Hygiene Promotion

Every day, some 6,000 children die from diseases associated with
inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene, and unsafe water; diarrhea alone kills
one child every 20 seconds. To reduce disease transmission not only
requires providing toilets and other hardware but also
effectively promoting hygiene to change peoples’ behavior. Hygiene refers to
the set of behaviors related to safe management of excreta, such as washing
hands and disposing safely of household wastewater. Together with
sanitation, hygienic behavior is critical for control of diarrheal diseases and
parasitic infections that cost lives and contribute to malnutrition. An effective
hygiene promotion program can reduce the main risky hygiene practices and
conditions, bringing major benefits for health: for example, washing hands
with soap at key times such as after going to the toilet can reduce diarrheal
incidence by nearly half. 
Caution:(A)-When a person coughs or sneezes, the droplets that contain the virus can also fall on the surfaces
located nearby such as the surface of the table, seats, stairs, railings, escalators and walls of the lift.
("When other people touched these surfaces (that have the virus), they can be infected with the
virus)>>(Prevention)(B)-Washing both hands with normal soaps or that which contain anti-microbials should be
able to vastly reduce the number of virus and other germs present on the hand surface but when there are no
wash basins around, then hand cleansers or handrub would be 'handy'.(-Sanitisers, handrubs and hand cleansers
are effective in getting rid of the micro-organisms from your hands,)
Ground water; surface water;

From ground water – surface water – tap water

Tap water and rain water is sometimes not safe to drink

A glass of water from tap water ex. U put your glass of water at your table not noticing that a cockroach is crawling
onto your glass and you drink the water. After a few days you have experience diarrhea

Sources of Water Pollution

a)What are the sources of water pollution?

b)What are the effects of water pollution?
c)What are the ways we can take to decrease those problem?
a)What are the sources of water pollution?
    There are many causes for water pollution but two general categories exist: direct and indirect contaminant
sources.
   Direct sources include effluent outfalls from factories, refineries, waste treatment plants etc.. that emit fluids of
varying quality directly into urban water supplies. In the United States and other countries, these practices are
regulated, although this doesn't mean that pollutants can't be found in these waters.
    Indirect sources include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the
atmosphere via rain water. Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers,
pesticides, etc..) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes. Atmospheric contaminants are also derived from
human practices (such as gaseous emissions from automobiles, factories and even bakeries).
   Contaminants can be broadly classified into organic, inorganic, radioactive and acid/base. Examples from each
class and their potential sources are too numerous to discuss here.

b)What are the effects of water pollution?

    The effects of water pollution are varied. They include poisonous drinking water, poisionous food animals (due to
these organisms having bioaccumulated toxins from the environment over their life spans), unbalanced river and
lake ecosystems that can no longer support full biological diversity, deforestation from acid rain, and many other
effects. These effects are, of course, specific to the various contaminants.

c)What are the ways we can take to decrease those problem?

    Science provides many practical solutions to minimizing the present level at which pollutants are introduced into
the environment and for remediating (cleaning up) past problems. All of these solutions come with some cost (both
societal and monetary). In our everyday lives, a great deal can be done to minimize pollution if we take care to
recycle materials whose production creates pollution and if we act responsibly with household chemicals and their
disposal. Additionally, there are choices we make each day that also can affect the quantity of pollutants our actions
will introduce into the environment. Heavily packaged foods, for instance, contain boxes, cartons, bottles etc.. made
with polluting dyes, many of which are released from groundwater at municipal land fills. Whether we choose to
drive to the corner store rather than walk or ride a bicycle will determine how much we personally contribute to acid
and hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere (and ultimately to global fresh water supplies).
    In the end, there are many choices on the personal and societal level that we must make (consciously or not) that
affect the amount of pollution our town or country will be forced to live with. Our standard of living and very way
of life is based upon practices which are inherently "dirtier" than those of our distant ancestors, although they too
polluted their environment to some extent. Without taking a step backward in terms of our standards of living, the
answer seems to lie in a combination of many small changes in our daily practices and paying more for goods and
services, so that manufacturers of various materials and drivers of automobiles (for instance) will have cleaner
devices with which to conduct their activities.

Water-related diseases include those due to micro-organisms and chemicals in water people drink;
diseases like schistosomiasis which have part of their lifecycle in water; diseases like malaria with water-
related vectors; drowning and some injuries; and others such as legionellosis carried by aerosols
containing certain micro-organisms.

