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Georeferencing and Digitizing in ArcGIS

This document provides instructions for digitizing paper maps and aerial photographs in ArcGIS. It describes scanning paper maps, establishing control points for geo-referencing raster data, and on-screen digitizing of vector data. Key steps include scanning maps at 200 dpi, adding at least four control points to geo-reference rasters, and using editing tools to digitize point, line, and polygon features layer by layer. The overall process converts analog spatial data into digital geospatial datasets for analysis in GIS software.

Uploaded by

Oluwafemi Opaleye
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2K views

Georeferencing and Digitizing in ArcGIS

This document provides instructions for digitizing paper maps and aerial photographs in ArcGIS. It describes scanning paper maps, establishing control points for geo-referencing raster data, and on-screen digitizing of vector data. Key steps include scanning maps at 200 dpi, adding at least four control points to geo-reference rasters, and using editing tools to digitize point, line, and polygon features layer by layer. The overall process converts analog spatial data into digital geospatial datasets for analysis in GIS software.

Uploaded by

Oluwafemi Opaleye
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digitizing & Scanning in ArcGIS

Prepared By:
O.A. OPALEYE

20th October, 2009.


Digitizing

Digitizing is the process of drawing or tracing a paper map on a digitizing tablets or on-
screen; thus converting features on the paper map or aerial photographs into digital vector
format.

Digitizing can be done in two ways:

1) Tablet Digitizing
2) On-screen Digitizing

Tablet Digitizing

You can use a digitizing tablet connected to the computer in which the map document is
fixed to trace the features you want to digitize. The puck: a handheld device on the
digitizing tablets or table is used for digitizing the graphic objects.

The x, y coordinates of these features are recorded and stored as spatial data.

On-screen Digitizing

Feature on the paper map can be traced using the mouse

What do you need?

1) Graphic Scanner connected to a computer system


2) Source Map or aerial photograph
3) Installed Scanning and Image editing Software
4) ArcGIS, Arcview or any other GIS software

What to do?
a) Scanning
b) Establish Control Points
c) Start Digitizing

(A) Procedure for Scanning your Paper Map

1) Switch on the scanner


2) Place the paper on the glass plate, image down (depending on the kind of scanner)
3) Start the scanning software: Photoshop, Corel-draw etc
4) Procedure – File-Import-Acquire (the name of the scanner)
5) Select one of the scanning options: colour, grey scale or line art.
6) Select the resolution; which is the number of pixels per inch, the greater the
resolution, the better the picture.
7) For on-screen digitizing, a resolution of 200dpi (dot per inch) is mostly sufficient.
8) Make a preview scan (a rough scan will be made in order to preview the image to
determine the area to be scanned by dragging a box over the image
9) After scanning, save image. You can save the image in different formats, like:
.tiff, .jpeg, .bmp etc.
10) In Photoshop – Go-to- File-Save as- type in your desired name and change the
format type and click ok
11) In Core-draw – Go-to- File- Export- Type your desired name and change the
format type and click ok

(B) Geo-referencing a Raster Dataset

Raster data is commonly obtained by scanning map or collecting aerial photographs and
satellite images. Scanned map don’t normally contain spatial reference information.

Thus, to use some raster dataset in conjunction with your other spatial data, you will need
to align or geo-reference to a map coordinates systems.

Steps for Geo-referencing a Raster dataset in ArcGIS

Adding the raster data

1) Click the add data button on the standard toolbar to add the raster data
2) Navigate to where your data is and add
3) Click set to display

Adding Control Points

4) Identify at least four known points (x, y) on the map or data. Control points are
locations that can be accurately identified on the raster dataset and in the real
world coordinate.
5) Load your Geo-referencing tools from view-toolbars-geo-referencing
6) Pick the add control point tool and add your selected points
7) Click the mouse over the known point on the raster layer, then right click and
select “enter x, y” (coordinates).
8) Type in the x, y coordinates of the point.
9) After you have added at least four (4) points, you can click the link table to
examine your root mean square (rms) error.
10) You can delete control points with greatest residual errors and repeat adding
control points
11) Click “geo-referencing” and “update geo-referencing” to save the transformation
information with the raster data
12) Your image is geo-referenced and you can start your on-screen digitizing.
Creating a Personal Geo-database Using ArcCatalog

1. Launch the ArcCatalog


2. Open a your Working Folder
3. Right click in the folder and point to New
4. Click Personal Geo-database
5. ArcCatalog creates a new personal geo-database in the location you selected and
sets its name to edit mode.
6. Type a new name for this personal geo-database

How to create feature dataset

1. Right click in the geo-database


2. Point to New
3. Click feature dataset
4. Give name and click next
5. Specify Coordinates system and click next
6. Finish

How to create Feature Class


1. Right click in the Feature dataset folder
2. Point to New
3. Click feature class
4. Give name and class
5. Specify feature class type (Point, Line or Polygon)
6. Finish.

On-screen Digitizing
Creating Point Feature

1) Load the point shape file created in ArcCatalog


2) Click the editor tool and click start editing
3) Pick create new feature from the “task” drop-down box.
4) Pick the point feature dataset you want to digitize from the “target” drop-down
box.
5) Click the sketch tool from the editor tool palette
6) Click on the map to create the point
7) Point will be created on the map.

Creating Line Features

1 Load the line shape file created in ArcCatalog


2. Click the current “task” drop-down box and click the create new feature
2) Click the “target” drop-down box and click the line layer
3) Click the “editor tool” palette drop-down box and click the sketch tool
4) Click on the map to digitize the feature vertices
5) When finished, right click anywhere on the map and click finish sketch
6) The line feature is created on the map.

Creating Polygon Features

1) Load the polygon shape file created in ArcCatalog


2) Click the current “task” drop-down box and click the create new feature
2) Click the “target” drop-down box and click the polygon layer
3) Click the “editor tool” palette drop-down box and click the sketch tool
4) Click on the map to digitize the feature vertices
5) When finished, right click anywhere on the map and click finish sketch
6) The polygon feature is created on the map.
7) Pick auto-complete polygon tool to append adjacent polygons.

Reference:
1) ArcGIS 9.2 Desktop Help
2) ITC Lecture Note: Demonstration on Preparation for Digitizing

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