----Sub.
In (1)

„ Q2 = 0.04174 m3/sec

„ 2nd trial

„ va2 = Q2/ Achannel = 0.04174 / (0.5 * 0.3) = 0.2783

„ m/sec ----Sub. In (1)
„ Q3 = 0.0418 m3/sec
„ 3rd trial

„ va3 = Q3/ Achannel = 0.0418 / (0.5 * 0.3) = 0.2787

„ m/sec ----Sub. In (1)
„ Q4 = 0.0418 m3/sec

19
Problem.16
„ The discharge over a triangular notch is given as: Q = (8/15)
Cd √ (2g) tan ( /2) H2.5
„ (i) Find the error in the discharge that corresponds to an error
of 1% in the measured head.
„ (ii) A right-angled triangular notch is used for gauging the flow
of a laboratory flume. If Cd = 0.59, and an error of 2 mm is
suspected in observing the head, find the percentage error in
computing an estimated discharge of 20 lit/s.

Problem.16 - sol
„ (i) Q = 8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) H2.5
„ dQ = 8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) 2.5H1.5 Dh
„ dQ/Q = 2.5 dH/H
„ If dH/H = 1% ------- dQ/Q = 2.5 %
„ (ii) Q = 8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) H2.5
„ 20/1000 = 8/15 * 0.6 √ 2g tan(45) H2.5
„ H = 18.312 cm
„ dQ/Q = 2.5 dH/H
„

„ If dH = 2 mm ------- dQ/Q = 2.5 * 0.2/18.312 =

2.73 %

20
Problem.17
„ A swimming pool 20.0 m long and 8.0 m wide is 2.0
m deep at one end and 1.0 m deep at the other end.
The pool is emptied through an orifice of 0.1 m
diameter at the bottom. Find the time required to
empty the pool if Cd=0.7.
20

PART I 1

PART II

Problem.17 - sol
„ Part I
„ Q dt = - A dh
„ Cd a √ 2g h dt = - 20 * 8 dh
„ dt = - 160 / (Cd a √ 2g) h-0.5 dh
„ T1 = - 160 / (Cd a √ 2g) ∫ h-0.5 dh
„ T1 = - 160 / (Cd a √ 2g) [ h0.5/2 ] = 5442.98 sec
„ Part II
„ Q dt = - A dh
„ Cd a √ 2g h dt = - 20 * 8h dh
„ dt = - 160 / (Cd a √ 2g) h0.5 dh
„ T2 = - 160 / (Cd a √ 2g) ∫ h0.5 dh
„ T2 = - 160 / (Cd a √ 2g) [ h1.5/1.5 ] = 4380.17 sec
„ T = T1 + T2 = 9823.15 sec = 2.729 hr

21
Problem.18
„ A tank 2m x 6m in plan has a 90° V-notch at one
end. At the time when the head on V-notch was
30cm, the water supply to the tank was shut off.
The time taken to lower the head 20.0 cm was 144
sec.
„ Determine the coefficient of discharge of the V-
notch.

Problem.18 - sol
„ Q dt = - A dh
2.5
„ 8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) h dt = - 2 * 6 dh
„ dt = - 12 / (8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) ) h –2.5 dh
„ T = ∫ dt = - 12 / (8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) ) ∫ h
–2.5
dh
–1.5
„ 144 = - 12 / (8/15 Cd √ 2g tan(θ/2) ) [-h
/1.5 ]
„ Cd = 0.6

22
 Problem.19
„ Water collects in the bottom of a rectangular oil
tank as shown in fig (8).
„ How long will it take for the water to drain from
the tank through a 2.54 cm diameter orifice (Cd =
0.85) fitted to the bottom of the tank?
Tank 2.6 m x 9.5 m

Oil (0.87)
1.9 m

0.7 m Water

Fig (8)

Problem.19 - sol
P = γO HO = 0.87 * 1.9 = 1.653 t/m3

Hw = P / γw = 1.653 m of water

Q dt = - A dh

Cd a √ 2g h dt = - 2.6 * 9.5 dh

dt = - ( 2.6 * 9.5 ) / (Cd a √ 2g) 1/√ h dh

T = - ( 2.6 * 9.5 ) / (Cd a √ 2g) ∫ {1/√ h} dh

T = - ( 2.6 * 9.5 ) / (Cd a √ 2g) [{1/√ h} /2 ] = 6428.44 sec

23
 Problem.20
„ A free vortex is formed in a circular tank, which has
a coaxial circular orifice at its bottom as a drain.
„ If the tangential velocity of the vortex is l0.0 cm/s
at a distance 50.0 cm from axis,
„ what would be the decrease in the surface
elevation at a distance of 5.0 cm from axis?
„ Sketch the water surface profile and the Total
Energy Line.

Problem.20 - sol
v1 = 10 cm/sec ----- r1 = 50 cm
----- r2 = 5 cm
1r
v1 r1 = v2 r2 =const ------v2 = 100 cm

Apply B.E between 1 & 2

2r
2 2
p1 v p v
+ 1 + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
γ 2g γ 2g

H + v12 / 2 g + 0 = 0 + v22 / 2 g + 0
H = v22 / 2 g - v12 / 2 g = 0.05 m
The decrease in the surface elevation between 1 & 2 = 0.05 m

24