Diseases

Schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever) is a parasitic disease caused by several
species of tremotodes ("flukes"), a parasitic worm of the genus Schistosoma.

Although it has a low mortality rate, schistosomiasis often is a chronic illness that can damage internal organs and,
in children, impair growth and cognitive development.[1] The urinary form of schistosomiasis is associated with
increased risks for bladder cancer in adults.[1] Schistosomiasis is the second most socioeconomically devastating
parasitic disease after malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium. It is
widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas (22 countries), Asia, and Africa.
Each year, there are approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria,[1] killing between one and three million
people, the majority of whom are young children in sub-Saharan Africa.[2] Ninety percent of malaria-related deaths
occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is commonly associated with poverty, and can indeed be a cause of poverty[3]
and a major hindrance to economic development.

Five species of the plasmodium parasite can infect humans; the most serious forms of the disease are caused by
Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium malariae causes
milder disease in humans that is not generally fatal. A fifth species, Plasmodium knowlesi, is a zoonosis that causes
malaria in macaques but can also infect humans.[4][5]

Malaria is naturally transmitted by the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito. When a mosquito bites an infected
person, a small amount of blood is taken, which contains malaria parasites. These develop within the mosquito, and
about one week later, when the mosquito takes its next blood meal, the parasites are injected with the mosquito's
saliva into the person being bitten. After a period of between two weeks and several months (occasionally years)
spent in the liver, the malaria parasites start to multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include fever,
and headache. In severe cases the disease worsens leading to hallucinations, coma, and death.

A wide variety of antimalarial drugs are available to treat malaria. In the last 5 years, treatment of P. falciparum
infections in endemic countries has been transformed by the use of combinations of drugs containing an artemisinin
derivative. Severe malaria is treated with intravenous or intramuscular quinine or, increasingly, the artemisinin
derivative artesunate.[6] Several drugs are also available to prevent malaria in travellers to malaria-endemic countries
(prophylaxis). Resistance has developed to several antimalarial drugs, most notably chloroquine.[7]

Malaria transmission can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by distribution of inexpensive mosquito nets and
insect repellents, or by mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides inside houses and draining standing
water where mosquitoes lay their eggs.

In most of the cases, the first symptoms are not specific and similar to those of a minor viral
illness with malaise, headache, fatigue, abdominal discomfort and muscle aches followed by
fever and chills. Repeated infections lead to anaemia, enlargement of spleen, and chronic ill
health with bouts of fever. Most patients with uncomplicated acute infection have few abnormal
physical findings other mild anaemia and in some cases a palpable spleen. None of the clinical
features of malaria is pathognomic.

Severe & Complicated Malaria

Children
The signs & symptoms in children are a history of high fever plus at least one of the following.

1. Prostration (inability to sit), altered consciousness lethargy or coma,

2. Breathing difficulties,
3. Severe anaemia,
4. Convulsions,
5. Inability to drink/vomitting.

Adults
The same symptoms & signs in children are valid for adults, with addition of dark and/or limited production of
urine.

1. Hypoglycaemia
2. Shock
 3. Hyperpyrexia (Rectal temperature above 390c)
4. Dehydration
5. Acute Renal failure with anuria or oliguria and black water fever.
6. Hyperkalaemia/Hypo kalaemia
7. Pulmonaty Oedema
8. GAstro intestinal complications.
9. Bleeding (Pulmonary oedema)
10. Jaundice & lever damage.
11. Hyperparasitaemia

Legionellosis (Legionnaires disease)

Legionnaires' Disease is an acute and very serious lung infection (pneumonia) caused by the bacteria, Legionella
pneumophila, and other species. The bacteria may involve other body systems including the gastrointestinal tract,
the kidneys and central nervous system. Occasionally the kidney failure is severe requiring dialysis.

Symptoms

Muscle aches and stiffness, joint pain, loss of energy, general discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise),
headache, fever, shaking chills, nonproductive cough, coughing of blood, shortness of breath, chest pain, diarrhea,
ataxia (lack of coordination).

Treatment

Antibiotics are administered including: quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, or

gatifloxacin), and/or macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, or erythromycin). Other therapy
includes intravenous fluids, oxygen, and the correction of any blood chemistry abnormalities. Severe
cases may require mechanical ventilation and dialysis.