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Lesson Plan: Lesson: Carbonyl Compounds (I)

By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: explain the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of Carbonyl Compounds with hydrogen cyanide. Explain the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as a chemical test to detect the presence of the carbonyl group.

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MarcTnn
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495 views

Lesson Plan: Lesson: Carbonyl Compounds (I)

By the end of the lesson, students will be able to: explain the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of Carbonyl Compounds with hydrogen cyanide. Explain the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as a chemical test to detect the presence of the carbonyl group.

Uploaded by

MarcTnn
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lesson Plan

Lesson : Carbonyl Compounds (I)

Aim :

To study the nomenclature and chemical reactions of aldehydes and ketones.

Learning Outcomes :

By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:

• draw the general structure of aldehydes and ketones

• give the IUPAC names of the aldehydes and ketones

• explain the nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism of carbonyl compounds


with hydrogen cyanide

• explain the use of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as a chemical test to detect the


presence of the carbonyl group.

Assumed prior knowledge :

Students should already be familiar with :

1. the basic rules in IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes


2. the writing of chemical formula for organic compounds
3. the concept of electronegativity and polarity in a covalent bond.
4. the definition of a nucleophile

Underlying Principles

1. Making the invisible, visible.


2. Enabling students to know what to look for.

Differentiation

Questions in the student notes are designed to enable all students to complete the
activity. The pop-up answers are provided for the students to view when they have
considered their responses. Worksheet questions include questions that require recall,
understanding and application of the new concepts learned.

© 2004 Ministry of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. Page 1 of 4


Development of Lesson :

No. Steps Strategy Resources


1 Set Induction.
(Ascertaining prior • Teacher to get students to recall the
knowledge and definition of a nucleophile and point out to
introducing lesson them the difference between an addition
topic for the day). and a condensation reaction.

• Teacher to point out lesson objectives for


the day.

2 Student Activity Teacher to go through Activities 1 - 3 with • Courseware


the students.

Activity 1 : Nomenclature

Students are shown the general


structures and IUPAC names of
aldehydes and ketones.

Activity 2 : Nucleophilic addition


reactions

Students are shown the general


mechanism for nucleophilic addition
reactions of aldehydes and ketones.

Activity 3 : Condensation reaction

Students are shown how ethanal reacts


with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.

3 Evaluation • Students to answer questions in the • Worksheet


student worksheet on their own.

4 Extension activity • Students to read up reference materials • References


on their own.

© 2004 Ministry of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 4


Worksheet Answers

1. Nomenclature

1. 1
Compounds “A” or “K” IUPAC name
CH3CH2CH2CHO A Butanal
(CH3)2CHCOCH3 K 3-Methyl-2-butanone
O
K Phenylethanone
C
CH3

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CHO A 4-Methylpentanal
O
A Benzenecarbaldehyde
C
H

O
A Phenylethanal
CH2C
H

2. Nucleophilic addition reactions.

2.1 The C atom at C O is bonded to a highly electronegative oxygen atom. It has


a partial positive charge and attracts nucleophiles.

2.2 In a ketone, the electron-releasing (inductive) effect of two alkyl groups reduces
the positive charge on the carbonyl carbon making it less easily attacked by
nucleophiles.
R R
δ+ δ- δ+ δ-
C O C O

R H

The two alkyl groups of the ketones cause steric hindrance to the nucleophiles by
getting in the way of attacking nucleophiles.

© 2004 Ministry of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 4


3. Condensation Reaction

3.1 a. CH3 CH3


 
CH3CH2  C O + HCN CH3CH2  C  OH

CN
b. NO2

CH3CH2COCH2CH3 + H2N  NH NO2

NO2
CH2CH3

CH3CH2C N  NH NO2 + H2O

c.
NO2

CH CHCHO + H2N  NH NO2

NO2

CH CHCH N  NH NO2 + H2O

3.2 a. Add 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution to each organic compound.


Only phenylethanal, having >C=O, gives an orange precipitates.
(Note: other tests can also be used)

b. Add 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution to each organic compound.


Only propanone, having >C=O, gives yellow / orange crystalline
precipitates.
(Note: other tests can also be used)

© 2004 Ministry of Education Malaysia. All Rights Reserved. Page 4 of 4

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